Just Accepted manuscripts are peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication, and author proofing. Just Accepted manuscripts are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
Display Method:
Research Article
High-entropy ferrite with tunable magnetic properties for excellent microwave absorption
Yuying Huo, Zhengyan Wang, Yanlan Zhang, and Yongzhen Wang
Available online 19 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2883-y
[Abstract](16) [PDF 1076KB](1)
Abstract:

High-entropy design is attracting growing interest as it offers unique structures and unprecedented application potential for materials. In this article, a novel high-entropy ferrite (CoNi)x/2(CuZnAl)(1-x)/3Fe2O4 (x = 0.25, 0.34, 0.40, 0.50) with a single spinel phase of space group Fd-3m was successfully developed by the solid-state reaction method. By tuning the Co-Ni content, the magnetic properties of the material, especially the coercivity, changed regularly, and the microwave absorption properties were improved. In particular, the effective absorption bandwidth of the material increased from 4.8 GHz to 7.2 GHz, and the matched thickness decreased from 3.9 mm to 2.3 mm, while the minimum reflection loss remained below -20 dB. This study provides a practical method for modifying the properties of ferrites used to absorb electromagnetic waves.

Research Article
Effects of cement content, polypropylene fiber length and dosage on fluidity and mechanical properties of fiber–toughened cemented aeolian sand backfill (FCASB)
Shushuai Wang, Renshu YANG, Yongliang Li, and Zhongwen Yue
Available online 19 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2885-9
[Abstract](7) [PDF 1509KB](1)
Abstract:

Using aeolian sand (AS) for goaf backfilling allows coordination of green mining and AS control. Cemented AS backfill (CASB) exhibits brittle fracture. Polypropylene (PP) fibers are good toughening materials. When the toughening effect of fibers is analyzed, their influence on the slurry conveying performance should also be considered. Additionally, cement affects the interactions among the hydration products, fibers, and aggregates. In this study, the effects of cement content (8wt%, 9wt% and 10wt%), PP fiber length (6, 9 and 12 mm) and dosage (0.05wt%, 0.1wt%, 0.15wt%, 0.2wt% and 0.25wt%) on fluidity and mechanical propertity of the fiber–toughened CASB (FCASB) were analyzed. The results indicated that with increases in the three aforementioned factors, the slump flow decreased, while the rheological parameters increased. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) increased with the increase of cement content and fiber length, and with an increase in fiber dosage, it first increased and then decreased. The strain increased with the increase of fiber dosage and length. The effect of PP fibers became more pronounced with the increase of cement content. Digital image correlation (DIC) test results showed that the addition of fibers can restrain the peeling of blocks and the expansion of fissure, and reduce the stress concentration of the FCASB. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test indicated that the functional mechanisms of fibers mainly involved the interactions of fibers with the hydration products and matrix, and the spatial distribution of fibers. On the basis of single–factor analysis, the response surface method (RSM) was used to analyze the effects of the three aforementioned factors and their interaction terms on the UCS. The influence surface of the two-factor interaction terms and the three-dimensional scatter plot of the three–factor coupling were established. In conclusion, the response law of the FCASB properties under the effects of cement and PP fibers were obtained, which provides theoretical and engineering guidance for FCASB filling.

Research Article
Characterization of local chemical ordering and deformation behavior in high entropy alloys by transmission electron microscopy
Qiuhong Liu, Qing Du, Xiaobin Zhang, Yuan Wu, Andrey A Rempel, Xiangyang Peng, Xiongjun Liu, Hui Wang, Wenli Song, and Zhaoping lu
Available online 19 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2884-x
[Abstract](4) [PDF 1658KB](0)
Abstract:

Short-range ordering (SRO) is one of the most important structural features of high entropy alloys (HEAs). However, the chemical and structural analyses of SROs are very difficult due to their small size, complexed compositions, and varied locations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as its aberration correction techniques are powerful for characterizing SROs in these compositionally complex alloys. In this short communication, we summarized recent progresses regarding characterization of SROs using TEM in the field of HEAs. By using advanced TEM techniques, not only the existence of SROs was confirmed, but also the effect of SROs on the deformation mechanism was clarified. Moreover, the perspective related to application of TEM techniques in HEAs are also discussed.

Research Article
Absorption properties and mechanism of lightweight and broadband electromagnetic wave absorbing porous carbon by swelling treatment
Jianghao Wen, Di Lan, Yiqun Wang, Lianggui Ren, Ailing Feng, Zirui Jia, and Guanglei Wu
Available online 15 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2881-0
[Abstract](19) [PDF 1870KB](1)
Abstract:

Bio-derived carbon materials have garnered considerable interest in the fields of microwave absorption and shielding due to their reproducibility and environmental friendliness. In this study, KOH was evenly distributed on biomass tremella using the swelling induction method, leading to the successful preparation of a three-dimensional network-structured hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) through carbonization. The achieved microwave absorption intensity is robust at -47.34 dB with a thin thickness of 2.1 mm. Notably, the widest effective absorption bandwidth, reaching 7.0 GHz (11-18 GHz), is attained at a matching thickness of 2.2 mm. The exceptional broadband and reflection loss performance can be attributed to the 3D porous networks, interface effects, defects in carbon networks, and dipole relaxation. The outstanding absorption characteristics of HPC are ascribed to its excellent impedance matching and high attenuation constant. The uniform pore structures significantly optimize the impedance matching performance of the material, while the abundance of interfaces and defects enhances the dielectric loss, thereby improving the attenuation constant. Furthermore, the impact of carbonization temperature and swelling rate on microwave absorption performance has been systematically investigated. This research presents a strategy for preparing absorbing materials using biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon, showcasing significant potential in the field of electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption.

Research Article
The influence of introducing Zr, Ti, Nb, and Ce elements on the ESCs and mechanical properties of high-pressure die casting Al-Si alloy
Junjie Li, Wenbo Yu, Zhenyu Sun, Weichen Zheng, Liangwei Zhang, Yanling Xue, Wenning Liu, and Shoumei Xiong
Available online 15 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2882-z
[Abstract](19) [PDF 1691KB](0)
Abstract:

High pressure die casting (HPDC) AlSi10MnMg alloy castings are widely used in the automobile industry. Mg can enhance the strength of the alloy with the sacrifice of the ductility. Heat treatment was generally adopted to resolve this drawback. With the development of large integrated die-casting parts, non-heat treatment Al alloys are strongly desired. In addition, the externally solidified crystals (ESCs) are often found in HPDC, which are detrimental to the mechanical properties of castings. In order to achieve high strength and toughness of non-heat treatment die-casting Al-Si alloy, AlSi9Mn alloy is used as matrix with the introduction of Zr, Ti, Nb and Ce elements. Their influences on the ESCs and mechanical properties were systematically investigated by combining three-dimensional reconstruction and thermodynamic simulation. Our results reveal that the addition of Ti element induced the increase of ESCs size and porosity. The following introduction of Nb could refine ESCs and decrease porosity. Meanwhile, the large-sized Al3(Zr, Ti) phases formed and degraded the mechanical properties. It was further confirmed that the subsequent introduction of Ce resulted in the poisoning effect and reduced mechanical properties.

Research Article
NiCoZn/C@melamine sponge-derived carbon composites with high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption
Xiubo Xie, Heshan Wang, Hideo Kimura, Cui Ni, Wei Du, and Guanglei Wu
Available online 13 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2880-1
[Abstract](24) [PDF 1395KB](5)
Abstract:

NiMZn/C@MSDC (M=Co, Fe, Mn, MSDC represents melamine sponge-derived carbon) composites were prepared by the vacuum pumping solution method followed by carbonization process. A large number of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were homogeneously attached to the surfaces of the 3D cross-linked of the sponge-derived carbon in the NiCoZn/C@MSDC composite, while CNTs can not be detected in NiFeZn/C@MSDC and NiMnZn/C@MSDC composites. Besides the existence of Ni3ZnC0.7, Ni3Fe and MnO in-situ formed in NiFeZn/C@MSDC and NiMnZn/C@MSDC composites. The generated CNTs in NiCoZn/C@MSDC composite efficiently tuned the complex permittivity and thus showed the best microwave absorption performances. The NiCoZn/C@MSDC composite exhibits a RLmin value of -33.1 dB at 18 GHz at a thickness of 1.4 mm. The bandwidth for RL≤-10 dB is up to 5.04 GHz at a thickness of 1.7 mm with a low loading of 25 wt%. The optimized impedance matching, enhanced interfacial and dipole polarization, remarkable conduction loss and multiple reflections and scattering of the incident microwaves improve the microwave absorption performances. The substitution effects of Co, Ni and Fe on the phase and morphology changes provide an alternative way to develop highly efficient and broadband microwave absorbers.

Research Article
A high-strength and thermally stable TiB2-modified Al-Mn-Mg-Er-Zr alloy fabricated via selective laser melting
Jiang Yu, Yaoxiang Geng, Yongkang Chen, Xiao Wang, Zhijie Zhang, Hao Tang, Junhua Xu, Hongbo Ju, and Dongpeng Wang
Available online 9 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2879-7
[Abstract](32) [PDF 2632KB](5)
Abstract:

To increase the processability and plasticity of the selective laser melting (SLM) fabricated Al-Mn-Mg-Er-Zr alloys, a novel TiB2-modified Al-Mn-Mg-Er-Zr alloy with a mixture of Al-Mn-Mg-Er-Zr and nano-TiB2 powders was fabricated via SLM. The processability, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the alloy were systematically investigated by density measurement, microstructure characterization, and mechanical properties testing. The alloys fabricated at 250 W displayed higher relative densities due to a uniformly smooth top-surface and appropriate laser energy input. The maximum relative density value of the alloy reached 99.7±0.1%, demonstrating good processability. The alloy exhibited a duplex grain microstructure consisting of columnar regions primarily and equiaxed regions with TiB2, Al6Mn, and Al3Er phases distributed along the grain boundaries. After directly aging treatment at a high temperature of 400 °C, the strength of the SLM-fabricated TiB2/Al-Mn-Mg-Er-Zr alloy increased due to the precipitation of the secondary Al6Mn phases. The maximum yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the aging alloy were measured to be 374 ± 1 MPa and 512 ± 13 MPa, respectively. The SLM-fabricated TiB2/Al-Mn-Mg-Er-Zr alloy demonstrates exceptional strength and thermal stability due to the synergistic effects of grain growth inhibition and the incorporation of TiB2 nanoparticles and secondary Al6Mn precipitates.

Research Article
Two-Stage Dynamic Recrystallization and Texture Evolution in an Al-Mg Alloy during Hot Torsion
Kwang-Tae Son, Chang-Hee Cho, Myoung-Gyun Kim, and Jiwoon Lee
Available online 8 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2877-9
[Abstract](42) [PDF 1987KB](7)
Abstract:

Hot torsion tests were performed on the Al-7Mg alloy at temperatures ranging from 300 – 500 °C and strain rates between 0.05 – 5 s-1 to explore the progressive dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and texture behaviors. The DRX behavior of the alloy manifested two distinct stages: Stage 1 at strains of ≤ 2 and Stage 2 at strains of ≥ 2. In Stage 1, there was a slight increase in the DRXed grain fraction (XDRX) with predominance of discontinuous DRX (DDRX), followed by a modest change in XDRX until the transition to Stage 2. Stage 2 was marked by an accelerated rate of DRX, culminating in a substantial final XDRX of ≈ 0.9. EBSD analysis on a sample in Stage 2 revealed that continuous DRX (CDRX) predominantly occurred within the (12 ̅1)[001] grains, whereas the (111)[110] grains underwent a geometric DRX (GDRX) evolution without a noticeable sub-grain structure. Furthermore, a modified Avrami’s DRX kinetics model was utilized to predict the microstructural refinement in the Al-7Mg alloy during the DRX evolution. Although this kinetics model did not accurately capture the DDRX behavior in Stage 1, it effectively simulated the DRX rate in Stage 2. The texture index was employed to assess the evolution of the texture isotropy during hot-torsion test, demonstrating a significant improvement (> 75 %) in texture randomness before the commencement of Stage 2. This initial texture evolution is attributed to the rotation of parent grains and the substructure evolution, rather than to an increase in XDRX.

Research Article
New steelmaking process based on cleaner deoxidation technology
Zhongliang Wang and Yanping Bao
Available online 8 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2878-8
[Abstract](32) [PDF 2071KB](10)
Abstract:

In modern long-process steel production, a blast furnace uses materials such as pulverized coal and coke to reduce iron ore, producing carbon-saturated molten iron. In the converter, molten iron and scrap steel are used as raw materials, and a large amount of oxygen is blown in to achieve decarburization, dephosphorization, and temperature increase, thus obtaining molten steel with high oxygen content. In the refining process, ferroalloys must be added to remove excess oxygen from the initial molten steel. However, this process will cause the deoxidizer added to the molten steel to combine with oxygen, forming a significant amount of oxide inclusions that cannot be completely removed. Furthermore, it requires a substantial consumption of deoxidizing alloys, which increases the carbon emissions in the steel production process. To address these issues, our research team, after years of research, has developed a series of cleaner deoxidation technologies, including carbon deoxidation of molten steel, hydrogen deoxidation of molten steel, and waste plastics deoxidation of molten steel. This technology has undergone multiple hot-state experiments in the laboratory and has been applied in industrial production of non-aluminum deoxidized bearing steel, yielding exce1llent results. This study, through thermodynamic calculations and laboratory hot-state experiments, validated the deoxidation limits of carbon under atmospheric and vacuum conditions. It demonstrated that hydrogen also has the capability to reduce the total oxygen content in molten steel to below 10×10−6. The research also analyzed the deoxidation mechanism and consumption of polyethylene. After adopting cleaner deoxidation technology, the oxygen content of bearing steel can be controlled at 6.3×10−6, reducing the inclusion density by 74.73% compared to aluminum deoxidized bearing steel. In the final deoxidation stage, the use of the cleaner deoxidation technology in non-aluminum deoxidized bearing steel reduces the oxygen content to below 8×10−6. The main composition of oxide inclusions is silicate, along with small amounts of spinel and calcium aluminate. The oxygen content in gear steel can be reduced to 7.7×10−6, with a 54.49% reduction in inclusion density, and it essentially contains no inclusions larger than 5μm. High-speed steel can achieve a total oxygen content as low as 3.7×10−6.

Research Article
Rational construction of heterointerfaces in biomass sugarcane-derived carbon for superior electromagnetic wave absorption
Shijie Zhang, Di Lan, Jiajun Zheng, Xingliang Chen, Ailing Feng, Yaxing Pei, Shichang Cai, Suxuan Du, Guanglei Wu, and Zirui Jia
Available online 7 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2875-y
[Abstract](50) [PDF 1677KB](7)
Abstract:

The pervasive use of 5th generation mobile communication technology is driving electromagnetic wave (EW) absorbents towards high performances. The construction of heterointerfaces is crucial to the improvement of absorption ability. Herein, a series of ultralight composites with rational heterointerfaces (Co/ZnO@N-doped C/layer-stacked C, MSC) are fabricated by calcination with rational construction of sugarcane and CoZn-ZIFs. The components and structures of as-prepared composites were investigated, and their electromagnetic parameters could be adjusted by the content of CoZn-ZIFs. All the composites possess good EW absorption performances, especially for MSC-3. Its optimal minimum reflection loss and effective absorption band can reach to -42 dB and 7.28 GHz at the thickness of just 1.6 mm with 20 wt% filler loading. The excellent performances are attributed to the synergistic effect of dielectric loss stemming from the multiple heterointerfaces and magnetic loss induced by magnetic single Co. And the sugarcane-derived layer-stacked carbon and formed consecutive conductive networks and could further dissipate the electromagnetic energy through multiple reflection and conduction loss. Moreover, the simulated radar cross section (RCS) technology manifests that MSC-3 possesses outstanding EW attenuation capacity under realistic far-field conditions. This study provides a strategy for building efficient absorbents based on biomass.

Research Article
Enhancing corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on AM50 Mg alloy by inhibitor containing Ba(NO3)2 solutions
Jirui Ma, Xiaopeng Lu, Santosh Prasad Sah, Qianqian Chen, You Zhang, and Fuhui Wang
Available online 7 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2876-x
[Abstract](62) [PDF 2089KB](6)
Abstract:

In order to enhance the long-term corrosion resistance of the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coating on Mg alloy, an inorganic salt is used in combination with corrosion inhibitors for post-treatment of the coating. In this study, corrosion performance of PEO-coated AM50 Mg was significantly improved by sodium lauryl sulfonate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) loaded into the Ba(NO3)2 post-sealing solution. SEM, XPS, XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis analyses showed that the inhibitors enhanced the deposition of BaO2 on the coating surface. Electrochemical impedance showed that the post-sealing in SDS containing electrolyte enhanced corrosion resistance of the sample by three orders of magnitude. After immersing in 0.5wt% NaCl solution for 768 h, the total impedance value remained at 106 Ω/cm². 40 days of continued salt spray test virtually did not show any obvious region of corrosion, proving the excellent corrosion performance of the coatings after performing post-treatment. The corrosion resistance of the coating was enhanced through the synergistic effect of deposition products and adsorption of inhibitors.

Research Article
Role of iron ore in enhancing gasification of iron coke: structural evolution, influence mechanism, and kinetic analysis
Jie Wang, Wei Wang, Xuheng chen, Junfang Bao, Qiuyue Hao, Heng Zheng, and Runsheng Xu
Available online 7 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2873-0
[Abstract](99) [PDF 1192KB](3)
Abstract:

The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking. To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification, the effect of iron ore on the microstructure of iron coke was investigated. Furthermore, a comparative study of the gasification reactions between iron coke and coke was conducted through non-isothermal thermogravimetric method. The findings indicate that compared to coke, iron coke exhibits an augmentation in micropores and specific surface area, and the micropores further extend and interconnect. This provides more adsorption sites for CO2 molecules during the gasification process, resulting in a reduction in the initial gasification temperature of iron coke. Accelerating the heating rate in non-isothermal gasification can enhance the reactivity of iron coke. The metallic iron reduced from iron ore is embedded in the carbon matrix, reducing the orderliness of the carbon structure, which is primarily responsible for the heightened reactivity of the carbon atoms. The kinetic study indicates that the random pore model can effectively represent the gasification process of iron coke due to its rich pore structure. Moreover, as the proportion of iron ore increases, the activation energy for the carbon gasification gradually decreases, from 246.2 kJ/mol for coke to 192.5 kJ/mol for iron coke 15%.

Research Article
Investigation and optimization of high-valent Ta-doped SrFeO3-δ as air electrode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells
Shanshan Jiang, Hao Qiu, Shaohua Xu, Xiaomin Xu, Jingjing Jiang, Beibei Xiao, Paulo Sérgio Barros Julião, Chao Su, Daifen Chen, and Wei Zhou
Available online 7 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2872-1
[Abstract](53) [PDF 1022KB](9)
Abstract:

To explore highly active and thermomechanical stable air electrodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs), 10 mol% Ta5+ doped in the B site of strontium ferrite perovskite oxide (SrTa0.1Fe0.9O3-δ, STF) is investigated and optimized. The effects of Ta5+ doping on structure, transition metal reduction, oxygen nonstoichiometry, thermal expansion, and electrical performance are evaluated systematically. Via 10 mol% Ta5+ doping, the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) decreased from 34.1.6×10-6 K-1 (SrFeO3-δ) to 14.6×10-6 K-1 (STF), which is near the TEC of electrolyte (13.3×10-6 K-1 for Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9, SDC), indicates excellent thermomechanical compatibility. At 550-750ºC, STF shows superior oxygen vacancy concentrations (0.262 to 0.331), which is critical in the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR). Oxygen temperature-programmed desorption (O2-TPD) indicated the thermal reduction onset temperature of iron ion is around 420 ºC, which matched well with the inflection points on the thermos-gravimetric analysis and electrical conductivity curves. At 600 ºC, the STF electrode shows area-specific resistance (ASR) of 0.152 Ωcm2 and peak power density (PPD) of 749 mW cm-2. ORR activity of STF was further improved by introducing 30wt% SDC powder, STF+SDC composite cathode achieving outstanding ASR value of 0.115 Ωcm2 at 600ºC, even comparable with benchmark cobalt-containing cathode, Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF). Distribution of relaxation time (DRT) analysis revealed that the oxygen surface exchange and bulk diffusion were improved by forming a composite cathode. At 650°C, STF+SDC composite cathode achieving an outstanding PPD of 1117 mW cm-2. The excellent results suggest that STF and STF+SDC are promising air electrodes for IT-SOFCs.

Special issue for the 30th Anniversary of IJMMM
Synergistic effect of gradient Zn content and multi-scale particles on the mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with coupling distribution of coarse / fine grains
Mingxing Guo and Linzhong Zhuang
Available online 1 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2871-2
[Abstract](45) [PDF 226KB](7)
Abstract:
The influence of graded Zn content on the evolution of precipitated and iron-rich phases and grain structure of the alloys was investigated, and the Al-8.0Zn-1.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.2Fe (wt.%) alloy with high strength and high formability was designed and developed. With the increase of Zn content, it is easier to form the coupling distribution of multi-scale precipitates and iron-rich phases with a reasonable matching ratio and dispersion distribution characteristics, which can induce the formation of cell-like structure with alternate distribution of coarse and fine grains, and the average plasticity-strain ratio r value (characterizing the formability) of the pre-aged alloy with a high strength is up to 0.708. Finally, the evolution and influence mechanisms of multi-scale second-phase particles, as well as the corresponding high formability mechanism of the alloys were revealed. The developed coupling control process exhibits great potential and can significantly improve the room temperature formability of high strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys.
Research Article
Recent research progress in mechanism and suppression of fusion welding induced liquation cracking of Nickel based superalloy
Zongli Yi, Jiguo Shan, Yue Zhao, Zhenlin Zhang, and Aiping Wu
Available online 28 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2869-9
[Abstract](52) [PDF 1401KB](11)
Abstract:

Nickel-based superalloys are extensively utilized in critical hot-section components of industrial gas turbines and aeronautic and astronautic, due to their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance at high temperature. Fusion welding serves as an effective means for the joining and repair of these alloys; however, fusion welding induced liquation cracking has been the challenging issue. This paper provided a comprehensive review of liquation cracking in recent years, discussing the formation mechanisms, criterion of cracking and remedies. Regulating material composition, changing pre-weld heat treatment on base metal, optimizing the welding process parameters, and applying auxiliary control methods are effective strategies for mitigating cracks in recent investigations. To promote the application of nickel-based superalloys, further research focusing on the combination impact of multiple elements on cracking prevention and specific quantitative criteria for liquation cracking is necessary.

