Abstract: Symmetric solid oxide fuel cell (SSOFC) is a type of fuel cell in which both the cathode and anode are composed of the same electrode material, possessed an A/B/A structural arrangement. Compared with conventional solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), this system features relatively lower fabrication costs. Furthermore, owing to the identical composition of the cathode and anode materials, the electrodes are functionally interchangeable. When using hydrocarbon fuels, the accumulated carbon and sulfur species can be oxidized into CO2 and SO2, thereby imparting strong resistance to carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning. These advantages have consequently garnered significant academic attention and extensive investigation. With continuous development in the field, numerous novel research findings and directions have emerged. This review focuses on summarizing relevant studies on electrode materials for SSOFC published over the past five years (2020–2025). Focusing on perovskite-based materials, this work systematically discusses four types of symmetric electrodes, simple perovskites, double perovskites, Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) type perovskites, and composite electrode materials. Moreover, their applicability has been demonstrated in SSOFCs operating on various direct hydrocarbon fuels (e.g. methane, ethane, propane, methanol, ethanol) and carbon-free fuel ammonia, as well as in symmetric solid oxide electrolysis cells (SSOECs) configurations for water splitting and CO2 reduction. In addition, based on current research progress, potential future directions for optimizing SSOFC electrodes are proposed, with the aim of providing a reference framework for future research in this field.