Advanced Metal-Organic Framework Based Materials for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

The rapid proliferation of wireless communication, electronic devices, and radar systems has intensified electromagnetic wave (EMW) pollution and interference, creating an urgent demand for lightweight, thin, broadband, and strongly attenuating absorbers. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with tunable metal-ligand coordination, periodic porosity, high surface area, and structural versatility, offer a distinctive platform for regulating impedance matching and electromagnetic dissipation across multiple length scales. This review summarizes recent advances in MOF-based EMW absorbers along three routes: intrinsically conductive MOFs, MOF derivatives, and MOF composites. For conductive MOFs, we highlight how metal nodes, ligands, interlayer spacing, and charge transport govern conduction and polarization losses. For MOF derivatives, we discuss atomic and defect regulation together with heterointerface, phase, pore, and morphological engineering to balance dielectric and magnetic losses. For MOF composites, we organize design strategies according to one-dimensional pathways, two-dimensional interfaces, and macroscopic three-dimensional architectures such as aerogels, foams, and metamaterials. The relationships among composition, processing, structure, loss mechanisms, and absorption performance are critically compared. Finally, challenges involving controllable synthesis, structural stability, scalable manufacture, standardized evaluation, and practical service are identified, and future opportunities in operando characterization, data-driven design, and cross-scale integration are outlined.