Research Article
Design of low alloying and high performance solid solution strengthening copper alloys with element substitution for sustainable development
Jiaqiang Li, Hongtao Zhang, Jingtai Sun, Huadong Fu, and Jianxin Xie
Available online 28 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2870-3
[Abstract](41) [PDF 1347KB](4)
Abstract:

Solid solution strengthened copper alloys have the advantages of simple composition and manufacturing process, high mechanical and electrical comprehensive performance, and low cost, thus they are widely used in high-speed rail contact wires, electronic component connectors and other fields. Breaking through the contradiction between low alloying and high performance is an important challenge in the development of solid solution strengthened copper alloys. Taking the typical solid solution strengthened alloy Cu-4Zn-1Sn as the research object, we proposed the idea of using the element In to replace Zn and Sn to achieve low alloying in this work. Two new alloys of Cu-1.5Zn-1Sn-0.4In and Cu-1.5Zn-0.9Sn-0.6In were designed and prepared. The total content of alloying elements decreased by 43% and 41%, respectively, while the product of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and electrical conductivity (EC) of the annealed state is increased by 14% and 15%. After cold rolling with 90% reduction, the UTS of the two new alloys reached 576 MPa and 627 MPa, respectively, and the EC was 44.9 %IACS and 42.0 %IACS, and the product of UTS and EC is 97% and 99% higher than that of the annealed state alloy. The dislocations proliferated greatly in cold-rolled alloys, and the strengthening effects of dislocations reached 332 MPa and 356 MPa respectively, which was the main reason for the significant improvement of mechanical properties.

Research Article
Wideband microwave absorbing materials synthesized by Carbonized Peanut-shell combined with ferroferric oxide
Guodong Han, Yong Sun, Junxiang Zhou, Yudeng Wang, Jiafu Wang, and Shaobo Qu
Available online 27 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2868-x
[Abstract](39) [PDF 1881KB](5)
Abstract:

Deriving PC materials through biomass sources is a sustainable, ubiquitous, and low-cost method, which comes with many desired features, such as hierarchical texture, periodic pattern, and some unique nanoarchitecture. Herein, a new strategy of using Peanuts as Honeycomb-like carbon precursors and Fe3O4 as magnetic precursor to prepare excellent performance absorbing materials. During the carbonization process, the Peanut-shell changes into the interconnected Honeycomb-like porous carbon materials, and the precursor ferric salt converts into magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. As a result, the obtained MA materials P-C-800@Fe3O4(1:0.5) exhibit outstanding MA performance. When the ration reaches at 4:6, it displays the minimum reflection Loss(RL) of -59.2 dB at 3.36mm, and the effective absorption bandwidth (RL<-10 dB) can reach 7.5 GHz(from 9.5 to 17 GHz) at 2.0 mm. The honeycomb-like composite materials, interfacial polarization, synergistic enhancement between dielectric loss and magnetic loss, multiple reflections, and scatterings make enhancement to the MA capability. This paper might provide an effective and facile strategy to prepare magnetic honeycomb-like porous carbon derived from biomass for MA applications.

Research Article
Preparing lithium-ion battery anode materials from graphitized spent cathode carbon of aluminum electrolysis
Zhihao Zheng, Mingzhuang Xie, Guoiqng Yu, Zegang Wu, Jingjing Zhong, Yi Wang, Hongliang Zhao, and Fengqin Liu
Available online 27 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2866-z
[Abstract](30) [PDF 1490KB](7)
Abstract:

Graphitized spent cathode carbon (SCC) is a hazardous solid waste generated in the aluminum electrolysis process. In this study, a process of flotation-acid leaching is proposed to purify the graphitized SCC, and its use as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries is explored. Optimization of the flotation and acid leaching processes was carried out separately using one-way experiments. The best performance was achieved at 90% flotation particle size of -200 mesh, slurry concentration of 10%, rotation speed of 1600 r/min, inflatable capacity of 0.2 m3/h, and SCC carbon content of 93%. Subsequently, the SCC carbon content reached 99.58% at a leaching concentration of 5 mol/L, a leaching time of 100 min, a leaching temperature of 85 ℃, and an HCl/FSCC volume ratio of 5:1. The purified graphitized SCC(FSCC-CL) was used as an anode material with an initial capacity of 348.2 mAh/g at 0.1C and a reversible capacity of 347.8 mAh/g after 100 cycles. Compared with commercial graphite, FSCC-CL has better reversibility and cycle stability. Therefore, after purification, SCC is an important anode material candidate, and this method also provides a feasible way for the resourceful recycling of SCC.

Research Article
Effect of heating temperature and atmosphere on the element distribution and microstructure in a high-Mn high-Al austenitic low-density steel
Qi Zhang, Guanghui Chen, Yuemeng Zhu, Zhengliang Xue, and Guang Xu
Available online 27 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2867-y
[Abstract](64) [PDF 2030KB](10)
Abstract:

The element distribution and microstructure near surface of a high-Mn high-Al austenitic low-density steel were investigated after isothermal holding at temperatures ranging from 900°C to 1200°C in different atmospheres, including air, N2 and N2 + CO2 mixed atmospheres. The results show that no ferrite formed near the surface of the experimental steel during isothermal holding at 900°C and 1000°C in air, while ferrite formed near the surface when the isothermal temperature reached 1100°C and 1200°C. The fraction of ferrite was larger at 1200°C because more C and Mn diffused to the surface and exuded from steel, which then reacted with N and O to form oxidation products. The thickness of compound scale increased due to the larger diffusion rate at a higher temperature. In addition, after isothermal holding at 1100°C in N2, Al content near the surface reduced slightly, while the contents of C and Mn did not change. Therefore, no ferrite formed near the surface. However, the contents of C and Al near the surface reduced after holding at 1100°C in N2 + CO2 mixed atmosphere, resulting in a small amount of ferrite. The thickness of compound scale was found to be the thickest in N2, followed by N2 + CO2 mixed atmosphere, and the thinnest in air. Overall, the element loss and ferrite fraction were the largest after holding in air at the same temperature. The differences in element loss and ferrite fraction were small in N2 and N2 + CO2 mixed atmospheres, but the compound scale formed in N2 was significantly thicker. Based on these results, the N2 + CO2 mixed atmosphere is the most ideal heating atmosphere for industrial production of high-Mn high-Al austenitic low-density steel.

Research Article
Modulating charge separation and transfer for high-performance photoelectrodes via built-in electric field
Houyan Cheng, Peng Liu, Yuntao Cui, Ru Ya, Yuxiang Hu, and Jinshu Wang
Available online 23 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2862-3
[Abstract](34) [PDF 2375KB](6)
Abstract:

Constructing a built-in electric field has emerged as a key strategy for enhancing charge separation and transfer, improving photoelectrochemical performance. Recently, considerable efforts have been devoted to constructing built-in electric fields aimed at enhancing charge separation and transfer. This review systematically summarizes the impact of built-in electric fields on enhancing charge separation and transfer mechanisms, focusing on their modulation with regard to depth and orderliness. Firstly, mechanisms and tuning strategies for built-in electric fields are explored. Then, the state-of-the-art works regarding built-in electric fields for modulating charge separation and transfer are summarized and categorized by surface and interface depth. Finally, current strategies for constructing bulk built-in electric fields in photoelectrodes are discussed, concluding with insights on future developments for enhancing charge separation and transfer in high-performance photoelectrochemical applications.

Research Article
The effect of temperature and time on the precipitation of κ-carbides in Fe-28Mn-10Al-0.8C low-density steels: aging mechanism and its impact on material properties
Yulin Gao, Min Zhang, Rui Wang, Xinxin Zhang, Zhunli Tan, and Xiaoyu Chong
Available online 23 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2857-0
[Abstract](56) [PDF 1437KB](8)
Abstract:

This study investigates the second phase evolution mechanism of κ-carbides during the aging process of Fe-28Mn-10Al-0.8C low-density steel (wt%) and its impact on the material's properties. Under different heat treatment conditions, intragranular κ-carbides exhibit various morphologies and crystallographic characteristics, such as acicular, spherical, and short rod-like shapes. At the initial stage of aging, κ-carbides primarily precipitate in acicular forms, accompanied by a few spherical carbides. With the extension of aging time, κ-carbides grow and coarsen, the spherical carbides significantly reduce, and the rod-like carbides become noticeably coarser. In the literature on low-density steel, κ-carbides primarily precipitate in the form of nanoscale particles from within austenite grains, with limited mention within ferrite matrix grains; furthermore, the second-phase evolution mechanism during the aging process remains unclear in the observations made in this experiment. By adjusting the aging temperature and time, this study thoroughly analyzed the crystallographic characteristics and morphological evolution of κ-carbides and investigated the impact of these changes on the material's microhardness. It comprehensively assessed the influence of different aging conditions on material properties and, based on these findings, proposed potential strategies for improving material strength.

Research Article
Assessing corrosion protection property of coatings loaded with corrosion inhibitors using real-time atmospheric corrosion monitoring (ACM) technique
Xiaoxue Wang, Lulu Jin, Jinke Wang, Rongqiao Wang, Xiuchun Lu, Kai Gao, Jingli Sun, Yong Yuan, Lingwei Ma, Hongchang Qian, and Dawei Zhang
Available online 23 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2860-5
[Abstract](76) [PDF 936KB](5)
Abstract:

The atmospheric corrosion monitoring (ACM) technique has been widely employed to track the real-time corrosion behavior of metal materials. However, limited studies have employed ACM to monitor the corrosion protection properties of organic coatings. This study focused on comparing a bare epoxy coating with one containing zinc phosphate corrosion inhibitors, both applied on ACM sensors, to observe their corrosion protection properties over time. The coatings underwent artificial damage via scratches and were then exposed to immersion as well as alternating dry and wet environments. This allowed for monitoring the galvanic corrosion currents in real-time. Throughout the corrosion tests, the zinc phosphate/epoxy coating displayed significantly lower ACM currents compared to the blank epoxy coating. The trend in ACM current variations closely matched the results obtained from regular electrochemical tests and surface analysis. This alignment highlights the potential of the ACM technique in evaluating the corrosion protection capabilities of organic coatings. Compared with the blank epoxy coating, the much decreased ACM current values observed on the zinc phosphate/epoxy coating confirmed the effective inhibition of zinc phosphate against steel corrosion beneath the damaged coating.

Research Article
Breaking the Fe3O4-Wrapping-Copper Microstructure for Enhancing the Copper-Slag separation
Xiaopeng Chi, Haoyu Liu, Jun Xia, Hang Chen, Wei Weng, and Shuiping Zhong
Available online 23 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2861-4
[Abstract](28) [PDF 242KB](6)
Abstract:

Precipitation of Fe3O4 particles and the accompanied formation of the Fe3O4-wrapping-copper structure are the main obstacle for copper recovery from the molten slag during the pyrometallurgical smelting of copper concentrates. Herein, by replacing the commercial powdery pyrite or anthracite with the pyrite-anthracite pellets as the reductants, more Fe3O4 particles in the molten slag can be removed, resulting in the deep fracture of the Fe3O4-wraping-copper microstructure and fully exposure of the copper matte cores. Resultantly, using 1 wt.% composite pellet as the reductant, the copper matte droplets are enlarged greatly from 25 μm to the size being observed by naked eyes, with the copper content being enriched remarkably from 1.2 wt.% to 4.5 wt.%. The DFT calculation results imply that the formation of the Fe3O4-wrapping-copper structure is due to the preferential adhesion of Cu2S on the Fe3O4 particles. The XPS and FTIR as well as Raman spectroscopy results all reveal that the high-efficiency conversion of Fe3O4 to FeO can decrease the volume fraction of solid phase and promote the depolymerization of silicate network structure, which promotes the settling of copper matte droplets due to lowered slag viscosity, contributing to the high-efficiency copper-slag separation for copper recovery. The results can provide new insights for enhanced in-situ enrichment of copper from the molten slag.

Invited Review
Recent Advances and Perspectives in MXene-Based Cathodes for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries
Aiduo Wu, Tianhao Wang, Long Zhang, Chen Chen, Qiaomin Li, Xuanhui Qu, and Yongchang Liu
Available online 23 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2859-y
[Abstract](155) [PDF 1845KB](21)
Abstract:

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) hold great promise for grid-scale energy storage applications due to their intrinsic safety, cost effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and impressive electrochemical performance. However, the strong electrostatic interactions between zinc ions and host materials place obstacles in the development of advanced cathode materials that can accommodate the efficient, rapid, and stable Zn-ion storage. MXenes and their derivatives, which feature large interlayer spacing, excellent hydrophilicity, outstanding electronic conductivity, and high redox activity, are considered as the “rising star” cathode candidates for AZIBs. Herein, we comprehensively review the recent advances in MXenes as cathodes for AZIBs from the perspectives of crystal structures, Zn-storage mechanisms, surface modification, interlayer engineering, and conductive network design to elucidate the correlations among composition, structure, and electrochemical performance. Then, we outline the remaining challenges facing MXenes for aqueous Zn-ion storage such as the urgent need for improvement of the toxic preparation methods, the exploration of potential novel MXene cathodes, and the suppression of restacking of layered MXenes upon cycling, and foresee the bright prospects of MXene-based cathode materials for high-performance AZIBs.

Research Article
Iron–nitrogen-doped porous carbon absorbers constructed from hyper-crosslinked ferrocene polymers for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption
Yi Hu, Yijia Zhou, Lijia Liu, Qiang Wang, Chunhong Zhang, Hao Wei, and Yudan Wang
Available online 23 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2863-2
[Abstract](37) [PDF 2098KB](1)
Abstract:

 Herein, ferrocene and a nitrogen heterocyclic compound (either melamine or imidazole) were hyper-crosslinked via an external crosslinker through a straightforward Friedel–Crafts reaction, leading to the formation of nitrogen-containing hyper-crosslinked ferrocene polymer precursors (HCPs). These precursors were subsequently carbonized to produce iron–nitrogen-doped porous carbon absorbers (Fe-NPCs). The Fe-NPCs feature a porous structure comprising aggregated nanotubes and nanospheres, with porosity that can be modulated by adjusting the iron and nitrogen content to optimize impedance matching. The use of hyper-crosslinked ferrocenes in constructing porous carbon ensures the uniform distribution of Fe-NxC, N dipoles, and α-Fe within the carbon matrix, providing the absorber with numerous polarization sites and a conductive network. The specially designed Fe-NPC-M2 absorbers exhibit satisfactory electromagnetic wave absorption performance, with a minimum reflection loss of −55.3 dB at 2.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.00 GHz at 2.0 mm. This research introduces a novel method for developing highly efficient carbon-based absorbing agents by utilizing hyper-crosslinked polymers as precursors.

Research Article
Effect of heat treatment on microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture behaviors of ultra-high strength SiC/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu composite
Guonan Ma, Shize Zhu, Dong Wang, Peng Xue, Bolv Xiao, and Zongyi Ma
Available online 23 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2856-1
[Abstract](43) [PDF 2439KB](9)
Abstract:

A high-zinc 12vol%SiC/Al-13.3Zn-3.27Mg-1.07Cu (wt%) composite with ultra-high strength of 781 MPa was successfully fabricated by powder metallurgy method followed by extrusion process. The effects of solid solution and aging heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite were investigated in detail. Compared to the single-stage solution treatment, more sufficient solid solution effect was achieved in two-stage solution treatment (470ºC/1 h+480ºC/1 h) due to the higher solution degree and more uniform microstructure. According to aging harden curves of the composite, the optimized aging parameter (100ºC/22 h) was proposed. By decreasing the aging temperature and shortening the aging time, the nanoscale precipitates became finer and more uniform, but the increase in the tensile strength was insignificant. Based on the fractography analysis, the intergranular cracking and interface debonding were considered as the main fracture mechanisms in the ultra-high strength SiC/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu composites. The SiC/Al interface with many compounds and the precipitate free zone at the high-angle grain boundaries were the relatively weak regions that could clearly limit the strength enhancement of the composite. The interfacial compounds were identified as MgO, MgZn2, and Cu5Zn8, which reduced the interface bonding strength and lead to interfacial debonding.

Research Article
Facile synthesis of Cu-doped manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve for efficient degradation of sulfamethoxazole via peroxymonosulfate activation
Yuhua Qiu, Yingping Huang, Yanlan Wang, Xiang Liu, and Di Huang
Available online 23 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2858-z
[Abstract](37) [PDF 1104KB](4)
Abstract:

Recently, peroxymonosulfate-based advanced oxidation processes have turned out to be the one of most efficient approaches for the elimination of toxic and refractory organic pollutants from sewage. Because the electron withdrawing group SO4− was easily activated to release reactive species, including sulfate radical (·SO4−), hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide radicals (·O2-) and singlet oxygen (1O2), all of which could induce the degradation of organic contaminant. In this work, we had synthesized a variety of M-OMS-2 nanorods (M=Co, Ni, Cu or Fe), by doping of Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ or Fe3+ into manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2), as high-efficiency nano-catalysts for efficient removal of sulfamethoxazole via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. The comparison of catalytic performance of M-OMS-2 in sulfamethoxazole elimination via PMS activization exhibited that the order of sulfamethoxazole removal rate as follow: Cu-OMS-2 (96.4%) > Co-OMS-2 (88.0%) > Ni-OMS-2 (87.2 %) > Fe-OMS-2 (35.0%) > OMS-2 (33.5%). Then, the kinetics and structure-activity relationship of M-OMS-2 nanorods in the elimination of sulfamethoxazole were investigated. The feasible mechanism of sulfamethoxazole degradation via Cu-OMS-2/PMS system was further investigated by quenching experiment, HR-MS and EPR. In addition, we found that sulfamethoxazole degradation efficiency was obviously boosted in both sea water and tap water, demonstrating the great potential application of Cu-OMS-2/PMS system in the real sewage treatment.

Research Article
Spin Logic Devices Based on Negative Differential Resistance Enhanced Anomalous Hall Effect
Hong ming Mou, Ziyao Lu, Yuchen Pu, Zhaochu Luo, and Xiaozhong Zhang
Available online 19 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2855-2
[Abstract](41) [PDF 967KB](6)
Abstract:

With the fast development of spintronics, spin-based logic devices have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation computing technologies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in spin logic devices, particularly focusing on fundamental device concepts rooted in nanomagnets, magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM), spin-orbit torques (SOTs), electric-field modulation, and magnetic domain walls. We will present the thorough analysis of the operation principles of these spin logic devices. Additionally, we summarize recent advances in spin logic devices based on negative differential resistance enhanced anomalous Hall effect. These devices exhibit reconfigurable logic capabilities and integration of non-volatile data storage and computing functionalities. For the current-driven spin logic devices, negative differential resistance elements are employed to nonlinearly enhance anomalous Hall effect signals from magnetic bits, enabling reconfigurable Boolean logic operations. Besides, voltage-driven spin logic devices employ another type of negative differential resistance elements to achieve logic functionalities with excellent cascading ability. By cascading several elementary logic gates, we can obtain the logic circuit of a full adder, verifying the potential of voltage-driven spin logic devices for implementing complex logic functions. This review contributes to the understanding of the evolving landscape of spin logic devices and underscores the promising prospects they hold in shaping the future of emerging computing schemes.

Research Article
Temperature-jump tensile tests to induce optimized TRIP/TWIP effect in a metastable austenitic stainless steel
Mohammad Javad Sohrabi, Hamed Mirzadeh, Saeed Sadeghpour, Abdol Reza Geranmayeh, and Reza Mahmudi
Available online 19 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2852-5
[Abstract](67) [PDF 2841KB](6)
Abstract:

In the present work, plastic deformation mechanisms were initially tailored by adjusting the deformation temperature in the range of 0 to 200 °C in an AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel, aiming to optimize the strength-ductility synergy. It was shown that the combined twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP)/transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effects and a wider strain range for the TRIP effect up to higher strains by adjusting the deformation temperature are good strategies to improve the strength-ductility synergy of this metastable stainless steel. In this regard, by consideration of the observed temperature-dependency of plastic deformation, the controlled sequence of TWIP and TRIP effects for archiving superior strength-ductility trade-off was intended by the pre-designed temperature jump tensile tests. Accordingly, the optimum tensile toughness of 846 MJ/m3 and total elongation to 133% were obtained by this strategy via exploiting the advantages of the TWIP effect at 100 °C and the TRIP effect at 25 °C at the later stages of the straining. Consequently, a deformation-temperature-transformation (DTT) diagram was developed for this metastable alloy. Moreover, based on work-hardening analysis, it was found that the main phenomenon constraining further improvement in the ductility and strengthening was the yielding of the deformation-induced α΄-martensite.

Invited Review
Coke behavior with H2O in a hydrogen-enriched blast furnace: a review
Feng Zhou, Daosheng Peng, Kejiang Li, Alberto N Conejo, Haotian Liao, Zixin Xiong, Dongtao Li, and Jianliang Zhang
Available online 19 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2854-3
[Abstract](67) [PDF 3477KB](13)
Abstract:

Hydrogen-enriched blast furnace ironmaking has become an essential route to reduce CO2 emissions in the ironmaking process. However, hydrogen-enriched reduction produces large amounts of H2O, which places new demands on coke quality in the blast furnace. In the hydrogen-rich blast furnace, the presence of H2O promotes the solution loss reaction. It improves the reactivity of coke, which is 20-30% higher in a pure H2O atmosphere than in a pure CO2 atmosphere. The activation energy range between coke and CO2 is 110-300 kJ/mol, while the activation energy range between coke and H2O is 80-170 kJ/mol. It is shown that CO2 and H2O have different effects on coke degradation mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effect of H2O on the structure and properties of coke. By exploring the interactions between H2O and coke, several unresolved issues in the field requiring further research were identified. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the behavior of coke in hydrogen-rich environments and promote the further development of hydrogen-rich blast furnace ironmaking processes.

Research Article
Improvement strategy on thermophysical properties of A2B2O7-type rare earth zirconates for thermal barrier coatings applications: A review
ZiJian Peng, YuHao Wang, ShuQi Wang, JunTeng Yao, Qingyuan Zhao, EnYu Xie, GuoLiang Chen, ZhiGang Wang, ZhanGuo Liu, YaMing Wang, and Jiahu Ou-yang
Available online 19 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2853-4
[Abstract](34) [PDF 1949KB](4)
Abstract:

The A2B2O7-type rare-earth zirconate compounds have been considered as promising candidates for thermal barrier coatings materials due to their low sintering rate, improved phase stability and reduced thermal conductivity in contrast with the currently used yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in high operating temperature environments. This review summarizes the recent progress on rare earth zirconates for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) that insulate high temperature gas from hot-section components in gas turbines. Based on the First-principles and molecular dynamics calculations, doping and high entropy strategies have now been adopted in advanced TBCs material design. In this paper, the solid-state heat transfer mechanism of TBCs is explained from two aspects that include both the heat conduction over the full operating temperature range and thermal radiation at medium and high temperatures. This paper also provides new insights into design considerations of adaptive TBCs materials, and the challenges and potentials breakthroughs are further highlighted for extreme environmental applications. Strategies for improving thermophysical performance are proposed in two approaches of both defect engineering and material compositing.

Research Article
Oxidation behavior of FeV2O4 and FeCr2O4 particles in the air: non-isothermal kinetic and reaction mechanism
Junyi Xiang, Xi Lu, Luwei Bai, Hongru Rao, Sheng Liu, Qingyun Huang, Shengqing Zhang, GuiShang Pei, and Xuewei Lv
Available online 7 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2851-6
[Abstract](44) [PDF 1381KB](6)
Abstract:

The oxidation behavior of ferrovanadium spinel (FeV2O4) and ferrochrome spinel (FeCr2O4) at high temperature is crucial for the application of energy materials with spinel structure, as well as the cleaner utilization of high-chromium vanadium slag. In this study, the non-isothermal oxidation behavior of FeV2O4 and FeCr2O4 synthesized through high-temperature solid-state reaction, were investigated by thermogravimetry and X-ray diffraction at heating rates of 5, 10, and 15K/min respectively. The apparent activation energy was determined using the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method, while the Malek method was employed to ascertain the mechanism function. Additionally, in-situ X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to deduce the phase transformation of the oxidation mechanism for FeV2O4 and FeCr2O4. The results demonstrate a gradual increase in overall apparent activation energies for both FeV2O4 and FeCr2O4 during oxidation. The oxidation process can be divided into four stages based on the reduction conversion rate of each compound. The oxidation mechanisms of FeV2O4 and FeCr2O4 are complex with distinct mechanism functions. Specially, chemical reaction controls the entire oxidation process for FeV2O4 whereas FeCr2O4 it transitions from a three-dimensional diffusion model to a chemical reaction model. In-situ XRD results reveal numerous intermediate products during the oxidation process of both compounds; ultimately resulting in formation of final products such as FeVO4 and V2O5 for FeV2O4, as well as Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 for FeCr2O4.

Invited Review
Research progress and future prospects in the service security of key blast furnace equipment
Yanxiang Liu, kexin jiao, Jianliang Zhang, Cui Wang, Lei Zhang, and Xiaoyue Fan
Available online 7 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2850-7
[Abstract](45) [PDF 1929KB](6)
Abstract:

The stable and low-carbon production of iron relies on the safety and longevity of key blast furnace equipment. This paper presents an analysis of the heat transfer characteristics of these components, as well as the uneven distribution of cooling water in parallel pipes based on hydrodynamic principles. Feasible methods for improving blast furnace cooling intensity are also discussed. Additionally, this study reviews the preparation process, performance, and damage characteristics of three key pieces of equipment: coolers, tuyeres, and hearth refractories. To better control these critical components under high-temperature working conditions, optimized technologies such as blast furnace operation and maintenance technology, self-repair technology, and full life cycle management technology are proposed. Finally, further research into safety assessments and predictions for key blast furnace equipment under new operating conditions is proposed.

Research Article
Structural and microwave absorption properties of CoFe2O4/residual carbon composites
Yuanchun Zhang, Shengtao Gao, Xingzhao Zhang, Dacheng Ma, Chuanlei Zhu, and Jun He
Available online 6 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2849-0
[Abstract](28) [PDF 2184KB](2)
Abstract:

Electromagnetic interference is of urgent concern in contemporary society, necessitating the swift advancement of substances with exceptional capabilities in absorbing electromagnetic waves. In this work, a direct hydrothermal method was utilized to create CoFe2O4/residual carbon from coal gasification fine slag (CFO/RC) composites. These composites encompass various mechanisms for microwave absorption, including conductive loss, natural resonance, interfacial dipole polarization, and magnetic flux loss. Consequently, compared with pure residual carbon materials this composite offers superior capabilities in microwave absorption. At 7.76 GHz, the CFO/RC-2 composite achieves an impressive minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −43.99 dB with a thickness of 2.44 mm. Moreover, CFO/RC-3 demonstrates an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of up to 4.16 GHz, accompanied by a thickness of 1.18 mm. This study revealed the remarkable ability of the composite to diminish electromagnetic waves, providing a new method for generating microwave absorbing materials of superior quality.

Research Article
Recent progress on magnesium and magnesium alloy foil-A short review
Qiuyan Shen, Yongxing Ba, Peng Zhang, Jiangfeng Song, Bin Jiang, and Fusheng Pan
Available online 6 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2846-3
[Abstract](39) [PDF 1323KB](3)
Abstract:

Magnesium and magnesium alloy foils have great potential for battery anode, electromagnetic shielding, optics and acoustics, and bio applications because of the excellent specific damping coefficient, internal dissipation coefficient, magnetic conductivity, electrical conductivity and high theoretical specific capacity. However, magnesium alloys exhibit poor deformation ability due to its hexagonal close packed (HCP) crystal structure. It is very difficult to prepare magnesium and magnesium alloy foils below 0.1 mm, due to surface oxidation and grain growth at high temperatures, or severe anisotropy after cold rolling leading to various cracks at low temperatures. Many methods have been applied to prepare magnesium alloy foils, such as, warm rolling, cold rolling, accumulative roll bonding, electric plastic rolling, on-line heating rolling and so on. The defects during preparation such as edge crack and breakage of magnesium and magnesium alloy foil are very important factors to be considered. Based on this, the current research status of magnesium and magnesium alloy foil is summarized from the aspects of foil preparation, defect control, performance characterization, application prospect, etc. The advantages and disadvantages of the different preparation methods and the mechanism of defects (edge cracks and breakage) in the preparation of foils are sorted out.

Research Article
Phase equilibria relations in V2O5-rich part of the Fe2O3-TiO2-V2O5 system at 1200°C related to converter vanadium-bearing slag
Junjie Shi, Yumo Zhai, Yuchao Qiu, Changle Hou, Jingjing Dong, Maoxi Yao, Haiyang Li, Yongrong Zhou, and Jianzhong Li
Available online 6 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2845-4
[Abstract](62) [PDF 1078KB](10)
Abstract:

The efficient recycling of vanadium from converter vanadium-bearing slag is of great significance for sustainable development and circular economy. The key to developing novel processes and improving traditional routes lies in the thermodynamic data. In this study, the equilibrium phase relations for the Fe2O3-TiO2-V2O5 system at 1200 °C in air were investigated using a high temperature equilibrium-quenching technique, followed by analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. One liquid phase region, two two-phase regions (liquid-rutile and liquid-ferropseudobrookite), and one three-phase region (liquid-rutile-ferropseudobrookite) were determined. The variation of TiO2 and V2O5 concentrations with Fe2O3 concentration was examined for rutile and ferropseudobrookite solid solutions. However, upon further comparison with the predictions made by FactSage 8.1, significant discrepancies were identified. This highlights the need for greater attention to be given to updating the current thermodynamic database related to vanadium-bearing slag systems.

Research Article
Strengthening strategy for high-performance friction stir lap welded joints of 5083 aluminum alloy
Yujia Shen, Jijie Wang, Beibei Wang, Peng Xue, Fengchao Liu, Dingrui Ni, Bolv Xiao, and Zongyi Ma
Available online 6 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2847-2
[Abstract](54) [PDF 1908KB](5)
Abstract:

During aircraft, ship, and automobile manufacturing, lap structures are frequently produced between aluminum alloy skins, wall panels, and stiffeners. However, the occurrence of lap defects severely decreases mechanical properties during friction stir lap welding (FSLW). This study focuses on investigating the effects of rotation rate, multi-pass welding, and cooling methods on lap defect formation, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties. It was discovered that the hook defects were eliminated by decreasing the welding speed, applying 2-passes FLSW with a small welding tool, and introducing the additional water cooling, leading to a remarkable increase in effective sheet thickness and lap width. This strategy leads to a defect-free joint with an ultrafine-grained microstructure, elevating the tensile shear force from 298 N/m to 551 N/mm. The fracture behavior of FSLW was systematically studied, and a fracture factor of the lap joint was proposed to predict the fracture mode of the FSLW joint. Through the implementation of decreasing rotation rate, 2-passes welding, and the additional water cooling strategies, the enlarged, strengthened, and defect-free lap zone with refined ultrafine grains was achieved, comparable to the quality of lap welds for 7xxx Al alloys. Importantly, this study provides a valuable welding method for FSLW to eliminate hook defects and improve joint performance.

Research Article
Interconnected microstructure and flexural behavior of Ti2C-Ti composites with superior Young’s modulus
Fengbo Sun, Rui Zhang, Fanchao Meng, Shuai Wang, Lujun Huang, and Lin Geng
Available online 6 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2848-1
[Abstract](21) [PDF 1913KB](0)
Abstract:

In order to enhance Young’s modulus and strength of titanium alloys, titanium matrix composites with interconnected microstructure were designed based on Hashin-Shtrickmen theory. The results showed that the interconnected microstructure composed of Ti2C particles was achieved through in-situ reaction when the Ti2C content reached 50 vol.%. In the prepared composite, intraparticle Ti lamellae exhibited bimodal size distribution with widths of 10 nm and 230 nm due to precipitation and unreacted Ti phase within grown Ti2C particles. The composites with interconnected microstructure achieved superior properties, including a Young’s modulus of 174.3 GPa and an ultimate flexural strength of 1014 GPa. Compared with pure Ti, the Young’s modulus was increased by 55% because of high Ti2C content and the interconnected microstructure. The outstanding strength was mainly attributed to the strong interfacial bonding, load-bearing capacity of interconnected Ti2C particles, and bimodal intraparticle Ti lamellae that minimized the average crack driving force. Interrupted flexural tests revealed that cracks preferentially initiated along {001} cleavage plane and grain boundary of Ti2C in the region with the highest tensile stress, while the propagation can be efficiently inhibited by interparticle Ti grains, preventing the composites from brittle fracture.

Research Article
Review of Sc microalloying effects in Al-Cu alloys
Shenghua Wu, Chong Yang, Peng Zhang, Hang Xue, Yihan Gao, Yuqing Wang, Ruihong Wang, Jinyu Zhang, Gang Liu, and Jun Sun
Available online 30 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2841-8
[Abstract](64) [PDF 1963KB](4)
Abstract:

Artificially controlling the solid-state precipitation in aluminum alloys is an efficient route to achieve the well-performed properties. Microalloying strategy is the most frequently adopted method for such purpose. Here, we review recent advances in the length-scale dependent Sc microalloying effects in the model Al-Cu alloys. In coarse-grained Al-Cu alloys, the Sc aided Cu/Sc/vacancies complexes acting as heterogeneous nuclei and Sc segregation at the θ′/matrix interface reducing interfacial energy contribute significantly to the θ′ precipitation. Refining grain size to the fine/ultrafine-grained scale, the strong bonded Cu/Sc/vacancies complexes inhibit Cu and vacancy diffusing towards grain boundaries, promoting the desired intragranular θ′ precipitation. At nanocrystalline scale, the applied high strain producing high-density vacancies lead to the formation of a large quantity of (Cu, Sc, vacancy)-rich atomic complexes with a high thermal stability, remarkably enhancing the strength/ductility synergy and refraining the intractable low temperature precipitation. Our review advocates utilizing the microalloying technology to modify the precipitation behaviors towards a better combination of mechanical properties and thermal stability in aluminum alloys.

Research Article
Efficient energy transfer from self-trapped excitons to Mn2+ dopants in CsCdCl3:Mn2+ perovskite nanocrystals
Anran Zhang, Xinquan Zhou, Ranran Gu, and Zhiguo Xia
Available online 30 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2844-5
[Abstract](127) [PDF 883KB](13)
Abstract:

Mn2+ doping has been adopted as an efficeint strategy to regulate the luminescence properties of halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs). However, it remains challenging to understand the interplay of Mn2+ luminescence and the matrix self-trapped excitons (STEs) emission therein. In this work, Mn2+-doped CsCdCl3 NCs are synthesized by a hot injection method, where CsCdCl3 is chosen due to its unique crystal structure conducive to STEs emission. The blue emission at 441 nm of undoped CsCdCl3 NCs originates from defect states in the NCs. Mn2+ doping promotes lattice distortion of CsCdCl3 and genrerates bright orange-red light emission at 656 nm. The energy transfer from STEs of CsCdCl3 to the excited levels of Mn2+ ion is verified to be a significant factor in achieving efficient luminescence in CsCdCl3:Mn2+ NCs. This work underlines the crucial role of energy transfer from STEs to Mn2+ dopants in Mn2+-doped halide NCs and lays the groundwork for modifying the luminescence of other metal halide perovskite NCs.

Invited Review
Electrospinning-hot pressing technique for the fabrication of thermal and electrical storage membranes and applications
Panpan Che, Baoshan Xie, Penghui Cao, Youfu Lv, Daifei Liu, Huali Zhu, Xianwen Wu, Zhangxing He, Jian Chen, and Chuanchang Li
Available online 30 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2842-7
[Abstract](38) [PDF 2441KB](2)
Abstract:

Electrospinning-hot pressing technique (EHPT) by integrating electrospinning with hot pressing is an efficient and convenient method in the synthesis of nanofibrous composite material with good performance in energy storage. The emerging composite membrane prepared by EHPT which exhibits characteristics of large surface area, controllable morphology, and compact structure, has received tremendous attention. In this paper, we systematically discuss the conduction mechanism of composite membranes in thermal and electrical energy storage and the performance enhancement method based on the fabrication process of EHPT. Simultaneously, the state-of-the-art and applications of composite membranes in these two fields are introduced respectively. Particularly, in the field of thermal energy storage, the membranes obtained by EHPT have longitudinal and transverse nanofibers, which form unique thermal conductivity pathways; besides, the longitudinal and transverse nanofibers also provide sufficient space for the filling of functional materials. electrospinning-hot pressing membranes can be used in thermal management systems and building energy conservation. In the area of electrical energy storage, the composite membranes produced by EHPT improve the electrochemical properties of the separators while enhancing the mechanical and thermal stability. the application of electrospinning-hot pressing membranes on capacitors, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), fuel cells, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and hydrogen-bromine flow batteries (HBFBs) are still needed to be explored. In the future, EHPT is expected to bring new life through its own technological breakthroughs, or then combined with other technologies to produce smarter materials.

Research Article
A novel high-Cr CoNi-based superalloy with superior high-temperature microstructural stability, oxidation resistance and mechanical properties
Xiaorui Zhang, Min Zou, Song Lu, Longfei Li, Xiaoli Zhuang, and Qiang Feng
Available online 30 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2843-6
[Abstract](120) [PDF 978KB](18)
Abstract:

A novel multi-component high-Cr CoNi-based superalloy with superior comprehensive performance was developed and its high-temperature microstructural stability, oxidation resistance and mechanical properties were evaluated mainly by cast polycrystalline alloy. The results indicated that the morphology of γ' phase remained stable and the coarsening rate was slow during the long-term aging at 900~1000°C. The activation energy for γ′ precipitate coarsening of alloy 9CoNi-Cr is determined to be 402 ± 51 kJ/mol, which is higher compared to CMSX-4 and some other Ni-based and Co-based superalloys. Importantly, there was no indication of the formation of Topologically Close-Packed phases during this process. All these demonstrate superior microstructural stability of the alloy. The mass gain of alloy 9CoNi-Cr is 0.6 mg/cm2 after oxidation at 1000°C for 100 h and the oxidation resistance is comparable to advanced Ni-based superalloys CMSX-4, which attributed to the formation of a continuous Al2O3 protective layer. Furthermore, the compressive yield strength of this cast polycrystalline alloy at high temperature is obviously higher than that of conventional Ni-based cast superalloy, and the compressive minimum creep rate at 950°C is comparable to that of conventional Ni-based cast superalloy, showing good mechanical properties of the alloy at high temperature. This is partially due to the high Cr is beneficial on improving the γ and γ' phase strength of alloy 9CoNi-Cr.

Research Article
Microstructures and micromechanical behaviors of high entropy alloys investigated by synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques: a review
Yubo Huang, Ning Xu, Huaile Lu, Yang Ren, Shilei Li, and Yandong Wang
Available online 25 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2840-9
[Abstract](178) [PDF 1153KB](21)
Abstract:

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have excellent characteristics, including corrosion resistance, irradiation resistance, and mechanical properties. A few HEAs have become alternative application materials in various fields, such as aerospace and defense technology. Comprehensive investigation of the deformation mechanisms of HEAs can guide microstructure control and toughness design, which is of vital significance for the understanding and exploration of advanced structural materials. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques are required tools for materials science research, especially for in situ coupling of physical/chemical fields and for resolving macro/microcrystallographic information about materials. In recent years, many scholars have used synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques to investigate the deformation mechanisms, phase transformations, stress behaviors, and in situ processes of HEAs, such as variable-temperature, high-pressure and hydrogenation processes. Herein, we present the principles and development of neutron and synchrotron radiation technology and their applications in the deformation mechanisms of HEAs. The factors influencing the deformation mechanisms of HEAs are also summarized. We focus on their microstructures and micromechanical behaviors during tension/compression or creep/fatigue deformation, and we study the application of synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques to the observation of dislocations/stacking faults/twins/phases and intergrain/interphase stress changes. Outlooks on the future development of synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques and on the study of deformation mechanisms of new metals are discussed.

Research Article
Chitosan-based triboelectric materials for self-powered sensing at high temperature
Wencan Chen, Chao Li, Yehan Tao, Jie Lu, Jian Du, and Haisong Wang
Available online 20 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2839-2
[Abstract](66) [PDF 1703KB](5)
Abstract:

Biopolymers have been widely used as triboelectric materials in constructing self-powered sensing system, whereas the annihilation of triboelectric charges at high temperatures restricted the output signals as well as the sensitivity of assembled sensors. Herein, a novel chitosan/montmorillonite/lignin (CML) composite film was designed and employed as the tribopositive layers in assembling self-powered sensing system under hot conditions (25-70oC). Originating from the strong intermolecular interaction between biopolymers and nanofillers, the dense contact surface restrained the volatilization of induced electrons. The optimized CML-TENG delivered the highest open circuit voltage (Voc) of 262 V and a maximum instantaneous output power of 429 mW/m2. Furthermore, the best CM5L3-TENG retained 66% of its initial Voc at 70℃, which is much higher than the pristine chitosan film (39%). Our work provides a new strategy to suppress the annihilation of triboelectric charges at high temperatures, boosting the development of self-powered sensing device under hot conditions.

Research Article
Numerical and theoretical study of the large-scale failure of strata overlying sublevel caving mines with steeply-dipping discontinuities
Kaizong Xia, Zhiwei Si, Congxin Chen, Xiaoshuang Li, Junpeng Zou, and Jiahao Yuan
Available online 19 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2838-3
[Abstract](66) [PDF 20595KB](7)
Abstract:

The deformation and fracture evolution mechanisms of the strata overlying such mines mined using sublevel caving were studied via numerical simulations. Moreover, an expression for the normal force acting on the side face of a steeply-dipping superimposed cantilever beam in the surrounding rock was deduced based on limit equilibrium theory. The results show that surface displacement above metal mines with steeply-dipping discontinuities shows significant step characteristics and the behavior of the strata as they fail exhibits superimposition characteristics. Generally, failure first occurs in certain superimposed strata slightly far from the goaf. Then, with the constant downward excavation of the orebody, the superimposed strata become damaged upwards away from, and downwards towards, the goaf. This continues until the deep part of the steeply-dipping superimposed strata form a large-scale deep fracture plane that connects with the goaf. The deep fracture plane generally makes an angle of 12–20° with the normal to the steeply-dipping discontinuities. The effect of the constant outward transfer of strata movement due to the constant outward failure of the superimposed strata in the metal mines with steeply-dipping discontinuities causes the scope of the strata movement in these metal mines to be larger than expected. The strata in the metal mines with steeply-dipping discontinuities mainly show flexural toppling failure. However, the steeply-dipping structural strata near the goaf mainly exhibit shear slipping failure, in which case the mechanical model used to describe them can be simplified by treating them as steeply-dipping superimposed cantilever beams. By taking the steeply-dipping superimposed cantilever beam that first experiences failure to be the key stratum, the failure scope of the strata (and criteria for the stability of metal mines with steeply-dipping discontinuities mined using sublevel caving) can be obtained via iterative computations from the key stratum, moving downward towards and upwards away from the goaf.

Research Article
Oxygen-assisted zinc recovery from electric arc furnace dust using magnesium chloride
Jingdong Huang and Xiao Yang
Available online 19 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2837-4
[Abstract](87) [PDF 2695KB](12)
Abstract:

Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust is an important secondary resource containing metals like zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Recovering Zn from EAF dust can contribute to resource recycling and reduces environmental impacts. However, the high chemical stability of ZnFe2O4 in EAF dust poses challenges to Zn recovery. To address this, a facile approach of oxygen-assisted chlorination using molten MgCl2 is proposed. This work focuses on elucidating the role of O2 in the reaction between ZnFe2O4 and molten MgCl2. The results demonstrate that MgCl2 effectively breaks down the structure of ZnFe2O4 and a high O2 atmosphere significantly enhances the separation of Zn as ZnCl2 from other components. The presence of O2 facilitates the formation of MgFe2O4, which stabilizes Fe and prevents its chlorination. Furthermore, the study reveals that excessive use of MgCl2 results in increased evaporation losses, while higher temperatures promote the rapid separation of Zn. Building on these findings, the successful extraction of ZnCl2-enriched volatiles from practical EAF dust through oxygen-assisted chlorination is demonstrated. Under optimized conditions, this method achieves an exceptional Zn chlorination percentage of over 97mass% within a short period, while Fe chlorination remains below 1mass%. The resulting volatiles contain 85mass% of ZnCl2, which can be further processed to produce metallic Zn. These findings provide valuable guidance for the selective recovery of valuable metals, particularly from solid wastes like EAF dust.

Research Article
Bioleaching of vanadium from stone coal vanadium ore by Bacillus mucilaginosus: influencing factors and bioleaching mechanism
Yingbo Dong, Jinyu Zan, and Hai Lin
Available online 19 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2836-5
[Abstract](51) [PDF 660KB](1)
Abstract:

Vanadium and its derivatives are used in a wide range of industries including steel, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals and aerospace engineering, etc. The reserves of stone coal resources are huge but the grade is low in China. Therefore, the effective extraction and efficient recovery of metal vanadium from stone coal is an important way to realize the efficient resource utilization of stone coal vanadium ore. In this thesis, Bacillus mucilaginosus was selected as the leaching strain and  vanadium leaching reached 35.5% after 20 d of bioleaching under the optimized operating conditions. The cumulative leaching rate of vanadium in the contact group reached 35.5%, which was higher than 9.3% in the non-contact group. The metabolites of B. mucilaginosus, such as oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, and malic acid played a dominant role in the bioleaching process, contributing 73.2% of the vanadium leaching rate. Interestingly, during the leaching process, the presence of stone coal stimulated the expression of carbonic anhydrase in the bacterial cells and the enzyme activity increased by 4.4442 U. The enzyme activity positively promoted the production of metabolite organic acids, and the total organic acid content increased by 39.31 mg/L, resulting in a decrease of 2.35 in the pH of the leaching system, which favored the leaching of vanadium in stone coal. Atomic force microscopy analysis illustrated the bacterial leaching action led to a deepening of the corrosion on the surface of the stone coal, even exceeding 10 nm. Our study provides a clear strategy to explore the bioleaching mechanism from the perspective of microbial enzyme activity and metabolite which appears very promising for the exploration the bioleaching mechanism.

Research Article
Examining the Impact of Ethanol on Flotation Efficiency of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Collectors: Insights from Dynamic Surface Tension and Solvation Analysis
Qian cheng, Zerui lei, Guangjun Mei, and Jianhua Chen
Available online 19 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2835-6
[Abstract](119) [PDF 1182KB](6)
Abstract:

In order to conduct more extensive research on the application of ionic liquids (ILs) as collectors in minerals flotation, ethanol (EtOH) was used as a solvent to dissolve hydrophobic ILs to simplify the reagent regime. Some interesting phenomena were observed that EtOH caused different effects on the flotation efficiency of two ILs with similar structures. When EtOH was used to dissolve 1-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C12[mim]Cl), and C12[mim]Cl as collector for pure quartz flotation tests at the concentration of 1*10-5mol*L-1, quartz recovery increased from 23.77% to 77.91% compared with ILs dissolved in water. However, quartz recovery of 1-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (C12[mim]PF6) decreased from 60.45% to 24.52% in the same cases. the EtOH concentration tests under 1*10-5mol*L-1 ILs and the ILs concentration tests under 2% EtOH confirmed this. After being affected by EtOH, the mixed ore flotation tests of quartz and hematite showed a decrease in the hematite concentrate grade and recovery for C12[mim]Cl collector, while the hematite concentrate grade and recovery for C12[mim]PF6 collector both increased. Based on these interesting differences and observation in flotation tests, the two-phase bubble observation tests were carried out and it showed that EtOH promoted foam height of two ILs during aeration but accelerated static froth defoaming after aeration stopped, and the foam of C12[mim]PF6 defoaming more quickly. Through the discussion of flotation tests and foam observation, an attempt was made to explain the reasons and mechanisms of various differences phenomenon using the dynamic surface tension effect and solvation effect result from EtOH. The solvation effect was verified by IR, XPS and Zeta potential tests. It can be assumed that although EtOH has a negative effect on the adsorption of ILs on the ore surface during the flotation process, it has application reference value for the inhibition of foam merging during the flotation aeration process and the acceleration of the defoaming of static foam. These effects induced a stronger secondary enrichment in the mixed ore flotation of C12[mim]PF6 collector, so that C12[mim]PF6 obtained good mixed ore separation under the condition of no any inhibitor.

Research Article
Study on rheological properties and concentration evolution of thickened tailings under the coupling effect of compression and shear
Aixiang Wu, Zhenqi Wang, Zhuen Ruan, Raimund Bürger, Shaoyong Wang, and Yi Mo
Available online 17 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2832-9
[Abstract](107) [PDF 1311KB](14)
Abstract:

Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is the key technology of green mining in metal mines, in which tailings thickening is the primary link of CPB technology. However, difficult flocculation and substandard concentration of thickened tailings often occur. The rheological properties and concentration evolution in the thickened tailings are unclear, and traditional indoor thickening experiments also lack quantitative characterization of rheological properties. An experiment of flocculation condition optimization based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was performed, and the two response values of concentration and the mean weighted chord length (MWCL) of flocs were investigated. Thus, the optimal flocculation conditions were obtained. The rheological properties and concentration evolution of different flocculant dosages and ultrafine tailings contents under shear, compression, and compression-shear coupling experimental conditions were tested and compared. It is found that the shear yield stress under compression and compression-shear coupling increases with the growth of compressive yield stress, and the shear yield stress increases slightly under shear. The order of shear yield stress from low to high under different thickening conditions is shear, compression, and compression-shear coupling. Under compression and compression-shear coupling, concentration first rapidly increases with the growth of compressive yield stress and then slowly increases, and the concentration increases slightly under shear. The order of concentration from low to high under different thickening conditions is shear, compression, and compression-shear coupling. Finally, the evolution mechanism of the flocs and the drainage channels during the thickening of the thickened tailings under different experimental conditions was revealed.

Research Article
Edge effect during MPCVD diamond film deposition: multi-physics simulation and experimental verification
Zhiliang Yang, Kang An, Yuchen Liu, Zhijian Guo, Siwu Shao, Jinlong Liu, Junjun Wei, Liangxian Chen, Lishu Wu, and Chengming Li
Available online 17 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2834-7
[Abstract](108) [PDF 1425KB](9)
Abstract:

The edge effect of diamond films deposited by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) was investigated. As a factor that affects edge effect, substrate bulge height ∆h is used to simulate plasma and to guide the diamond film deposition experiments. Using the finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics, a multi-physics (electromagnetic field, plasma field and fluid heat transfer field) coupling model based on electron collision reaction was constructed. The experimental growth provided model validation by characterizing it using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The simulation results reproduced the experimental trend. The increase in ∆h (∆h = 0−3 mm) accelerates the plasma discharge at the edge of the substrate, and the electron density (n_e), molar concentration of H (C_H), and molar concentration of CH3 (C_(〖CH〗_3 )) are doubled at the edge. (For the special concave sample with ∆h = −1 mm, the molar concentration of active chemical groups decreased at the edge of the substrate.) When ∆h = 0−3 mm, a higher diamond growth rate and a larger diamond grain size are obtained at the edge of the substrate in the experiment, which increases with ∆h. The film thickness uniformity decreased with ∆h. The Raman spectra of all samples show a first-order characteristic peak of the diamond, which was located near 1332 cm−1. When ∆h = −1 mm, all regions in the film experienced a tensile stress. When ∆h = 1−3 mm, all areas in the film show a compressive stress.

Research Article
Effect of hafnium and molybdenum addition on inclusion characteristics in Co-based dual-phase high entropy alloy
Yong Wang, Wei Wang, Joo Hyun Park, and Wangzhong Mu
Available online 17 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2831-x
[Abstract](75) [PDF 1374KB](6)
Abstract:

Specific grades of high entropy alloys (HEA) can provide opportunities for optimization properties towards the high-temperature application. The base HEA used for this work with the chemical composition of Co47.5Cr30Fe7.5Mn7.5Ni7.5 (at.%) was selected. The refractory metals hafnium (Hf) and molybdenum (Mo) were added in small amounts (1.5 at.%) due to their well-known positive effects on high-temperature properties. Inclusion characteristics were comprehensively investigated by a two-dimensional (2D) cross-section method as well as extracted by a three-dimensional (3D) electrolytic extraction method. The results showed that the addition of Hf can reduce Al2O3 inclusions and result in the formation of more stable Hf-rich inclusions as the main phase. Mo addition did not affect the inclusion type, but it can affect the inclusion characteristics by affecting the physical parameters of HEA melt. The calculated coagulation coefficient and collision rate of Al2O3 inclusions were higher than that of HfO2 inclusions, but the inclusion amount played a larger role in the agglomeration behavior of HfO2 and Al2O3 inclusions in this study. The inclusions in HEAs highly depended on the active elements present in the alloys. The impurity level and the active elements in HEA were the key factors that caused inclusion formation.

Research Article
Research on mechanism of rockburst induced by mined coal-rock linkage of sharply inclined coal seams
Xingping Lai, Huicong Xu, Pengfei Shan, Qinxin Hu, Weixi Ding, Shangtong Yang, and Zhongming Yan
Available online 17 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2833-8
[Abstract](104) [PDF 1819KB](18)
Abstract:

In recent years, the mining depth of steeply inclined coal seams in Urumqi mining area has gradually increased. Local deformation of mining coal-rock leads to frequent rock burst. This has become a key issue affecting the safe mining of deep steeply inclined coal seams. This paper adopting a perspective centered on localized deformation in coal-rock mining, systematically integrates theoretical analyses and extensive data mining of voluminous microseismic data. It formulates a mechanical model for the urgently inclined mining of both the sandwiched rock pillar and the roof, elucidating the mechanical response behavior of key disaster-prone zones within the deep working face, influenced by the dynamics of deep mining. Through an exploration of the spatial correlation inherent in extensive microseismic data, the study delineates the “time-space” response relationship governing the dynamic failure of coal-rock during the progression of the sharply inclined working face. The findings reveal that: (1) The distinctive coal-rock occurrence structure characterized by a “sandwiched rock pillar-B6 roof” constitutes the origin of rockburst in the southern mining area of Wudong Coal Mine, with both elements displaying varying degrees of deformation localization with increasing mining depth. (2) As mining depth escalates, the bending deformation and energy accumulation within the rock pillar and roof exhibit nonlinear acceleration. The localized deformation of deep steeply inclined coal-rock engenders the spatial superposition of squeezing and prying effects in both the strike and dip directions, amplifying the energy distribution disparity and stress asymmetry of the “sandwiched rock pillar-B3+6 coal seam-B6 roof” configuration. This exacerbates the propensity for frequent dynamic disasters in the working face. (3) The proposed high-energy distortion zone “inner-outer” control technology effectively mitigates high stress concentration and energy distortion in the surrounding rock. Following implementation, the average apparent resistivity in the rock pillar and B6 roof witnessed a substantial increase of 430% and 300%, thereby ensuring the safe and efficient development of steeply inclined coal seams.

Research Article
A novel wood-plastic composite fabricated via modified steel slag: preparation, mechanical and flammability properties
Ling Zhao, Kai Zhao, Zhenwen Shen, Yifan Wang, Xiaojie Xia, Hao Zhang, and Hongming Long
Available online 16 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2829-4
[Abstract](132) [PDF 1167KB](12)
Abstract:

A novel method was developed to enhance the utilization rate of steel slag (SS). By treating SS with phosphoric acid and aminopropyl triethoxysulane (KH550), we obtained modified steel slag (MSS), which was used to replace talcum powder (TP) in the preparation of modified steel slag/wood-plastic composites (MSS/WPCs). The composites were fabricated through melting blending and hot pressing. Their mechanical properties were systematically investigated as well as the combustion properties comprising heat release, smoke release, and thermal stability. The MSS could improve the mechanical strength of the composites through grafting reactions between wood powder and thermoplastics. Notably, MSS/WPC#50 (16wt% MSS) with a MSS-to-TP ratio of 1:1 exhibited an optimal comprehensive performance. Compared to WPC#0 without MSS, the tensile, flexural and impact strengths of MSS/WPC#50 were increased by 18.5%, 12.8%, and 18.0%, respectively. Moreover, the MSS/WPC#50 sample achieved the highest limited oxygen index (LOI) of 22.5% among all the samples, the highest UL-94 vertical burning rating at V-1, and the lowest horizontal burning (HB) rate at 44.2 mm/min. The enhanced thermal stability and significant reduction in heat and smoke release of MSS/WPC#50 can be attributed to the formation of a dense and stable char layer. However, partial replacement of TP with MSS slightly compromised the mechanical and flame-retardant properties, possibly due to weak grafting caused by SS powder agglomeration. These findings suggest that MSS/WPCs are suitable for high-value added applications as decorative panels indoors or outdoors.

Research Article
Analysis of explosion wave interactions and rock breaking effect in dual initiation
Renshu Yang, Jinjing Zuo, Liwei Ma, Yong Zhao, Zhen Liu, and Quanmin Xie
Available online 16 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2830-y
[Abstract](47) [PDF 1703KB](12)
Abstract:

In blasting engineering, the location and number of detonation points, to a certain extent, determine the propagation direction of the explosion stress wave and blasting effect. In this study, the explosion wave field and rock-breaking effect are investigated on three aspects: shock wave collision, stress change of the blast hole wall in the collision zone, and crack propagation in the collision zone. The intensity of the resulting shock wave on the collision surface exceeded the sum of the intensities of the two colliding explosion shock waves. At the collision location, the kinetic energy was converted into potential energy with a decrease in the particle velocity at the wave front, and the wave front pressure increased. The expansion form of the superposed shock wave was dumbbell-shaped, the shock wave velocity in the collision area was higher than the radial shock wave velocity, and the average propagation angle of the explosion shock waves was approximately 60°. Accordingly, the relation between the blast hole wall stress and the explosion wave propagation angle in the superposition area was fitted. Under the experimental conditions, the superimposed explosion wave stress of the blast hole wall was approximately 1.73 times the single-explosion wave incident stress. The model test and numerical simulation results showed that large-scale radial fracture cracks were formed on the blast hole wall in the superimposed area, and the crack width increased. The width of the large-scale radial fracture cracks formed by a strong impact was approximately 5% the blast hole length. Based on the characteristics of blast hole wall compression, the mean peak pressure of the strongly superimposed area was approximately 1.48 and 1.84 times those of the weakly superimposed and nonsuperimposed areas, respectively.

Research Article
Rapid Prediction of Flow and Concentration Fields in Solid-Liquid Suspension of Slurry Electrolysis Tank
Tingting Lu, Kang Li, Hongliang Zhao, Wei Wang, Zhenhao Zhou, Xiaoyi Cai, and Fengqin Liu
Available online 12 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2826-7
[Abstract](79) [PDF 1456KB](9)
Abstract:

Slurry electrolysis (SE), as a hydrometallurgical process, has the characteristic of multi-tank series connection, which leads to various stirring conditions and complex solid suspension state. For computational fluid dynamics (CFD) require highly computing resources, it was proposed to use a combination of CFD and machine learning to construct a rapid prediction model for the liquid flow and solid concentration fields in the SE tank. By scientifical selecting calculation samples through orthogonal experiments, the comprehensive dataset covering a wide range of conditions was established while effectively reducing simulation number and providing reasonable weights for each factor. Then a prediction model of the SE tank was constructed using the KNN algorithm. The results shown that with an increase of levels in the orthogonal experiments, the prediction accuracy of the model significantly improves. Among them, the model established with 4 factors and 9 levels can accurately predict the flow and concentration fields, for the regression coefficient of average velocity and solid concentration can achieve 0.926 and 0.937, respectively. Compared with the traditional CFD, the response time of fields information predicting was reduced from 75 hours to 20 seconds, which solves the problem of serious lag in CFD applied to actual production, and meets the real-time production control requirements.

Research Article
Experimental observations on non-proportionally multiaxial ratchetting of cast AZ91 magnesium alloy at room temperature
Binghui Hu, Yu Lei, Hang Li, Ziyi Wang, Chao Yu, and Guozheng Kang
Available online 12 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2827-6
[Abstract](94) [PDF 1940KB](9)
Abstract:

Non-proportionally multiaxial ratchetting of cast AZ91 magnesium (Mg) alloy was examined by carrying out a sequence of axial-torsional cyclic tests controlled by stress with various loading paths and at room temperature, and evolution characteristics and path-dependence of such multiaxial ratchetting were discussed. The results illustrate that: the cast AZ91 Mg alloy exhibits a significant non-proportional additional softening during the cyclic loading with multiple non-proportionally multiaxial loading paths; the multiaxial ratchetting presents strong path-dependence, and axial ratchetting strains are larger under non-proportional loading paths compared to those under uniaxial and proportional 45° linear loading paths; and the multiaxial ratchetting becomes more pronounced as the increases of applied stress amplitude and axial mean stress; moreover, the stress-strain curves exhibit a convex and symmetrical shape in axial/torsional directions. A quasi-shakedown of multiaxial ratchetting is noticed after certain loading cycles. Such abundant experimental data can be utilized to formulate a cyclic plasticity model of cast Mg alloys.

Research Article
Effect of the pyrite content on chalcopyrite flotation in the presence of different regrinding conditions
Zejun Wang, Qing Shi, Guofan zhang, Yuxuan zhu, and Binbin li
Available online 12 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2828-5
[Abstract](71) [PDF 758KB](9)
Abstract:

This study aimed to investigate the impact of varying contents of pyrite on copper in the presence of different regrinding conditions, which were altered by using two types of grinding media, iron and ceramic balls, followed by flotation in the cleaner stage. It was found that the flotation performance of rougher copper concentrate can be improved by changing the regrinding conditions based on the content of pyrite. SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscope), X-ray spectrometer, EDTA extraction and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) studies illustrated that when the pyrite content was high, using iron media to regrind was beneficial to promote the generation of hydrophilic FeOOH on the surface of pyrite and improve copper grade. While using ceramic media for low pyrite content would avoid too much FeOOH covering the surface of chalcopyrite. Electrochemical studies further showed that the galvanic corrosion current of chalcopyrite-pyrite increased with the addition of pyrite and became stronger with the participation of iron media.

Research Article
Structure characterization of the oxide film on FGH96 superalloy powders with various oxidation degrees
Yang Liu, Yufeng Liu, Sha Zhang, Lin Zhang, Peng Zhang, Shaorong Zhang, Na Liu, Zhou Li, and Xuanhui Qu
Available online 3 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2823-x
[Abstract](101) [PDF 2809KB](15)
Abstract:

The structure of the oxide film on FGH96 alloy powders significantly influence mechanical properties of superalloys. In this study, FGH96 alloy powders with various oxygen contents were investigated by HRTEM and 3DAP techniques to elucidate the structure evolution of the oxide film. EDS analysis reveals the presence of two distinct components in the oxide film of the alloy powders: Amorphous oxide layer covering the γ matrix and amorphous oxide particles above the carbide. The alloying elements within the oxide layer emerges a laminated distribution, followed by Ni, Co, Cr, Al/Ti, which is attributed to the decreasing oxygen equilibrium pressure as oxygen diffuses from the surface into the γ matrix. On the other hand, Ti enrichment was observed in the oxide particles caused by the oxidation and decomposition of the carbide phase. Comparative analysis of the oxide film with oxygen contents of 140 ppm, 280 ppm, and 340 ppm shows similar elements distributions, while the thickness of the oxide film varies approximately at 9 nm, 14 nm, and 30 nm, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights into the structure of FGH96 alloy powders.

Research Article
Recycling arsenic-containing bio-leaching residue in cemented paste backfill after thermal treatment: Structure modification, binder properties and environmental assessment
Dengfeng Zhao, Shiyu Zhang, and Yingliang Zhao
Available online 3 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2825-8
[Abstract](110) [PDF 1697KB](19)
Abstract:

The substantial arsenic (As) content present in arsenic-containing bio-leaching residue (ABR) poses significant environmental challenges. Given its elevated calcium sulfate content, ABR exhib-its considerable promise for industrial applications. This study delved into the feasibility of utilizing ABR as a source of sulfates for producing super sulfated cement (SSC), offering an innovative bind-er for cemented paste backfill (CPB). Thermal treatment at varying temperatures of 150 °C, 350 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C was employed to modify ABR's performance. The investigation encompassed the examination of phase transformations and alterations in the chemical composition of As within ABR. Subsequently, the hydration characteristics of SSC utilizing ABR, with or without thermal treatment, were studied, encompassing reaction kinetics, setting time, strength development, and microstructure. The findings revealed that thermal treatment changed the calcium sulfate structure in ABR, consequently impacting the resultant sample performance. Notably, calcination at 600 °C demonstrated optimal modification effects on both early and long-term strength attributes. This en-hanced performance can be attributed to the augmented formation of reaction products and a densi-fied microstructure. Furthermore, the thermal treatment elicited modifications in the chemical As fractions within ABR, with limited impact on the As immobilization capacity of the prepared bind-ers.

Research Article
Spray pyrolysis feasibility of tungsten substitution for cobalt in nickel-rich cathode materials
Zihan Hou, Lisheng Guo, Xianlong Fu, Hongxian Zheng, Yuqing Dai, Zhixing Wang, Hui Duan, Mingxia Dong, Wenjie Peng, Guochun Yan, and Jiexi Wang
Available online 3 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2824-9
[Abstract](67) [PDF 1671KB](6)
Abstract:

Cobalt plays an indispensable role in stabilizing the lattice structure of high-capacity Ni-rich cathode materials. However, the extravagant price and toxicity still limit its development. Generally, it is feasible for the use of transition metal substitution to reduce the Co content. Whereas the conventional co-precipitation method could not meet the requirements of multi-element co-precipitation and uniform distribution of elements due to the differences between element concentration and deposition rate. Herein, spray pyrolysis is introduced to prepare LiNi0.9Co0.1-xWxO2 (LNCW). Particularly, the pyrolysis behavior of ammonium metatungstate is studied together with the W substitution for Co. With the feasibility of spray pyrolysis, the Ni-Co-W contained oxide precursor shows a homogeneous distribution of metal elements, which is beneficial to uniform substituting of W in the final materials. It is found that with W substitution, the size of primary particles shows a decreasing trend from 338.06 nm to 71.76 nm and the cation disordering is low to 3.34%. As a result, the prepared LNCW shows significantly improved electrochemical performance. In the optimal conditions, the lithium-ion battery assembled with the LiNi0.9Co0.025W0.075O2 (LNCW-0.75%) sample exhibits enhanced capacity retention of 82.7% after 200 cycles, which provides insight into the development of Ni-rich and low-cobalt materials. The results show that W can compensate for the loss caused by Co deficiency to a certain extent.

Research Article
Study on the interaction of cyanide with pyrite and the decyanation of pyrite cyanide residue
Wenwen Han, Hongying Yang, and Linlin Tong
Available online 27 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2814-3
[Abstract](41) [PDF 1187KB](5)
Abstract:

The toxic cyanides in cyanide residues produced by cyanidation process for gold extraction are harmful to environment. Pyrite (Py) is one of the main minerals in cyanide residues. The interaction of cyanide with pyrite and the decyanation of pyrite cyanide residue were investigated in this study. The results showed that high pH, high cyanide concentration and high pyrite dosage promoted the interaction of cyanide with pyrite. The cyanidation of pyrite was of pseudo-second-order with respect to cyanide. The decyanation of pyrite cyanide residue by Na2SO3/Air oxidation was conducted. The cyanide removal efficiency was 83.9% after 1 h reaction time under optimal conditions: pH 11.2, SO32⁻ dosage of 22 mg∙g⁻1 Py and air flow of 1.46 L∙min⁻1. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of pyrite samples demonstrated the formation of Fe(Ⅲ) and FeSO4 during the cyanidation process. The cyanide adsorbed on the pyrite surface mainly existed in the forms of free cyanide (CN⁻) and ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)64⁻) after cyanidation, which were effectively removed by Na2SO3/Air oxidation. During the decyanation process, the air intake promoted the oxidation of pyrite and weakened the adsorption of cyanide on the pyrite surface. This study has practical significance for the gold enterprises aiming to mitigate the environmental impact associated with cyanide residues.

Research Article
Hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation mechanism investigation of pyrolusite ore
Ruofeng Wang, Shuai Yuan, Yanjun Li, Peng Gao, Hai Ning, and Ru Li
Available online 27 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2819-y
[Abstract](77) [PDF 1435KB](12)
Abstract:

Pyrolusite comprise as the foremost manganese oxides and a major source of manganese production. Application of an innovative hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation technology to pyrolusite is proposed, where 96.44% distribution rate of divalent manganese(Mn2+) at an optimum roasting temperature of 650 °C, a roasting time of 25 min, and an H2 concentration of 20 at.% was observed, at which time the manganese existed predominantly in the form of manganosite. This study investigated the generation mechanism of manganosite from the viewpoint of reduction kinetics, phase transformation and structural evolution of pyrolusite, indicating that the high temperature contributes toward improvement of the distribution rate; while the optimal kinetic model for the reaction the A3/2 model of random nucleation and subsequent growth with an activation energy (E) of 24.119 kJ·mol-1 and a pre-exponential factor A of 0.03229 s-1. Throughout the process of mineral phase transformation, the manganese oxide from the outer layer of particles to move inward to the core. In addition, pyrolusite follows the reduction sequence of MnO2→Mn2O3→Mn3O4→MnO, and the reduction of manganese oxides in each valence state proceeds simultaneously. The findings provide a significant insight into the efficient and clean utilization of pyrolusite.

Research Article
Dissolution behavior of Al2O3 inclusions into CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2 system ladle slags
Zhiyin Deng, Xiaomeng Zhang, Guangyu Hao, Chuxin Wei, and Miaoyong Zhu
Available online 27 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2817-0
[Abstract](97) [PDF 1286KB](22)
Abstract:

In order to study the dissolution behaviors of Al2O3 inclusions in CaO-SiO2-5wt%MgO-30wt%Al2O3-TiO2 system ladle slags, a confocal scanning laser microscope was employed to observe the dissolution in the slags with different TiO2 contents (0-10wt%), and the interfacial reaction between Al2O3 and this slag system was also investigated by a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the dissolution of Al2O3 inclusions doesn’t result in the formation of new phases at the boundary between the slag and the inclusions. In TiO2-bearing and TiO2-free ladle slags, there is no difference in the dissolution mechanism of Al2O3 inclusions at steelmaking temperatures. Boundary layer diffusion is found as the controlling step of the dissolution of Al2O3, and the diffusion coefficient is in the range of (4.18-21.8)×10-10 m2/s at 1450-1500°C. Compared with the solubility of Al2O3 in the slags, slag viscosity and temperature play more profound role in the dissolution of Al2O3 inclusions. A lower viscosity and a lower melting point of the slags are beneficial for the dissolution. Suitable addition of TiO2 (e.g., 5wt%) in ladle slags can improve the dissolution of Al2O3 inclusions due to the low viscosity and melting point of the slags, while excessive addition of TiO2 (e.g., 10wt%) plays an opposite role in this study.

Research Article
Temperature sensing array utilizing the metal to insulator transition of NdxSm1-xNiO3
Fengbo Yan, Ziang Li, Hao Zhang, Yuchen Cui, Kaiqi Nie, Nuofu Chen, and Jikun Chen
Available online 27 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2816-1
[Abstract](56) [PDF 1105KB](16)
Abstract:

The rare-earth nickelates (ReNiO3) exhibit widely tunable metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) properties with negligible variations in lattice constants and small latent heat across the critical temperature (TMIT). In particular, it is worth noticing that compared to the more commonly investigated vanadium oxides, the MIT of ReNiO3 is less abrupt but is usually across wider range of temperature. This sheds a light on their alternative applications as negative temperature coefficient resistance (NTCR) thermistors with high sensitivity compared to the existing NTCR thermistor, other than their expected usage as critical temperature resistance (CTR) thermistors. Herein, we demonstrate the NTCR thermistor functionality for using the adjustable MIT of NdxSm1-xNiO3 within 200-400 K that shows larger magnitudes of NTCR (e.g., more than 7 %/K) that is unachievable in conventional NTCR thermistor materials. The temperature dependence of resistance (R-T) shows sharp variation during the MIT of NdxSm1-xNiO3 across a temperature range of 200-400 K with no hysteresis via decreasing the content of Nd (e.g., 0<x<0.2), and such ρ-T tendency can be linearized by introducing optimum parallel resistor. The sensitive range of temperature can be further extended to 210-360 K, via combining a series of NdxSm1-xNiO3 with 8 rare-earth co-occupation ratios and TMIT as an array, with high magnitude of NTCR (e.g., 7-14 %/K) covering the entire range of temperature.

Research Article
Ultra-broadband microwave absorber and high-performance pressure sensor based on aramid nanofibers/polypyrrole/nickel porous aerogel
Leyi Zhang, Hongyu Jin, Hanxin Liao, Rao Zhang, Bochong Wang, Jianyong Xiang, Congpu Mu, Kun Zhai, Tianyu Xue, and Fsuehng Wen
Available online 27 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2820-5
[Abstract](91) [PDF 1672KB](11)
Abstract:

With the widespread use of electronic devices, microwave absorbers and wearable sensor devices appear in all walks of life. The aramid nanofibers/polypyrrole/nickel (APN) aerogels can be used as microwave absorber and pressure sensor simultaneously. In this work, aramid nanofibers/polypyrrole (AP15) aerogels (the mass ratio of aramid nanofibers to pyrrole was 1:5) were prepared by the oxidative polymerization method and then the nickel was thermally evaporated on the surface of AP15 aerogels for preparing the ultralight (9.35 mg cm-3) APN aerogel with porous structure. The introduction of nickel was aiming to increase magnetic loss and adjust impedance matching, further improve electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The minimum reflection loss value reached -48.7 dB, and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth was 8.42 GHz with the thickness of 2.9 mm, which was attributed to the three-dimensional network porous structure and perfect impedance matching. Moreover, aramid nanofibers and three-dimensional hole structure made APN aerogels have good insulation, flame retardant, and compression resilience (500 cycles under compression strain of 50%). The polypyrrole and nickel particles enhanced the conductivity, and the final APN aerogel sensor processed highly sensitive (10.78 kPa-1) and thermal stability. APN aerogels have significant potential in ultra-broadband microwave absorbers and pressure sensors.

Research Article
Study on the trip-assisted Si-Mn steel with excellent comprehensive performance obtained through direct strip casting
Hui Xu, Lejun Zhou, Wanlin Wang, and Yang Yi
Available online 27 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2818-z
[Abstract](73) [PDF 1683KB](8)
Abstract:

Two near final shape continuous casting process (direct strip casting (DSC) and compact strip production (CSP)) combined quenching & partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment routes were applied to a low carbon Si–Mn steel to create different initial microstructure before heat treatment and finally obtain a new combination of mechanical properties. The initial structure of the DSC sample is a composite structure of lath martensite and bainite. Compared with the pearlite and ferrite initial structure of CSP sample, the DSC as-cast sample shows higher comprehensive mechanical properties. After the same Q&P treatment, the DSC samples generally showed better comprehensive mechanical properties compared to the CSP samples. An optimum comprehensive mechanical property was achieved in DSC-Pt300 samples with yield strength (YS) ~ 1282 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) ~ 1501 MPa, total elongation (TE) ~ 21.5% and the production of strength and elongation (PSE) higher to 32.3 GPa%. The enhanced mechanical properties were discussed based on the distribution characteristics of each phase in the matrix, the volume fraction and carbon content of retained austenite (RA). This work has achieved the goal of obtaining excellent mechanical properties in the low-alloy trip-assisted Si-Mn steel through a simple process, demonstrating the superiority of DSC technology in manufacturing AHSSs, which has important guiding significance for the short process production of AHSSs.

Research Article
Cooperative effect of SLS collector and SPP depressant on the flotation separation of lead oxide minerals from hematite
Honghu Tang, Bingjian Liu, Mengshan Li, Qiancheng Zhang, Xiongxing Zhang, and Feng Jiang
Available online 27 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2815-2
[Abstract](37) [PDF 1434KB](7)
Abstract:

As a cornerstone of the national economy, the iron and steel industry also generates a significant amount of sintering dust containing both valuable lead resources and deleterious elements. Flotation is a promising technique for lead recovery from sintering dust, but efficient separation from Fe2O3 is still challenging. This study investigated the cooperative effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS, C12H25SO4Na) and sodium pyrophosphate (SPP, Na4P2O7) on the selective flotation of lead oxide minerals (PbOHCl and PbSO4) from hematite (Fe2O3). Optimal flotation conditions were first identified, resulting in high recovery of lead oxide minerals while inhibiting Fe2O3 flotation. Zeta potential measurements, FTIR analysis, adsorption capacity analysis, and XPS studies offer insights into the adsorption behaviors of the reagents on mineral surfaces, revealing strong adsorption of SLS on PbOHCl and PbSO4 surfaces and remarkable adsorption of SPP on Fe2O3. The proposed model of reagent adsorption on mineral surfaces illustrates the selective adsorption behavior, highlighting the pivotal role of reagent adsorption in the separation process. These findings contribute to the efficient and environmentally friendly utilization of iron ore sintering dust for lead recovery, paving the way for sustainable resource management in the iron and steel industry.

Invited Review
Nonreciprocal thermal metamaterials: Methods and applications
Zhengjiao Xu, Chuanbao Liu, Xueqian Wang, Yongliang Li, and Yang Bai
Available online 15 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2811-6
[Abstract](80) [PDF 1429KB](11)
Abstract:

The nonreciprocity of thermal metamaterials holds significant potential applications in isolation protection, unidirectional transmission, and energy harvesting. However, due to the inherent isotropic diffusion law of heat flow, it is extremely difficult to achieve nonreciprocity of heat transfer. This review presents the recent advancements on thermal nonreciprocity. The second section explores the fundamental theories that underpin the design of nonreciprocal thermal metamaterials: Onsager reciprocity theorem. Subsequently, the third, fourth and fifth sections elucidate three methods for realizing nonreciprocal metamaterials in the thermal field: through nonlinearity, spatiotemporal modulation, and angular momentum bias, as well as the applications of nonreciprocal thermal metamaterials. In sixth section, we discuss nonreciprocal thermal radiation. In seventh section, we discuss the potential applications of nonreciprocity to other Laplacian physical fields. Finally, prospects for advancing nonreciprocal thermal metamaterials are discussed including advancements in device design and manufacturing techniques as well as machine learning-assisted material design.

Research Article
Microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanism of high-performance powder metallurgy TA15 titanium alloy by hot rolling
Ying Gao, Ce Zhang, Jiazhen Zhang, and Xin Lu
Available online 15 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2809-0
[Abstract](92) [PDF 2600KB](16)
Abstract:

Hot deformation of sintered billets by powder metallurgy (PM) is one of the effective preparation techniques of titanium alloys, which is more significant for high-alloying alloys. In this study, Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-Mo-V (TA15) titanium alloy plates were prepared by cold pressing sintering combined with high temperature hot rolling, and the microstructure and mechanical properties under different process parameters were investigated, and OM, EBSD et.al were applied to characterize the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties strengthening mechanism. The results indicated that the chemical compositions were uniformly diffused without segregation during sintering, and the closing of the matrix craters were accelerated by increasing the sintering temperature. The block was hot rolled at 1200°C with 80% reduction under only two passes without annealing, and the ultimate strength and elongation of the plate at room temperature after solution and aging were 1247 MPa and 14.0%, respectively, which were increased by 24.5% and 40.0%, respectively, compared with the as-sintered alloy at 1300℃. The microstructure was significantly refined by continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), which was completed by the rotation and dislocations absorption of the substructure surrounded by low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). The strength and plasticity of PM-TA15 alloy after hot rolling combined with heat treatment were improved, which was resulted from the dense, uniform and fine recrystallization structure and the synergistic effect of multiple slip systems.

Research Article
Upcycling the retired graphite/LiCoO2 batteries for the high voltage graphite/LiCoPO4-co-workable dual-ion batteries
Miao Du, Hongyan Lü, Kaidi Du, Shuohang Zheng, Xiaotong Wang, Xiaotong Deng, Ronghua Zeng, and Xinglong Wu
Available online 8 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2807-2
[Abstract](75) [PDF 1246KB](18)
Abstract:

Worldwide proliferation of portable electronics has created a dramatic increase of retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, under the premise of such huge amounts of retired LIBs, the traditional recycling methods still have shortcomings. Therefore, we proposed an eco-friendly and sustainable double recycling strategy to concurrent reuse the cathode (LiCoO2) and anode (graphite) materials of retired LIBs and used recycled LiCoPO4/graphite (RLCPG) in Li+/PF6- co-de/intercalation dual-ion batteries. In addition, the recycle-derived dual-ion batteries of Li/RLCPG show an impressive electrochemical performance, e.g., appropriate initial reversible discharge capacity of 86.2 mA h g-1 at 25 mA g-1 and 69% capacity retention after 400 cycles. Dual recycling of cathode and anode from retired LIBs not only avoids wastage of resources, but also yields cathode materials with excellent performance, which provide an eco-friendly and sustainable way to design novel secondary batteries.

Research Article
Particle aggregation and breakage kinetics in cemented paste backfill
Liuhua Yang, Hengwei Jia, Aixiang Wu, Huazhe Jiao, Xinming Chen, Yunpeng Kou, and Mengmeng Dong
Available online 8 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2804-5
[Abstract](160) [PDF 1000KB](26)
Abstract:

The macroscopic flow behavior and rheological properties of cemented paste backfill (CPB) are highly impacted by the inherent structure of the paste matrix. In this study, the effects of shear-induced forces and proportioning parameters on the microstructure of fresh CPB were studied. The size evolution and distribution of floc/agglomerate/particles of paste were monitored by focused beam reflection measuring (FBRM) technique, and the influencing factors of aggregation and breakage kinetics of CPB were discussed. The results indicate that influenced by both internal and external factors, the paste kinetics evolution covers the dynamic phase and the stable phase. Increasing the mass concentration or the cement-tailings ratio can accelerate aggregation kinetics, which is advantageous for the rise of average floc size. Besides, the admixture and high shear can improve breaking kinetics, which is beneficial to reduce the average floc size. The chord length resembles a normal distribution somewhat, with a peak value of approximate 20μm. k1 is positively correlated with the agitation rate, and k2 is five orders of magnitude greater than k1. The kinetics model depicts the evolution law of particles over time quantitatively and provides a theoretical foundation for the micromechanics of complicated rheological behavior of paste.

Research Article
Effect of deformation parameters on the austenite dynamic recrystallization behavior of a eutectoid pearlite rail steel
Haibo Feng, Shaohua Li, Kexiao Wang, Junheng Gao, Shuize Wang, Haitao Zhao, Zhenyu Han, Yong Deng, Yuhe Huang, and Xinping Mao
Available online 8 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2805-4
[Abstract](126) [PDF 2594KB](16)
Abstract:

Understandings of the effect of hot deformation parameters close to the practical production line on grain refinement are crucial for enhancing both the strength and toughness of future rail steels. In this work, the austenite dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behaviors of a eutectoid pearlite rail steel were studied using a thermo-mechanical simulator with hot deformation parameters frequently employed in rail production lines. The single-pass hot deformation results reveal that the prior austenite grain sizes (PAGSs) for samples with different deformation reductions decrease initially with an increase in deformation temperature. However, once the deformation temperature is beyond a certain threshold, the PAGSs start to increase. It can be attributed to the rise in the DRX volume fraction and the increase of DRX grain with deformation temperature, respectively. Three-pass hot deformation shows that the accumulated strain generated in the first and second deformation passes can increase the extent of DRX. In the case of complete DRX, PAGS is predominantly determined by the deformation temperature of the final pass. It suggests a strategic approach during industrial production where part of the deformation reduction in low temperature range can be shifted to the medium temperature range to release rolling mill loads.

Invited Review
Effect of bipolar plates design on corrosion and mass and heat transfer in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers: A review
Jiuhong Zhang, Xiejing Luo, Yingyu Ding, Luqi Chang, and Chaofang Dong
Available online 1 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2803-6
[Abstract](140) [PDF 1761KB](18)
Abstract:

Attaining a decarbonized and sustainable energy system, the core solution to global energy issues, has proven to be accessible by developing hydrogen energy. Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are promising techniques for hydrogen production considering their high-efficiency, rapid responsiveness and compactness. Bipolar plates account for a relatively high percentage of the total cost and weight compared to other components in PEMWEs, so optimizing their design may accelerate the promotion of PEMWEs. In this paper, advances in material selection and flow field design for bipolar plate design are reviewed. Firstly, the working conditions of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and PEMWEs are compared. Then, the current research status of bipolar plate substrates and surface coatings are summarized, and new structures that have recently emerged in flow field design are presented. Furthermore, the interaction between material selection and structural design is explored to provide guidance for advanced bipolar plate design. Finally, it looks at potential directions of development for bipolar plate design: material fabrication and flow field geometry optimization using 3D printing and surface coating composition optimization based on computational materials science.

Invited Review
Current research progress of heat-resistant Mg alloys: A review
Hong Yang, Wenlong Xie, Jiangfeng Song, Zhihua Dong, Yuyang Gao, Bin Jiang, and Fusheng Pan
Available online 1 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2802-7
[Abstract](145) [PDF 2476KB](18)
Abstract:

With the increasing attention to the lightweight metals, many essential fields have put forward higher requirements for the Mg alloys with both good room-temperature (RT) and high-temperature mechanical properties. However, the high-temperature mechanical properties of the commonly used commercial Mg alloys, such as AZ91D, decrease significantly with increasing temperatures. Over the decades, extensive efforts have been devoted to developing the heat-resistant Mg alloys. They either inhibit the generation of thermally unstable phase or promote the formation of thermally stable precipitates/phases in the matrix by solid solution or precipitation strengthening. In this review, substantial number of researches are systematically introduced and discussed. Different alloy systems, including Mg-Al, Mg-Zn and Mg-RE based alloys are carefully classified and compared to reveal their mechanical properties and strengthening mechanisms. The research emphasis, limitations and future perspectives of these heat-resistant Mg alloys are also pointed out and discussed to develop future heat-resistant Mg alloys and to broaden their potential application areas.

Invited Review
Investigation of irregular initial solidification by mold thermal monitoring in continuous casting of steels: A review
Qiuping Li, Guanghua Wen, Fuhang Chen, Ping Tang, Zibing Hou, and Xinyun Mo
Available online 1 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2798-z
[Abstract](147) [PDF 1940KB](18)
Abstract:

Occasional irregular initial solidification phenomena, including stickers, deep oscillation marks, depressions, and surface cracks of the strand shell in the continuous casting mold, are significant limitations for developing high-efficiency continuous casting of steels. The mold thermal monitoring system, which uses thermocouples to detect and respond to temperature variations of the mold, has become an effective method to address irregular initial solidification phenomena. This system is widely applied in many steel companies for sticker breakout prediction, but monitoring surface defects of strands remains immature. Hence, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and comprehensive monitoring to utilize the potential advantages of this system. This paper summarizes what is included in the irregular initial solidification phenomena and systematically reviews the current status of investigated these phenomena by the mold thermal monitoring system. Further, the influences of mold slag behavior on monitoring these phenomena are analyzed. Finally, we discuss the remaining problems on the formation mechanisms and investigations of irregular initial solidification phenomena and propose future research directions.

Research Article
Metallurgical performance evaluation of space-weathered Chang'E-5 lunar soil
Chen Li, Wenhui Ma, Yang Li, and Kuixian Wei
Available online 1 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2800-9
[Abstract](149) [PDF 1571KB](22)
Abstract:

Space metallurgy is an interdisciplinary field of planetary space science and metallurgical engineering, and it is a systematic and theoretical engineering technology for planetary in-situ resource utilization. However, without an atmosphere and magnetic field, lunar surface has experienced space weathering. The microstructure of lunar soil is different from the minerals on Earth, which limits the development of space metallurgy. In this study, SEM and TEM analyses were performed on Chang'e 5 powder lunar soil samples. The characteristics of the lunar soil's microstructure may drastically change its metallurgical performance. The main special structures of the lunar soil minerals include the nano-phase iron formed by the impact of micrometeorites; the amorphous layer by solar-wind injection; radiation tracks modified by high-energy particle rays inside mineral crystals etc. The wide distribution of nanophase iron may have a greater impact on the electromagnetic properties of the lunar soil. Hydrogen ions injected by the solar wind may promote the hydrogen reduction process. The widely distributed amorphous layer and impact glass can help the melting and diffusion process of lunar soil. Therefore, while high-energy events on the lunar surface are transforming the lunar soil, they are also increasing the chemical activity of the lunar soil. This is a property that earth samples and traditional simulated lunar soil do not possess. Carrying out space metallurgy requires comprehensive consideration of the unique physical and chemical properties of the lunar soil.

Research Article
MgO-attached graphene nanosheet (MgO@GNS) reinforced magnesium matrix nanocomposite with superior mechanical, corrosion and biological performance
S. Abazari , Ali Shamsipur, Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad, M.S. Soheilirad, F. Khorashadizade, and S.S. Mirhosseini
Available online 1 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2797-0
[Abstract](115) [PDF 2104KB](10)
Abstract:

Magnesium (Mg) alloys are gaining great consideration as body implant materials due to their high biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, they suffer from low corrosion resistance and antibacterial activity. In this research, semi-powder metallurgy followed by hot extrusion was utilized to produce the magnesium oxide@graphene nanosheets/magnesium (MgO@GNS/Mg) composite to improve mechanical, corrosion and cytocompatibility characteristics. Investigations have revealed that the incorporation of MgO@GNS nanohybrids into Mg-based composite enhanced microhardness and compressive strength. In vitro osteoblast cell culture tests show that using MgO@GNS nanohybrid fillers enhances osteoblast adhesion and apatite mineralization. The presence of MgO@GNS nanoparticles in the composites decreased the opening defects, micro-cracks and micro-pores of the composites thus prevented the penetration of corrosive solution into the matrix. Studies demonstrated that MgO@GNS/Mg composite possesses excellent antibacterial properties because of the combination of the release of MgO and physical damage to bacterium membranes caused by the sharp edges of graphene nanosheets that can effectively damage the cell wall thereby facilitating penetration into the bacterial lipid bilayer. Therefore, the MgO@GNS/Mg composite with high mechanical strength, antibacterial activity and corrosion resistance is considered to be a promising material for load-bearing implant applications.

Invited Review
Using cemented paste backfill to tackle the phosphogypsum stockpile in China: A down-to-earth technology with new vitalities in pollutants retention and CO2 abatement
Yikai Liu, Yunming Wang, and Qiusong Chen
Available online 1 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2799-y
[Abstract](1893) [PDF 1850KB](49)
Abstract:

Phosphogypsum (PG), a hard-to-dissipate by-product of the phosphorus fertilizer production industry, places strain on the biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functions of the storage sites, which is already a pervasive problem worldwide and needs careful stewardship. In this review, we examine the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in PG and describe their associations with soil properties, anthropogenic activities, and surrounding organisms. We then review different ex-/in-situ solutions for promoting the sustainable management of PG, with an emphasis on in-situ cemented paste backfill, which offers a cost-effective and highly scalable opportunity to advance the value-added recovery of PG. However, the concerns related to the PTEs retention capacity and long-term effectiveness limit the implementation of this down-to-earth strategy. In addition, the technology has recently undergone additional scrutiny in order to meet the climate mitigation ambition of the Paris Agreement and China's Carbon Neutrality Economy, as the large-scale demand for ordinary Portland cement from this conventional option has resulted in significant CO2 emissions. We therefore next discussed how to integrate innovative strategies, including complementary cementitious materials, alternative binder solutions, CO2 curing, CO2 mineralization, and optimization of the supply chain for the profitability and sustainability of PG remediation. Future research will need to bridge the gap between the feasibility of expanding these advanced pathways and the multidisciplinary needs to maximize the co-benefits in environmental, social, and economic.

Research Article
Self-growing ZnFe2O4 on Cu9S5 surface for enhance multi-polarization to construct 3D flower-like composites with high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption
Wenxiong Chen and Honglong Xing
Available online 25 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2795-2
[Abstract](72) [PDF 2088KB](10)
Abstract:

The development of 3D structural composites with electromagnetic wave absorption properties is a means to attenuate electromagnetic waves. Herein, magnetized flower-like Cu9S5/ZnFe2O4 composites were designed by a multi-step hydrothermal method. The results of crystallographic information, surface phase chemical information, morphological structure, magnetic and electromagnetic parameters of the composites were analyzed. The prepared Cu9S5/ZnFe2O4 composites have multiple loss paths to electromagnetic waves, composites showed an overall 3D flower-like structure. The Cu9S5/ZnFe2O4 composite achieves a minimum reflection loss of −54.38 dB and a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 5.92 GHz. By magnetization modification of the material, ZnFe2O4 particles are self-assembled and grown on the surface of Cu9S5, which is conducive to the generation of more cross-linking contact sites, the introduction of a large number of phase interfaces, crystalline defects, and special three-dimensional floral structures, and the effective introduction of magneto-electrical coupling loss effects, and the synergistic effect of the multiple loss strategies effectively improves the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the material. This work can provide a strategic for the use of magnetization modified sulfide composite functional materials in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption.

Research Article
Enhancing the mechanical properties and high-temperature oxidation of a press hardened steel by the addition of Cr and Si
Rong Zhu, Yonggang Yang, Baozhong Zhang, Borui Zhang, Lei Li, Yanxin Wu, and Zhenli Mi
Available online 25 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2796-1
[Abstract](140) [PDF 1859KB](18)
Abstract:

Cr and Si are added to a press hardened steel, and their effects on the mechanical properties and oxidation resistance are investigated. Results indicate that the microstructure of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel consisted of lath martensite, M23C6 carbides, and retained austenite. The retained austenite and carbides are responsible for the increase in elongation of the micro-alloyed steel. In addition, after oxidation at 930°C for 5 min, the thickness of the oxide scales on the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel is less than 5 μm, much thinner than the 45.50 μm-thick oxide scales on 22MnB5. The oxide scales of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed steel are composed of Fe2O3, Fe3O4, the mixed spinel oxide (FeCr2O4 and Fe2SiO4), and amorphous SiO2. Adding Cr and Si significantly reduces the thickness of the oxide scales and prevents the generation of the FeO phase. Due to the increase of spinel FeCr2O4 and Fe2SiO4 phase in the inner oxide scale and the amorphous SiO2 close to the substrate, the oxidation resistance of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel is improved.

Research Article
Vertically aligned montmorillonite aerogel encapsulated PEG with directional heat transfer path for efficient solar thermal energy harvesting and storage
Qijing Guo, Cong Guo, Hao Yi, Feifei Jia, and Shaoxian Song
Available online 25 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2794-3
[Abstract](117) [PDF 1191KB](15)
Abstract:

The conversion and storage of photothermal energy using phase change materials (PCMs) represent one of the most optimal approaches for harnessing clean and sustainable solar energy. Herein, we encapsulated polyethylene glycol (PEG) in montmorillonite (Mt) aerogels (3D-Mt) by vacuum impregnation to prepare 3D-Mt/PEG composite PCMs. Among them, 3D-Mt as a support matrix can effectively prevent PEG leakage and can be used as a flame-retardant barrier to reduce the flammability of PEG. Simultaneously, 3D-Mt/PEG demonstrates outstanding shape retention, elevated thermal energy storage density, commendable thermal and chemical stability. The phase transition enthalpy of 3D-Mt/PEG can reach up to 167.53 J/g, maintaining stability even after undergoing 50 heating-cooling cycles. Furthermore, the vertical sheet-like structure of 3D-Mt establishes directional heat transport channels, facilitating efficient phonon transfer. This configuration results in highly anisotropic thermal conductivities, ensuring a swift thermal response and efficient heat conduction. This study addresses the shortcomings of PCMs, including issues like leakage and inadequate flame retardancy. It achieves the development and design of 3D-Mt/PEG with ultra-high strength, superior flame retardancy, and a directional heat transfer function. This work offers a design strategy for the preparation of high-performance composite PCMs. The obtained 3D-Mt/PEG with vertically aligned and well-ordered array structure developed in this work will show great potential for thermal management and photothermal conversion applications.

Research Article
Mechanistic insights into stepwise activation of malachite for enhancing surface reactivity and flotation performance
Qicheng Feng, Wanming Lu, Han Wang, and Qian Zhang
Available online 25 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2793-4
[Abstract](72) [PDF 2661KB](11)
Abstract:

Malachite is a common copper oxide mineral that is often enriched using the sulfidization–xanthate flotation method. Currently, the direct sulfidization method cannot yield copper concentrate products. Therefore, a new sulfidization flotation process was developed to promote the efficient recovery of malachite. In this study, Cu2+ was used as an activator to interact with the sample surface and increase its reaction sites, thereby strengthening the mineral sulfidization process and reactivity. Compared to single copper ion activation, the flotation effect of malachite significantly increased after stepwise Cu2+ activation. Zeta potential, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF–SIMS), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis results indicated that the adsorption of S species was significantly enhanced on the mineral surface due to the increase in active Cu sites after Cu2+ stepwise activation. Meanwhile, the proportion of active Cu–S species also increased, further improving the reaction between the sample surface and subsequent collectors. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and contact angle tests implied that the xanthate species were easily and stably adsorbed onto the mineral surface after Cu2+ stepwise activation, thereby improving the hydrophobicity of the mineral surface. Therefore, the copper sites on the malachite surface after Cu2+ stepwise activation promote the reactivity of the mineral surface and enhance sulfidization flotation of malachite.

Invited Review
Literature overview of the basic characteristics and flotation laws of flocs
Wanzhong Yin, Yu Xie, and Zhanglei Zhu
Available online 21 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2786-3
[Abstract](69) [PDF 1642KB](9)
Abstract:

Flocculation flotation is the most efficient method for recovering fine-grained minerals, and its essence lies in the flotation and recovery of flocs. The fundamental physical characteristics of flocs are primarily determined by their apparent particle size and structure (density and morphology). Much research and application have been conducted on the impact of floc characteristics on particle settling and water treatment. However, the influence of floc characteristics on flotation has not received much attention. Based on the formation of flocs and flocculation flotation, this paper reviews the fundamental physical characteristics of flocs from the perspectives of floc particle size and structure, summarizing the interaction between floc particle size and structure. Simultaneously, it thoroughly discusses the impact of floc particle size and structure on floc floatability, further revealing the influence of floc characteristics on bubble collision and adhesion, elucidating the interaction mechanisms between flocs and bubbles. In summary, it is observed that floc particle size is not the sole factor influencing flocculation flotation. Within the appropriate apparent particle size range, flocs with a compact structure exhibit higher efficiency in bubble collision and adhesion during flotation, resulting in better flotation performance. The purpose of this article is to provide a reference for flocculation flotation, aiming for the development of more efficient and refined flocculation flotation processes in the future.

Research Article
Effect of hot isostatic pressure on microstructure and tensile properties of γ´-strengthening superalloy fabricated by induction-assisted directed energy deposition
Jianjun Xu, Hanlin Ding, Xin Lin, and Feng Liu
Available online 21 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2792-5
[Abstract](109) [PDF 1764KB](18)
Abstract:

Microstructure characteristics and strengthening mechanism of IN-738LC alloy prepared by induction-assisted directed energy deposition (IDED) were clarified by investigation of the IDEDed samples under 1050 °C preheating with and without hot isostatic pressure (HIP, 1190°C, 105 MPa, 3 h). The results show that the as-deposited sample mainly consists of epitaxial columnar crystals and inhomogeneously distributed γ' phases in interdendritic and dendritic core regions. After the HIP, the grain morphology changes little, while the size of γ' phase become more uneven. After further heat treatment (HT, 1070°C, 2 h + 845°C, 24 h), the γ' phase presented bimodal size distribution in both the as-deposited and the HIPed samples, while the γ' phase size of the former one still exhibited uneven. Comparing the tensile property, the tensile strength and the uniform elongation of the HIP+HTed sample were increased by 5% and 46% respectively. That can be attributed to synergistic deformation of bimodal γ' phases, especially the large-size cube γ' phases. Finally, the relationship between phase transformations and plastic deformations for the IDEDed sample was discussed by so-called generalized stability (GS) theory in terms of the trade-off relationship existing between thermodynamics and kinetics.

Research Article
Low-firing and temperature stability regulation of tri-rutile MgTa2O6 microwave dielectric ceramics
Chengzhi Xu, Hongyu Yang, Hongcheng Yang, Linzhuang Xing, Yuan Wang, Zhimin Li, Enzhu Li, and Guorui Zhao
Available online 21 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2791-6
[Abstract](114) [PDF 1282KB](8)
Abstract:

A glass frit containing Li2O–MgO–ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 component was used to explore the low-temperature sintering behaviors and microwave dielectric characteristics of tri-rutile MgTa2O6 ceramics in this study. The good low-firing effects are presented due to the high matching relevance between Li2O–MgO–ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 glass and MgTa2O6 ceramics. The pure tri-rutile MgTa2O6 structure remains unchanged, and high sintering compactness can also be achieved at 1150oC. We found that the Li2O–MgO–ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 glass not only greatly improves the low-temperature sintering characteristics of MgTa2O6 ceramics but also maintains a high Q×f value while still improving the temperature stability. Typically, great microwave dielectric characteristics when added with 2wt% Li2O–MgO–ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 glass can be achieved at 1150oC: εr = 26.1, Q×f = 34267 GHz, τf = -8.7 ppm/°C.

Research Article
Synergistic strengthening mechanism of Ca2+ - Sodium silicate to selective separation of feldspar and quartz
Bo Lin, Jingzhong Kuang, Yiqiang Yang, Zheyu Huang, Delong Yang, and Mingming Yu
Available online 21 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2790-7
[Abstract](263) [PDF 1953KB](12)
Abstract:

Enhancing the selectivity of flotation reagents is of utmost importance to improve the effectiveness of separation. In this study, a combined inhibitor was used utilizing Sodium silicate (SS) and Ca2+ to separate quartz and feldspar in near-neutral pulp. Selective inhibition of the combined inhibitor was assessed by micro-flotation experiments. And a series of detection methods were used to detect differences in the surface properties of feldspars and quartz after flotation agents and to put forward a synergistic strengthening mechanism. The outcomes were pointed out that pre-mixing combined inhibitors were more effective than the addition of Ca2+ and SS in sequence under the optimal proportion of 1:5. A concentrate from artificial mixed minerals that was characterized by a high quartz grade and a high recovery was acquired, and was found to be 90.70% and 83.70%, respectively. It was demonstrated that the combined inhibitor selectively prevented the action of the collector and feldspar from FT-IR and adsorption capacity tests. The results of XPS indicated that Ca2+ directly interacts with the surface of quartz to increase the adsorption of collectors. In contrast, the chemistry of Al on the feldspar surface was altered by combined inhibitor, with Na+ and Ca2+ taking the place of K+. It is possible that the composite inhibitor forms a hydrophilic structure, which prevents the adsorption of the collector on the surface of feldspar by interacting with the Al active site. The combination of Ca2+ and SS synergically strengthens the difference of collecting property between quartz and feldspar by collector, thus achieving the effect of efficient separation.

Research Article
Porous high-entropy rare earth phosphates (REPO4, RE = La, Sm, Eu, Ce, Pr, and Gd) ceramic with excellent thermal insulation performance via pore structure tailoring
Peixiong Zhang, Enhui Wang, Jingjing Liu, Tao Yang, Hailong Wang, and Xinmei Hou
Available online 21 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2788-1
[Abstract](154) [PDF 1828KB](24)
Abstract:

Thermal insulation materials are playing an increasingly important role in protecting mechanical parts served at high temperature. In this work, novel porous high-entropy (La1/6Ce1/6Pr1/6Sm1/6Eu1/6Gd1/6)PO4 (HE (6RE1/6)PO4) ceramics have been prepared firstly with the aid of the HE strategy in combination with the pore-forming agent method. The effect of different starch contents (0-60vol%) on the comprehensive properties of porous HE (6RE1/6)PO4 ceramics is systematically investigated. The results show that porous HE (6RE1/6)PO4 ceramics containing 60vol% starch exhibit the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.061 W·m−1·K−1 at room temperature and good pore structure stability with the linear shrinkage of approximate 1.67%. Furthermore, the influence of larger regular spherical pores on thermal insulation performance is discussed and the optimal thermal conductivity prediction model is also screened. The superior comprehensive properties allow porous HE (6RE1/6)PO4 ceramics to be promising insulation materials in the future.

Invited Review
Research progress of CO2 capture and mineralization based on natural minerals
Chenguang Qian, Chunquan Li, Peng Huang, Jialin Liang, Xin Zhang, Jifa Wang, Jianbing Wang, and Zhiming Sun
Available online 21 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2785-4
[Abstract](300) [PDF 1505KB](33)
Abstract:

Natural minerals, such as kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite, attapulgite, bentonite, sepiolite, forsterite, wollastonite, etc., are considered to have significant potential in CO2 capture and mineralization due to their abundant reserves, low prices, high mechanical properties, and chemical stability. Over the past decades, various methods such as heat, acid, alkali, organic amine, amino silane, and ionic liquid have been employed to enhance the CO2 capture performance of natural minerals to achieve high specific surface area, a large number of pore structures and rich active sites. It is pointed out that making full use of the properties of natural minerals, adopting suitable modification methods and preparing composite materials with higher specific surface area and rich active sites will be the main direction of CO2 capture by natural minerals in the future. In addition, regarding the CO2 mineralization by natural minerals, we have provided a summary of the principle and technical route of direct and indirect mineralization. This involves the use of minerals with a high calcium and magnesium content, such as forsterite (MgSiO4), serpentine [Mg3Si2O(OH)4], and wollastonite (CaSiO3). The research status of indirect mineralization of CO2 by using hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, molten salt, and ammonium salt as media is also introduced in detail. It is pointed out that the recovery of additives and high-value-added products in the mineralization process to increase economic benefits will be the focus of future research on CO2 mineralization by natural minerals.

Research Article
A froth velocity measurement method based on improved U-Net++ semantic segmentation in flotation process
Yiwei Chen, Degang Xu, and Kun Wan
Available online 21 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2787-2
[Abstract](110) [PDF 1216KB](21)
Abstract:

During flotation, the features of the froth image are highly correlated with the concentrate grade and the corresponding working conditions. And the static features such as color and size of the bubbles and the dynamic features such as velocity have obvious differences between different working conditions. The extraction of these features is typically relied on the outcomes of image segmentation at the froth edge, making the segmentation of froth image the basis for studying its visual information. Meanwhile, the absence of scientifically reliable training data with label and the necessity to manually construct dataset and label make the study difficult in the mineral flotation. To solve this problem, this paper constructs a tungsten concentrate froth image dataset, and proposes a cGAN-based data augmentation network and a U-Net++-based edge segmentation network. The performance of this algorithm is also evaluated and contrasted with other algorithms in this paper. On the results of semantic segmentation, a phase-correlation based velocity extraction method is finally suggested.

Research Article
Effect of dissolved-oxygen on the flotation behavior of pyrite at high altitude area
Yan Miao, Guangke Ye, and Guofan Zhang
Available online 10 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2784-5
[Abstract](114) [PDF 980KB](14)
Abstract:

With the continuous development of mineral resources to high altitude areas, the study of sulfide ore flotation in unconventional systems has been emphasized. There is a consensus that moderate oxidation of sulfide ore is beneficial to flotation, but the specific suitable dissolved oxygen value is inconclusive, and there are few studies on sulfide ore flotation under low dissolved oxygen environment at high altitude. In this paper, we designed and assembled an atmosphere simulation flotation equipment to simulate the flotation of pyrite at high altitude by controlling the partial pressure of N2/O2 and dissolved oxygen under atmospheric conditions, and used XPS, AFM, FTIR, UV/VIS, zeta potential and contact angle measurements to reveal the effects of surface oxidation and agent adsorption on pyrite at high altitude (4600m DO=4.0mg/L). The results of pure mineral flotation indicate that the high altitude and low dissolved oxygen environment is favorable for pyrite flotation. Contact angle measurements and XPS analysis showed that the high altitude atmosphere slows down the oxidation of pyrite surface, facilitates Sn2-/S0 production and enhances surface hydrophobicity. Electrochemical calculations and zeta potential analysis showed that the influence of atmosphere on the form of pyrite adsorption was small, and the different atmospheric conditions were consistent with dixanthogen electrochemical adsorption, with lower Zeta potential under high altitude atmosphere and significant potential shift after SIBX adsorption. The results of FTIR, UV/VIS and AFM analysis showed that SIBX adsorbed more on the surface of pyrite under high altitude atmosphere and adsorbed on the surface in a mesh structure composed of column/block. The results of the experimental study reveal the reasons for the easy flotation of sulfide ores at high altitude with less collector dosage, and confirm that the combined DO-pH regulation is beneficial to achieve more efficient flotation of pyrite.

Research Article
A thermodynamic perspective on electrode poisoning in solid oxide fuel cells
Kevin Huang
Available online 10 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2783-6
[Abstract](84) [PDF 710KB](8)
Abstract:

One of the critical challenges to the commercialization of clean and high-efficiency solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology is the insufficient stack lifespan caused by a variety of degradation mechanisms, which are associated with cell components and chemical feedstocks. Cell components related degradation refers to thermal/chemical/electrochemical deterioration of cell materials under operating conditions, whereas the latter regards impurities in feedstocks of oxidant (air) and reductant (fuel). This article provides a thermodynamic perspective on the understanding of the impurities-induced degradation mechanisms in SOFCs. The discussion focuses on using thermodynamic analysis to elucidate poisoning mechanisms in cathodes by impurity species such as Cr, CO2, H2O and SO2 and in the anode by species such as S (or H2S), SiO2, and P2 (or PH3). The author hopes the presented fundamental insights can provide a theoretical foundation for searching for better technical solutions to address the critical degradation challenges.

Research Article
Evolution of microstructure and properties of a novel Ni-based superalloy during stress relief annealing
Lei Jia, Heng Cui, Shufeng Yang, Shaomin Lv, Xingfei Xie, and Jinglong Qu
Available online 10 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2779-2
[Abstract](88) [PDF 2848KB](12)
Abstract:

In this paper, the residual stress reduction, precipitation evolution, and mechanical properties of GH4151 alloy in different annealing temperatures were studied by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that annealing treatment can effectively reduce residual stresses. With the increase of annealing temperature from 950 °C to 1150 °C, most of the residual stresses were released from 60.1 MPa to 10.9 MPa, and the corresponding stress relaxation mechanism changed from dislocation slip dominated to both dislocation slip and grain boundary migration. Meanwhile, the annealing treatment promotes the decomposition of the Laves, accompanied by the precipitation of μ-(Mo6Co7) starting at 950°C and reaching a maximum value at 1050°C. The tensile strength and plasticity of the annealing alloy at 1150℃ reached the maximum(1394 MPa, 56.1%) which was 131%, 200% fold than that of the as-cast alloy (1060 MPa, 26.6%), but the oxidation process in the alloy is accelerated at 1150℃. The increase in strength and plasticity are mainly attributed to the dissolution of the brittle phase and the morphology and distribution of the γ' phase.

Invited Review
A review on linear friction welding of Ni-based superalloys
Xiawei Yang, Tingxi Meng, Qiang Chu, Yu Su, Zhenguo Guo, Rui Xu, Wenlong Fan, Tiejun Ma, and Wenya Li
Available online 10 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2782-7
[Abstract](215) [PDF 1810KB](35)
Abstract:

Ni-Based superalloys have become one of the most important materials in high-temperature applications in aerospace, nuclear energy, or gas turbines due to their excellent corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, fatigue resistance and high temperature strength. In recent years, a new joining technology of linear friction welding (LFW) with near-net-forming characteristics can be used for the manufacture and repair of a wide range of aerospace components. In this paper, the published works on LFW of Ni-Based superalloys are reviewed with the objective to understand the characteristics of frictional heat generation and extrusion deformation, the simulation of physical fields, the microstructures, the mechanical properties, the flash morphology, the residual stresses, the creep, and the fatigue of the Ni-based superalloy weldments. The purpose of this article is to provide industry and academia with an understanding of the macroscopic characteristics, deformation mechanisms, microstructures, and mechanical properties of LFW joints so that the LFW process can be better utilized and practiced in the future.

Invited Review
Recent progress in visualization and digitization of the coherent transformation structures and application in high-strength steel
Xuelin Wang, Zhenjia Xie, Xiucheng Li, and Chengjia Shang
Available online 10 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2781-8
[Abstract](96) [PDF 2175KB](22)
Abstract:

At present, high-strength steel is mainly composed of medium or low temperature microstructures such as bainite or martensite with coherent transformation characteristics. This type of microstructure has high density of dislocation and fine crystallographic structural units, making it easy to achieve coordinated matching of high strength, high toughness, and high plasticity. Meanwhile, due to the excellent welding performance, high-strength steel has been widely used in major engineering construction such as pipelines, ships, and bridges. However, it is difficult to visualize and digitize the effective units of these coherent transformation structures using traditional methods (optical microscope and scanning electron microscope) due to the complex morphology, and it is even more difficult to establish quantitative relationships with macroscopic mechanical properties and key process parameters. This article reviews the latest progress in microstructural visualization and digitization of high-strength steel, with a focus on the application of crystallographic methods in the development of high-strength steel plate and its welding. By obtaining crystallographic data (Euler angle) of the transformed microstructures through EBSD (electron back-scattering diffraction) and combining it with the calculation of inverse transformation from bainite or martensite to austenite, the reconstruction of high-temperature parent austenite and orientation relationship (OR) during continuous cooling transformation can be determined. Furthermore, visualization of the crystallographic packets, blocks, and variants based on actual OR, as well as digitization of the various grain boundaries, can be effectively completed to establish quantitative relationships with alloy composition and key process parameters, thereby providing reverse design guidance for the development of high-strength steel.

Research Article
Study on the oxidation mechanism of Al-SiC composite at elevated temperature
Jishuo Han, Yong Li, Chenhong Ma, Qingyao Zheng, Xiuhua Zhang, and Xiaofang Wu
Available online 10 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2778-3
[Abstract](470) [PDF 1955KB](10)
Abstract:

Resin-bonded Al-SiC composite was sintered at 1100°C, 1300°C, and 1500°C in the air, the oxidation mechanism was investigated by XRD and SEM, combined with thermodynamic calculations. The reaction models were also established. The oxidation resistance of the Al-SiC composite was significantly enhanced with temperature increase. SiC in the exterior of the composite was partially oxidized slightly, while the transformation of metastable Al4C3 to stable Al4SiC4 existed in the interior. At 1100°C, Al in the interior reacted with residual C to form Al4C3. Increasing to 1300°C, high temperature and low oxygen partial pressure lead to active oxidation of SiC, and internal gas composition transforms to Al2O(g)+CO(g)+SiO(g) as the reaction proceeds. After Al4C3 is formed, CO(g) and SiO(g) are continuously deposited on its surface, transforming to Al4SiC4. At 1500°C, a dense layer consisting of SiC and Al4SiC4 whiskers was formed which cut off the diffusion channel of oxygen. The active oxidation of SiC is accelerated, enabling more gas to participate in the synthesis of Al4SiC4, eventually forming hexagonal lamellar Al4SiC4 with mutual accumulation between SiC particles. Introducing Al enhances the oxidation resistance of SiC. In addition, the in situ generated non-oxide is uniformly dispersed on a micro-scale and bonds SiC stably.  

Research Article
Cycling performance of layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries
Jinpin Wu, Junhang Tian, Xueyi Sun, and Weidong Zhuang
Available online 3 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2776-5
[Abstract](218) [PDF 3527KB](25)
Abstract:

Layered oxide is a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries owing to its high capacities, high operating voltage, and simple synthesis. Cycling performance is an important criterion to evaluate the application prospects of batteries. However, facing challenges including phase transition, ambient stability, side reaction, and irreversible anionic oxygen activity, the cycling performance of layered oxide cathode materials still cannot meet the requirements of the application. Therefore, this review proposes several strategies to address the above challenges. Firstly, bulk doping is introduced from three aspects: cationic single doping, anionic single doping, and multi-ion doping. Secondly, homogeneous surface coating and concentration-gradient modification are reviewed. In addition, methods such as mixed structure design, particle engineering, high-entropy material construction, and integrated modification are also proposed. Finally, summary and outlook are illustrated, which will provide a new horizon for developing and modifying layered oxides cathode materials.

Invited Review
The relationship between the microstructures and unique behavior in high-entropy alloys
Yaqi Wu, Peter K. Liaw, Ruixuan Li, Weiran Zhang, Guihong Geng, Xuehui Yan, Guiqun Liu, and Yong Zhang
Available online 3 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2777-4
[Abstract](469) [PDF 2371KB](36)
Abstract:

High-entropy alloys (HEAs), introduced as a pioneering concept in 2004, captured the keen interest of numerous researchers. Entropy, in this context, can be perceived as representing disorder and randomness, while the elemental compositions within the alloy system occupy specific structural sites in space, a concept referred to as structure. According to Shannon entropy, this structure is analogous to information. Generally, the arrangement of atoms within a material, termed its structure, plays a pivotal role in dictating its properties. In addition to expanding the array of options for alloy composites, HEAs also afford ample opportunities for diverse structural designs. Numerous examples underscore the profound influence of distinct structural features on exceptional behaviors of alloys, including remarkably high fracture strength with excellent ductility, antiballistic capability, exceptional radiation resistance, and corrosion resistance etc. In this paper, we delve into various unique material structures and properties, while also elucidating the intricate relationship between structure and performance.

Research Article
A thermodynamic model for deoxidation in liquid steel considering strong metal–oxygen interaction in the framework of quasichemical model
Yong-Min Cho and Youn-Bae Kang
Available online 25 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2766-7
[Abstract](185) [PDF 1282KB](39)
Abstract:

This study presents the development of a thermodynamic model aimed at describing deoxidation equilibria in liquid steel. The model provides explicit forms of the activity coefficient of solute in liquid steel, eliminating the need for preliminary internal Gibbs energy minimization when solving deoxidation equilibria. This is particularly advantageous when coupling deoxidation equilibria calculations with computationally intensive approaches like computational fluid dynamics. By directly embedding the explicit forms of the activity coefficient in the computing code, the model facilitates efficient calculations. The reliable thermodynamic model was developed using a quasichemical approach with two key approximations: random mixing of metallic elements (Fe and oxidizing metal) and strong non-random pairing of metal and oxygen as nearest neighbors. These approximations enable the quasichemical approach to yield the activity coefficients of solutes as explicit functions of composition and temperature (Eqs. (49) and (50)), without requiring internal Gibbs energy minimization or the coupling of separate programs. The model successfully calculated deoxidation equilibria for various elements (Al, B, C, Ca, Ce, Cr, La, Mg, Mn, Nb, Si, Ti, V, and Zr). The limitations of the model arising from these assumptions were also discussed.

Research Article
Effect of phosphorus content on interfacial heat transfer and film deposition behavior during the high-temperature simulation of strip casting
Wanlin Wang, Cheng Lu, Liang Hao, Jie Zeng, Lejun Zhou, Xinyuan Liu, Xia Li, and Chenyang Zhu
Available online 13 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2763-x
[Abstract](137) [PDF 1475KB](13)
Abstract:

Samples with varying phosphorus contents were prepared to investigate the effect on interfacial heat transfer behaviors during the strip casting process using the droplet solidification technique. Interfacial wettability, film deposition behavior, and interfacial heat transfer behavior were investigated with varying phosphorus contents. Results showed that increasing phosphorus content from 0.014wt% to 0.406wt% led to a larger muzzy zone and delayed complete solidification temperature from 1518.3 ℃ to 1459.4 ℃. And the final contact angle decreased from 118.4° to 102.8°, indicating improved interfacial contact. Furthermore, increasing phosphorus content increased the maximum heat flux from 6.9 MW/m2 to 9.2 MW/m2. Higher phosphorus content (from 0.081 wt% to 0.406 wt%) also resulted in a faster film deposition rate (from 1.57 μm to 1.73 μm per test), leading to a thicker naturally deposited film with larger thermal resistance, which resulted in the transition point of heat transfer occurring earlier (from the 5th experiment to the 3rd experiment).

Invited Review
State of the art in oxide metallurgy technology for improving weldability of high-strength low alloy steel
Tingting Li and Jian Yang
Available online 28 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2754-y
[Abstract](135) [PDF 1779KB](13)
Abstract:

The mechanisms of oxide metallurgy technology include inducing IAF using micron-sized inclusions and restricting the growth of prior austenite grains (PAGs) by nano-sized particles during the welding process. The typical oxide metallurgy technologies include the HTUFF technology, JFE EWEL, KST technology, the ETISD technology, and so on. The complex deoxidation of Ti with other strong deoxidant elements such as Mg, Ca, Zr and rare earth metals (REM) can improve the HAZ toughness. The Mg addition is more effective in promoting the precipitation of TiN particles to refine the PAG size. The Ca addition can effectively improve the IAF nucleation due to the formation of Ca oxysulfide. Zr-containing inclusions are also effective in inducing IAF nucleation. REM can refine precipitates and induce IAF. Increasing C, Si, Al, Nb, Cr content will all impair the HAZ toughness. Higher C content usually increase the number of coarse carbides and decrease the potency of the IAF formation. The Si and Cr addition both lead to the formation of undesirable microstructures. The high Al content in steel is not beneficial to the IAF nucleation due to the formation of Al2O3 inclusions. Nb is soluble in TiN particles to form (Ti,Nb)(C,N) particles which have poor high-temperature stability. On the other hand, Mo, V and B can enhance the HAZ toughness. Mo-containing precipitates seem to present better thermal stability, and increasing Mo content can refine precipitates. VN or V(C, N) prefers to be effective in promoting the nucleation of IAF due the good crystallographic coherent relationship with ferrite. The segregation of B atoms at the PAG boundary and the B depleted zone around inclusion will promote the formation of IAF.

Research Article
Growth kinetics of titanium carbide coating by molten salt synthesis process on graphite sheet surface
Xiaoyu Shi, Chongxiao Guo, Jiaomiao Ni, Songsong Yao, Liqing Wang, Yue Liu, and Tongxiang Fan
Available online 20 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2749-8
[Abstract](106) [PDF 949KB](8)
Abstract:

The synthesis of carbide coatings on graphite substrates using molten salt synthesis (MSS), has garnered significant interest due to its cost-effective nature. This study investigates the reaction process and growth kinetics involved in MSS, shedding light on key aspects of the process. The involvement of Ti powder through liquid-phase mass transfer is revealed, where the diffusion distance and quantity of Ti powder play a crucial role in determining the reaction rate by influencing the C concentration gradient on both sides of the carbide. Furthermore, the growth kinetics of the carbide coating are predominantly governed by the diffusion behavior of C within the carbide layer, rather than the chemical reaction rate. To analyze the kinetics, the thickness of the carbide layer is measured with respect to heat treatment time and temperature, unveiling a parabolic relationship within the temperature range of 700~1300℃. The estimated activation energy for the reaction is determined to be 179, 283 J mol−1. These findings offer valuable insights into the synthesis of carbide coatings via MSS, facilitating their optimization and enhancing our understanding of their growth mechanisms and properties for various applications.

Invited Review
Microstructure and forming mechanism of metal by ultrasonic vibration plastic forming
Qinghe Cui, Xuefeng Liu, Wenjing Wang, Shaojie Tian, Vasili Rubanik, Vasili Rubanik Jr., and Dzmitry Bahrets
Available online 13 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2745-z
[Abstract](136) [PDF 1434KB](21)
Abstract:

Compared with the traditional plastic forming technology, ultrasonic vibration plastic forming has the advantages of reducing the forming force and improving the surface quality of the workpiece. It has a very broad application prospect in the industrial manufacturing field. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive research in ultrasonic vibration plastic forming of metals. A deep foundation has been laid for the development of this field. This study classified metals according to their crystal structures. The effects of ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure during plastic forming of face centered cubic (FCC), body centered cubic (BCC) and hexagonal close packed (HCP) metals and the forming mechanism of ultrasonic vibration were reviewed. The main problems and future research direction of ultrasonic vibration plastic forming of metals were pointed out.

Invited Review
A review on the multi-scaled structures and mechanical/thermal properties of tool steels fabricated by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing
Huajing Zong, Nan Kang, Zehao Qin, and Mohamed El Mansori
Available online 26 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2731-5
[Abstract](171) [PDF 2819KB](23)
Abstract:

The laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process can integrally form geometrically complex and high-performance metallic parts that have attracted much interest, especially in the mold industry. The appearance of the LPBF makes it possible to design and produce complex conformal cooling channel systems in molds. Thus, LPBF-processed tool steels have been widely studied. The complex thermal history in the LPBF process makes the microstructural characteristics and properties different from those of conventional manufactured tool steels. This paper provides an overview of LPBF-processed tool steels by describing the physical phenomena, the microstructural characteristics, and the mechanical/thermal properties, including tensile properties, wear resistance, and thermal properties. The microstructural characteristics are presented through a multiscale perspective, ranging from densification, meso-structure, microstructure, substructure in grains, to nanoprecipitates. Finally, a summary of tool steels and their challenges and outlooks are introduced.

Research Article
Process metallurgy and data driven prediction and feedback of blast furnace furnace heat indicators
Quan Shi, Jue Tang, and Mansheng Chu
Available online 17 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2693-7
[Abstract](198) [PDF 1605KB](16)
Abstract:

The prediction and control of furnace heat indicator was of great significance to improve the furnace hot level and furnace condition for the complex and difficult to operate the hour-class delay blast furnace (BF) system. In this work, a prediction and feedback model of furnace heat indicator based on the fusion of data driven and BF ironmaking process was proposed. The data of raw and fuel materials, process operation, smelting state and slag and iron discharge during the whole BF process were comprehensively analyzed, a total of 171 variables, 9223 groups of data. A novel method of delay analysis of furnace heat indicator was established. and the extracted delay variables had played an important role in the modeling. Compared with the traditional machine learning algorithm, the method that combined the Genetic algorithm (GA) and Stacking was efficient to improve the performance. The hit rate for the predicting the temperature of hot metal in the error range of plus or minus 10 ℃ was 92.4%, and that for [Si] in the error range of plus or minus 0.1% was 93.3%. On the basis of the furnace heat prediction model and the expert experience, a feedback model of furnace heat operation was established to push the quantitative operation suggestions to stabilize the BF heat level, which had been highly recognized by the BF operators. Finally, this comprehensive and dynamic model had been successfully applied in the practical BF, and the BF temperature level was improved remarkably with the furnace temperature stability rate increasing from 54.88% to 84.89%, which had achieved significant economic benefits.

Research Article
Stress-assisted corrosion mechanism study of 3Ni steel based on gradient boosting decision tree machining-learning method
Xiaojia Yang, Jinghuan Jia, Qing Li, Renzheng Zhu, Jike Yang, Zhiyong Liu, Xuequn Cheng, and Xiaogang Li
Available online 22 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2661-2
[Abstract](207) [PDF 2780KB](26)
Abstract:

Traditional 3Ni weathering steel cannot fully meet the requirement of offshore engineering development, the design of novel 3Ni steel with the addition of micro-alloy element such as Mn or Nb to enhance the strength has become a trend. In this study, the stress-assisted corrosion behavior of the novel designed high strength 3Ni steel is studied by corrosion big data method. The information of the corrosion process was recorded by using galvanic corrosion current monitoring method. Gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) machine-learning method was used to mining the corrosion mechanism and the importance of the structure factor was studied. Field exposure tests were held to verify the results calculated by GBDT method. Results depict that GBDT method can be used to effectively study the influence of structural factor on the corrosion process of 3Ni steel. Different mechanism for the addition of Mn and Cu on the stress-assisted corrosion of 3Ni steel suggest that Mn and Cu have no obvious effect on the corrosion rate of non-stressed 3Ni steel in the early stage of corrosion, when the corrosion reaches a stable state, the increase of Mn element content can increase the corrosion rate of 3Ni steel, while Cu reduces the corrosion rate of 3Ni steel. The increase of Mn element content and Cu addition could inhibit the corrosion process in the presence of stress. The corrosion law of outdoor exposure 3Ni steel is consistent with the law based on corrosion big data technology, which verifies the reliability of big data evaluation method and data prediction model selection.

In Press articles are edited and published online ahead of issue. When the final article is assigned to volumes/issues, the Article in Press version will be removed and the final version will appear in the associated published volumes/issues.
+ show detail
Display Method:
Invited Review
Disturbance failure mechanism of highly stressed rock in deep excavation: Current status and prospects
Tao Wang, Weiwei Ye, Liyuan Liu, Kai Liu, Naisheng Jiang, and Xianhui Feng
  Available online 27 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2864-1
[FullText HTML](169) [PDF 4190KB](23) SpringerLink
Abstract:
This article reviews the current status on the dynamic behavior of highly stressed rocks under disturbances. Firstly, the experimental apparatus, methods, and theories related to the disturbance dynamics of deep, high-stress rock are reviewed, followed by the introduction of scholars’ research on deep rock deformation and failure from an energy perspective. Subsequently, with a backdrop of high-stress phenomena in deep hard rock, such as rock bursts and core disking, we delves into the current state of research on rock microstructure analysis and residual stresses from the perspective of studying the energy storage mechanisms in rocks. Thereafter, the current state of research on the mechanical response and the energy dissipation of highly stressed rock formations is briefly retrospected. Finally, the insufficient aspects in the current research on the disturbance and failure mechanisms in deep highly stressed rock formations are summarized, and prospects for future research are provided. This work provides new avenues for the research on the mechanical response and damage-fracture mechanisms of rocks under high-stress conditions.
Research Article
Mechanical behavior and response mechanism of porous metal structures manufactured by laser powder bed fusion under compressive loading
Xuanming Cai, Yang Hou, Wei Zhang, Zhiqiang Fan, Yubo Gao, Junyuan Wang, Heyang Sun, Zhujun Zhang, and Wenshu Yang
  Available online 27 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2865-0
[FullText HTML](112) [PDF 7486KB](5) SpringerLink
Abstract:
AlSi10Mg porous protective structure often produces different damage forms under compressive loading, and these damage modes affect its protective function. In order to well meet the service requirements, there is an urgent need to comprehensively understand the mechanical behavior and response mechanism of AlSi10Mg porous structures under compressive loading. In this paper, AlSi10Mg porous structures with three kinds of volume fractions are designed and optimized to meet the requirements of high-impact, strong-energy absorption, and lightweight characteristics. The mechanical behaviors of AlSi10Mg porous structures, including the stress–strain relationship, structural bearing state, deformation and damage modes, and energy absorption characteristics, were obtained through experimental studies at different loading rates. The damage pattern of the damage section indicates that AlSi10Mg porous structures have both ductile and brittle mechanical properties. Numerical simulation studies show that the AlSi10Mg porous structure undergoes shear damage due to relative misalignment along the diagonal cross-section, and the damage location is almost at 45° to the load direction, which is the most direct cause of its structural damage, revealing the damage mechanism of AlSi10Mg porous structures under the compressive load. The normalized energy absorption model constructed in the paper well interprets the energy absorption state of AlSi10Mg porous structures and gives the sensitive location of the structures, and the results of this paper provide important references for peers in structural design and optimization.
 
Energy evolution and structural health monitoring of coal under different failure modes: an experimental study
Yarong Xue, Xueqiu He, Dazhao Song, Zhenlei Li, Majid Khan, Taoping Zhong, and Fei Yang
  Available online 3 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2822-y
[FullText HTML](434) [PDF 4472KB](34) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Structural instability in underground engineering, especially in coal–rock structures, poses significant safety risks. Thus, the development of an accurate monitoring method for the health of coal–rock bodies is crucial. The focus of this work is on understanding energy evolution patterns in coal–rock bodies under complex conditions by using shear, splitting, and uniaxial compression tests. We examine the changes in energy parameters during various loading stages and the effects of various failure modes, resulting in an innovative energy dissipation-based health evaluation technique for coal. Key results show that coal bodies go through transitions between strain hardening and softening mechanisms during loading, indicated by fluctuations in elastic energy and dissipation energy density. For tensile failure, the energy profile of coal shows a pattern of “high dissipation and low accumulation” before peak stress. On the other hand, shear failure is described by “high accumulation and low dissipation” in energy trends. Different failure modes correlate with an accelerated increase in the dissipation energy before destabilization, and a significant positive correlation is present between the energy dissipation rate and the stress state of the coal samples. A novel mathematical and statistical approach is developed, establishing a dissipation energy anomaly index, W, which categorizes the structural health of coal into different danger levels. This method provides a quantitative standard for early warning systems and is adaptable for monitoring structural health in complex underground engineering environments, contributing to the development of structural health monitoring technology.
 
Numerical simulation of microwave-induced cracking and melting of granite based on mineral microscopic models
Xiaoli Su, Diyuan Li, Junjie Zhao, Mimi Wang, Xing Su, and Aohui Zhou
  Available online 29 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2821-4
[FullText HTML](100) [PDF 7907KB](13) SpringerLink
Abstract:
This study introduces a coupled electromagnetic–thermal–mechanical model to reveal the mechanisms of microcracking and mineral melting of polymineralic rocks under microwave radiation. Experimental tests validate the rationality of the proposed model. Embedding microscopic mineral sections into the granite model for simulation shows that uneven temperature gradients create distinct molten, porous, and nonmolten zones on the fracture surface. Moreover, the varying thermal expansion coefficients and Young’s moduli among the minerals induce significant thermal stress at the mineral boundaries. Quartz and biotite with higher thermal expansion coefficients are subjected to compression, whereas plagioclase with smaller coefficients experiences tensile stress. In the molten zone, quartz undergoes transgranular cracking due to the α–β phase transition. The local high temperatures also induce melting phase transitions in biotite and feldspar. This numerical study provides new insights into the distribution of thermal stress and mineral phase changes in rocks under microwave irradiation.
Research Article
Insights into the changes in the surface properties of goethite with Ni in the lattice in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid: Experimental and density functional theory studies
Levie Mweene, Gilsang Hong, Hee-Eun Jeong, Hee-won Kang, and Hyunjung Kim
  Available online 27 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2813-4
[FullText HTML](150) [PDF 4812KB](11) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Comparative experiments and theoretical analysis of the surface chemistry changes of goethite (GT) and goethite containing Ni (GTN) in the lattice in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid (SA) were performed. It was revealed that in the presence of 100 g·t−1 of SA, the flotation recovery of GTN and GT increased with increasing pH, achieving a maximum recovery of 98.9% for both minerals at pH 8.3 and decreasing beyond that pH, with GTN having a slightly higher recovery than GT, except at pH 8.3. This was further confirmed by the higher complexation energies of GTN∙∙∙SA (−883.87 kJ·mol−1) compared with GT···SA (−604.23 kJ·mol−1) resulting from covalent, closed-shell, and conventional hydrogen bonding. The higher adsorption of SA onto GTN relative to GT was due to the formation of a π-hole in GTN, thereby promoting a higher interaction of the collector with the mineral. Thus, the presence of Ni in the GT lattice improves and decreases the adsorption and desorption of SA onto and from the mineral, respectively, compared with those onto and from GT.
Research Article
Core–shell mesoporous carbon hollow spheres as Se hosts for advanced Al–Se batteries
Haiping Lei, Tianwei Wei, Jiguo Tu, and Shuqiang Jiao
  Available online 15 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2810-7
[FullText HTML](119) [PDF 3740KB](15) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Incorporating a selenium (Se) positive electrode into aluminum (Al)-ion batteries is an effective strategy for improving the overall battery performance. However, the cycling stability of Se positive electrodes has challenges due to the dissolution of intermediate reaction products. In this work, we aim to harness the advantages of Se while reducing its limitations by preparing a core–shell mesoporous carbon hollow sphere with a titanium nitride (C@TiN) host to load 63.9wt% Se as the positive electrode material for Al–Se batteries. Using the physical and chemical confinement offered by the hollow mesoporous carbon and TiN, the obtained core–shell mesoporous carbon hollow spheres coated with Se (Se@C@TiN) display superior utilization of the active material and remarkable cycling stability. As a result, Al–Se batteries equipped with the as-prepared Se@C@TiN composite positive electrodes show an initial discharge specific capacity of 377 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 1000 mA·g−1 while maintaining a discharge specific capacity of 86.0 mAh·g−1 over 200 cycles. This improved cycling performance is ascribed to the high electrical conductivity of the core–shell mesoporous carbon hollow spheres and the unique three-dimensional hierarchical architecture of Se@C@TiN.
 
Effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of warm-rolled Mg–Zn–Gd–Ca–Mn alloys
Yifan Song, Xihai Li, Jinliang Xu, Kai Zhang, Yaozong Mao, Hong Yan, Huiping Li, and Rongshi Chen
  Available online 15 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2812-5
[FullText HTML](96) [PDF 10753KB](9) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The basal texture of traditional magnesium alloy AZ31 is easy to form and exhibits poor plasticity at room temperature. To address these problems, a multi-micro-alloyed high-plasticity Mg–1.8Zn–0.8Gd–0.1Ca–0.2Mn (wt%) alloy was developed using the unique role of rare earth and Ca solute atoms. In addition, the influence of the annealing process on the grain size, second phase, texture, and mechanical properties of the warm-rolled sheet at room temperature was analyzed with the goal of developing high-plasticity magnesium alloy sheets and obtaining optimal thermal-mechanical treatment parameters. The results show that the annealing temperature has a significant effect on the microstructure and properties due to the low alloying content: there are small amounts of larger-sized block and long string phases along the rolling direction, as well as several spherical and rodlike particle phases inside the grains. With increasing annealing temperature, the grain size decreases and then increases, and the morphology, number, and size of the second phase also change correspondingly. The particle phase within the grains vanishes at 450°C, and the grain size increases sharply. In the full recrystallization stage at 300–350°C, the optimum strength–plasticity comprehensive mechanical properties are presented, with yield strengths of 182.1 and 176.9 MPa, tensile strengths of 271.1 and 275.8 MPa in the RD and TD, and elongation values of 27.4% and 32.3%, respectively. Moreover, there are still some larger-sized phases in the alloy that influence its mechanical properties, which offers room for improvement.
Research Article
Design and tailoring of patterned ZnO nanostructures for perovskite light absorption modulation
Haonan Si, Xuan Zhao, Qingliang Liao, and Yue Zhang
  Available online 8 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.107/s12613-023-2808-1
[FullText HTML](75) [PDF 2868KB](11) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Lithography is a pivotal micro/nanomanufacturing technique, facilitating performance enhancements in an extensive array of devices, encompassing sensors, transistors, and photovoltaic devices. The key to creating highly precise, multiscale-distributed patterned structures is the precise control of the lithography process. Herein, high-quality patterned ZnO nanostructures are constructed by systematically tuning the exposure and development times during lithography. By optimizing these parameters, ZnO nanorod arrays with line/hole arrangements are successfully prepared. Patterned ZnO nanostructures with highly controllable morphology and structure possess discrete three-dimensional space structure, enlarged surface area, and improved light capture ability, which achieve highly efficient energy conversion in perovskite solar cells. The lithography process management for these patterned ZnO nanostructures provides important guidance for the design and construction of complex nanostructures and devices with excellent performance.
Research Article
Reinforcing effects of polypropylene on energy absorption and fracturing of cement-based tailings backfill under impact loading
Jiajian Li, Shuai Cao, and Erol Yilmaz
  Available online 8 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2806-3
[FullText HTML](139) [PDF 7435KB](19) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Polypropylene (PP) fiber-reinforced cement-based tailings backfill (FRCTB) is a green compound material with superior crack resistance and has good prospects for application in underground mining. However, FRCTB exhibits susceptibility to dynamic events, such as impact ground pressure and blast vibrations. This paper investigates the energy and crack distribution behavior of FRCTB under dynamic impact, considering the height/diameter (H/D) effect. Split Hopkinson pressure bar, industrial computed tomography scan, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments were carried out on six types of FRCTB. Laboratory outcomes confirmed fiber aggregation at the bottom of specimens. When H/D was less than 0.8, the proportion of PP fibers distributed along the θ angle direction of 80°–90° increased. For the total energy, all samples presented similar energy absorption, reflectance, and transmittance. However, a rise in H/D may cause a rise in the energy absorption rate of FRCTB during the peak phase. A positive correlation existed between the average strain rate and absorbed energy per unit volume. The increase in H/D resulted in a decreased crack volume fraction of FRCTB. When the H/D was greater than or equal to 0.7, the maximum crack volume fraction of FRCTB was observed close to the incidence plane. Radial cracks were present only in the FRCTB with an H/D ratio of 0.5. Samples with H/D ratios of 0.5 and 0.6 showed similar distributions of weakly and heavily damaged areas. PP fibers can limit the emergence and expansion of cracks by influencing their path. SEM observations revealed considerable differences in the bonding strengths between fibers and the FRCTB. Fibers that adhered particularly well to the substrate were attracted together with the hydration products adhering to surfaces. These results show that FRCTB is promising as a sustainable and green backfill for determining the design properties of mining with backfill.
Research Article
Mechanical properties and interfacial characteristics of 6061 Al alloy plates fabricated by hot-roll bonding
Zongan Luo, Xin Zhang, Zhaosong Liu, Hongyu Zhou, Mingkun Wang, and Guangming Xie
  Available online 1 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2801-8
[FullText HTML](79) [PDF 4547KB](7) SpringerLink
Abstract:
This work aims to investigate the mechanical properties and interfacial characteristics of 6061 Al alloy plates fabricated by hot-roll bonding (HRB) based on friction stir welding. The results showed that ultimate tensile strength and total elongation of the hot-rolled and aged joints increased with the packaging vacuum, and the tensile specimens fractured at the matrix after exceeding 1 Pa. Non-equilibrium grain boundaries were formed at the hot-rolled interface, and a large amount of Mg2Si particles were linearly precipitated along the interfacial grain boundaries (IGBs). During subsequent heat treatment, Mg2Si particles dissolved back into the matrix, and Al2O3 film remaining at the interface eventually evolved into MgO. In addition, the local IGBs underwent staged elimination during HRB, which facilitated the interface healing due to the fusion of grains at the interface. This process was achieved by the dissociation, emission, and annihilation of dislocations on the IGBs.
Research Article
Neutral and metallic vs. charged and semiconducting surface layer in acceptor doped CeO2
Ilan Riess
  Available online 21 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2789-0
[FullText HTML](84) [PDF 1380KB](10) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The monomolecular surface layer of acceptor doped CeO2 may become neutral and metallic or charged and semiconducting. This is revealed in the theoretical analysis of the oxygen pressure dependence of the surface defects concentration in acceptor doped ceria with two different dopant types and operated under different oxygen pressures. Recently published experimental data for highly reduced Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9–x (SDC) containing a fixed valence dopant Sm3+ are very different from those published for Pr0.1Ce0.9O2–x (PCO) with the variable valence dopant Pr4+/Pr3+ being reduced under milder conditions. The theoretical analysis of these experimental results fits very well the experimental results of SDC and PCO. It leads to the following predictions: the highly reduced surface of SDC is metallic and neutral, the metallic surface electron density of state is gs = 0.9 × 1038 J–1·m–2 (1.4 × 1015 eV–1·cm–2), the electron effective mass is meff,s = 3.3me, and the phase diagram of the reduced surface has the α (fcc) structure as in the bulk. In PCO a double layer is predicted to be formed between the surface and the bulk with the surface being negatively charged and semiconducting. The surface of PCO maintains high Pr3+ defect concentration as well as relative high oxygen vacancy concentration at oxygen pressures higher than in the bulk. The reasons for the difference between a metallic and semiconducting surface layer of acceptor doped CeO2 are reviewed, as well as the key theoretical considerations applied in coping with this problem. For that we make use of the experimental data and theoretical analysis available for acceptor doped ceria.
Research Article
Description of martensitic transformation kinetics in Fe–C–X (X = Ni, Cr, Mn, Si) system by a modified model
Xiyuan Geng, Hongcan Chen, Jingjing Wang, Yu Zhang, Qun Luo, and Qian Li
  Available online 10 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2780-9
[FullText HTML](84) [PDF 4583KB](14) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Controlling the content of athermal martensite and retained austenite is important to improving the mechanical properties of high-strength steels, but a mechanism for the accurate description of martensitic transformation during the cooling process must be addressed. At present, frequently used semi-empirical kinetics models suffer from huge errors at the beginning of transformation, and most of them fail to exhibit the sigmoidal shape characteristic of transformation curves. To describe the martensitic transformation process accurately, based on the Magee model, we introduced the changes in the nucleation activation energy of martensite with temperature, which led to the varying nucleation rates of this model during martensitic transformation. According to the calculation results, the relative error of the modified model for the martensitic transformation kinetics curves of Fe–C–X (X = Ni, Cr, Mn, Si) alloys reached 9.5% compared with those measured via the thermal expansion method. The relative error was approximately reduced by two-thirds compared with that of the Magee model. The incorporation of nucleation activation energy into the kinetics model contributes to the improvement of its precision.
Research Article
Preheating-assisted solid-state friction stir repair of Al–Mg–Si alloy plate at different rotational speeds
Hui Wang, Yidi Li, Ming Zhang, Wei Gong, Ruilin Lai, and Yunping Li
  Available online 3 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2772-9
[FullText HTML](244) [PDF 10225KB](32) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) is a novel structural repair and manufacturing technology has become a research hotspot at home and abroad in the past five years. In this work, the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of the Al–Mg–Si alloy plate repaired by the preheating-assisted AFSD process were investigated. To evaluate the tool rotation speed and substrate preheating for repair quality, the AFSD technique was used to additively repair 5 mm depth blind holes on 6061 aluminum alloy substrates. The results showed that preheat-assisted AFSD repair significantly improved joint bonding and joint strength compared to the control non-preheat substrate condition. Moreover, increasing rotation speed was also beneficial to improve the metallurgical bonding of the interface and avoid volume defects. Under preheating conditions, the UTS and elongation were positively correlated with rotation speed. Under the process parameters of preheated substrate and tool rotation speed of 1000 r/min, defect-free specimens could be obtained accompanied by tensile fracture occurring in the substrate rather than the repaired zone. The UTS and elongation reached the maximum values of 164.2 MPa and 13.4%, which are equivalent to 99.4% and 140% of the heated substrate, respectively.
Research Article
Microstructures, corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg–6Zn–2X(Fe/Cu/Ni) alloys for plugging tool applications
Baosheng Liu, Jiali Wei, Shaohua Zhang, Yuezhong Zhang, Pengpeng Wu, Daqing Fang, and Guorui Ma
  Available online 3 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2775-6
[FullText HTML](207) [PDF 6361KB](22) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Mg–6Zn–2X(Fe/Cu/Ni) alloys are prepared through semi-continuous casting, with the aim of identifying a degradable magnesium (Mg) alloy suitable for use in fracturing balls. A comparative analysis is conducted to assess the impacts of adding Cu and Ni, which result in finer grains and the formation of galvanic corrosion sites. Scanner electronic microscopy examination revealed that precipitated phases concentrated at grain boundaries, forming a semi-continuous network structure that facilitated corrosion penetration in Mg–6Zn–2Cu and Mg–6Zn–2Ni alloys. Pitting corrosion was observed in Mg–6Zn–2Fe, while galvanic corrosion was identified as the primary mechanism in Mg–6Zn–2Cu and Mg–6Zn–2Ni alloys. Among the tests, the Mg–6Zn–2Ni alloy exhibited the highest corrosion rate (approximately 932.9 mm/a) due to its significant potential difference. Mechanical testing showed that Mg–6Zn–2Ni alloy possessed suitable ultimate compressive strength, making it a potential candidate material for degradable fracturing balls, effectively addressing the challenges of balancing strength and degradation rate in fracturing applications.
Invited Review
Integrated high-performance and accurate shaping technology of low-cost powder metallurgy titanium alloys: A comprehensive review
Xuemeng Gan, Shaofu Li, Shunyuan Xiao, and Yafeng Yang
  Available online 3 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2774-7
[FullText HTML](220) [PDF 5103KB](10) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The practical engineering applications of powder metallurgy (PM) Ti alloys produced through cold compaction and pressureless sintering are impeded by poor sintering densification, embrittlement caused by excessive O impurities, and severe sintering deformation resulting from the use of heterogeneous powder mixtures. This review presents a summary of our previous work on addressing the above challenges. Initially, we proposed a novel strategy using reaction-induced liquid phases to enhance sintering densification. Near-complete density (relative density exceeding 99%) was achieved by applying the above strategy and newly developed sintering aids. By focusing on the O-induced embrittlement issue, we determined the onset dissolution temperature of oxide films in the Ti matrix. On the basis of this finding, we established a design criterion for effective O scavengers that require reaction with oxide films before their dissolution. Consequently, a ductile PM Ti alloy was successfully obtained by introducing 0.3wt% NdB6 as the O scavenger. Lastly, a powder-coating strategy was adopted to address the sintering deformation issue. The ultrafine size and shell-like distribution characteristics of coating particles ensured rapid dissolution and homogeneity in the Ti matrix, thereby facilitating linear shrinkage during sintering. As a result, geometrically complex Ti alloy parts with high dimensional accuracy were fabricated by using the coated powder. Our fundamental findings and related technical achievements enabled the development of an integrated production technology for the high-performance and accurate shaping of low-cost PM Ti alloys. Additionally, the primary engineering applications and progress in the industrialization practice of our developed technology are introduced in this review.
Invited Review
Recent progresses in the development of tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells: Experimental and numerical study
Shuo Han, Tao Wei, Sijia Wang, Yanlong Zhu, Xingtong Guo, Liang He, Xiongzhuang Li, Qing Huang, and Daifen Chen
  Available online 3 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2771-x
[FullText HTML](463) [PDF 3758KB](18) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have attracted a great deal of interest because they have the highest efficiency without using any noble metal as catalysts among all the fuel cell technologies. However, traditional SOFCs suffer from having a higher volume, current leakage, complex connections, and difficulty in gas sealing. To solve these problems, Rolls-Royce has fabricated a simple design by stacking cells in series on an insulating porous support, resulting in the tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells (SIS-SOFCs), which achieved higher output voltage. This work systematically reviews recent advances in the structures, preparation methods, performances, and stability of tubular SIS-SOFCs in experimental and numerical studies. Finally, the challenges and future development of tubular SIS-SOFCs are also discussed. The findings of this work can help guide the direction and inspire innovation of future development in this field.
Research Article
Solid Bi2O3-derived nanostructured metallic bismuth with high formate selectivity for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2
Xiaoyan Wang, Safeer Jan, Zhiyong Wang, and Xianbo Jin
  Available online 3 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2770-y
[FullText HTML](139) [PDF 2774KB](10) SpringerLink
Abstract:
CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2ER) is an important research area for carbon neutralization. However, available catalysts for CO2 reduction are still characterized by limited stability and activity. Recently, metallic bismuth (Bi) has emerged as a promising catalyst for CO2ER. Herein, we report the solid cathode electroreduction of commercial micronized Bi2O3 as a straightforward approach for the preparation of nanostructured Bi. At −1.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in a KHCO3 aqueous electrolyte, the resulting nanostructure Bi delivers a formate current density of ~40 mA cm−2 with a current efficiency of ~86%, and the formate selectivity reaches 97.6% at −0.78 V. Using nanosized Bi2O3 as the precursor can further reduce the primary particle sizes of the resulting Bi, leading to a significantly increased formate selectivity at relatively low overpotentials. The high catalytic activity of nanostructured Bi is attributable to the ultrafine and interconnected Bi nanoparticles in the nanoporous structure, which exposes abundant active sites for CO2 electrocatalytic reduction.
Research Article
Machine learning-assisted efficient design of Cu-based shape memory alloy with specific phase transition temperature
Mengwei Wu, Wei Yong, Cunqin Fu, Chunmei Ma, and Ruiping Liu
  Available online 24 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2767-6
[FullText HTML](155) [PDF 2688KB](12) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The martensitic transformation temperature is the basis for the application of shape memory alloys (SMAs), and the ability to quickly and accurately predict the transformation temperature of SMAs has very important practical significance. In this work, machine learning (ML) methods were utilized to accelerate the search for shape memory alloys with targeted properties (phase transition temperature). A group of component data was selected to design shape memory alloys using reverse design method from numerous unexplored data. Component modeling and feature modeling were used to predict the phase transition temperature of the shape memory alloys. The experimental results of the shape memory alloys were obtained to verify the effectiveness of the support vector regression (SVR) model. The results show that the machine learning model can obtain target materials more efficiently and pertinently, and realize the accurate and rapid design of shape memory alloys with specific target phase transition temperature. On this basis, the relationship between phase transition temperature and material descriptors is analyzed, and it is proved that the key factors affecting the phase transition temperature of shape memory alloys are based on the strength of the bond energy between atoms. This work provides new ideas for the controllable design and performance optimization of Cu-based shape memory alloys.
Research Article
Effects of the initiation position on the damage and fracture characteristics of linear-charge blasting in rock
Chenxi Ding, Renshu Yang, Xiao Guo, Zhe Sui, Chenglong Xiao, and Liyun Yang
  Available online 24 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2765-8
[FullText HTML](159) [PDF 2452KB](14) SpringerLink
Abstract:
To study the effects of the initiation position on the damage and fracture characteristics of linear-charge blasting, blasting model experiments were conducted in this study using computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction methods. The fractal damage theory was used to quantify the crack distribution and damage degree of sandstone specimens after blasting. The results showed that regardless of an inverse or top initiation, due to compression deformation and sliding frictional resistance, the plugging medium of the borehole is effective. The energy of the explosive gas near the top of the borehole is consumed. This affects the effective crushing of rocks near the top of the borehole, where the extent of damage to Sections I and II is less than that of Sections III and IV. In addition, the analysis revealed that under conditions of top initiation, the reflected tensile damage of the rock at the free face of the top of the borehole and the compression deformation of the plug and friction consume more blasting energy, resulting in lower blasting energy efficiency for top initiation. As a result, the overall damage degree of the specimens in the top-initiation group was significantly smaller than that in the inverse-initiation group. Under conditions of inverse initiation, the blasting energy efficiency is greater, causing the specimen to experience greater damage. Therefore, in the engineering practice of rock tunnel cut blasting, to utilize blasting energy effectively and enhance the effects of rock fragmentation, using the inverse-initiation method is recommended. In addition, in three-dimensional (3D) rock blasting, the bottom of the borehole has obvious end effects under the conditions of inverse initiation, and the crack distribution at the bottom of the borehole is trumpet-shaped. The occurrence of an end effect in the 3D linear-charge blasting model experiment is related to the initiation position and the blocking condition.
Research Article
Customization of FeNi alloy nanosheet arrays inserted with biomass-derived carbon templates for boosted electromagnetic wave absorption
Xuanqi Yang, Honghan Wang, Jing Chen, Qingda An, Zuoyi Xiao, Jingai Hao, Shangru Zhai, and Junye Sheng
  Available online 24 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2768-5
[FullText HTML](162) [PDF 4332KB](11) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Electromagnetic wave (EMW)-absorbing materials have considerable capacity in the military field and the prevention of EMW radiation from harming human health. However, obtaining lightweight, high-performance, and broadband EMW-absorbing material remains an overwhelming challenge. Creating dielectric/magnetic composites with customized structures is a strategy with great promise for the development of high-performance EMW-absorbing materials. Using layered double hydroxides as the precursors of bimetallic alloys and combining them with porous biomass-derived carbon materials is a potential way for constructing multi-interface heterostructures as efficient EMW-absorbing materials because they have synergistic losses, low costs, abundant resources, and light weights. Here, FeNi alloy nanosheet array/Lycopodium spore-derived carbon (FeNi/LSC) was prepared through a simple hydrothermal and carbonization method. FeNi/LSC presents ideal EMW-absorbing performance by benefiting from the FeNi alloy nanosheet array, sponge-like structure, capability for impedance matching, and improved dielectric/magnetic losses. As expected, FeNi/LSC exhibited the minimum reflection loss of −58.3 dB at 1.5 mm with 20wt% filler content and a widely effective absorption bandwidth of 4.92 GHz. FeNi/LSC composites with effective EMW-absorbing performance provide new insights into the customization of biomass-derived composites as high-performance and lightweight broadband EMW-absorbing materials.
Research Article
Improving creep strength of the fine-grained heat-affected zone of novel 9Cr martensitic heat-resistant steel via modified thermo-mechanical treatment
Jingwen Zhang, Liming Yu, Yongchang Liu, Ran Ding, Chenxi Liu, Zongqing Ma, Huijun Li, Qiuzhi Gao, and Hui Wang
  Available online 12 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2760-0
[FullText HTML](104) [PDF 5360KB](9) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The infamous type IV failure within the fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) in G115 steel weldments seriously threatens the safe operation of ultra-supercritical (USC) power plants. In this work, the traditional thermo-mechanical treatment was modified via the replacement of hot-rolling with cold rolling, i.e., normalizing, cold rolling, and tempering (NCT), which was developed to improve the creep strength of the FGHAZ in G115 steel weldments. The NCT treatment effectively promoted the dissolution of preformed M23C6 particles and relieved the boundary segregation of C and Cr during welding thermal cycling, which accelerated the dispersed reprecipitation of M23C6 particles within the fresh reaustenitized grains during post-weld heat treatment. In addition, the precipitation of Cu-rich phases and MX particles was promoted evidently due to the deformation-induced dislocations. As a result, the interacting actions between precipitates, dislocations, and boundaries during creep were reinforced considerably. Following this strategy, the creep rupture life of the FGHAZ in G115 steel weldments can be prolonged by 18.6%, which can further push the application of G115 steel in USC power plants.
Research Article
Comparison of electrochemical behaviors of Ti–5Al–2Sn–4Zr–4Mo–2Cr–1Fe and Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloys in NaNO3 solution
Jia Liu, Shuanglu Duan, Xiaokang Yue, and Ningsong Qu
  Available online 12 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2762-y
[FullText HTML](78) [PDF 3619KB](5) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The Ti–5Al–2Sn–4Zr–4Mo–2Cr–1Fe (β-CEZ) alloy is considered as a potential structural material in the aviation industry due to its outstanding strength and corrosion resistance. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an efficient and low-cost technology for manufacturing the β-CEZ alloy. In ECM, the machining parameter selection and tool design are based on the electrochemical dissolution behavior of the materials. In this study, the electrochemical dissolution behaviors of the β-CEZ and Ti–6Al–4V (TC4) alloys in NaNO3 solution are discussed. The open circuit potential (OCP), Tafel polarization, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and current efficiency curves of the β-CEZ and TC4 alloys are analyzed. The results show that, compared to the TC4 alloy, the passivation film structure is denser and the charge transfer resistance in the dissolution process is greater for the β-CEZ alloy. Moreover, the dissolved surface morphology of the two titanium-based alloys under different current densities are analyzed. Under low current densities, the β-CEZ alloy surface comprises dissolution pits and dissolved products, while the TC4 alloy surface comprises a porous honeycomb structure. Under high current densities, the surface waviness of both the alloys improves and the TC4 alloy surface is flatter and smoother than the β-CEZ alloy surface. Finally, the electrochemical dissolution models of β-CEZ and TC4 alloys are proposed.
Research Article
Microstructure and mechanical properties stability of pre-hardening treatment in Al–Cu alloys for pre-hardening forming process
Liping Tang, Pengfei Wei, Zhili Hu, and Qiu Pang
  Available online 12 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2758-7
[FullText HTML](101) [PDF 3624KB](9) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The stability of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the pre-hardened sheets during the pre-hardening forming (PHF) process directly determines the quality of the formed components. The microstructure stability of the pre-hardened sheets was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), while the mechanical properties and formability were analyzed through uniaxial tensile tests and formability tests. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of the pre-hardened alloys exhibited negligible changes after experiencing 1-month natural aging (NA). The deviations of ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and sheet formability (Erichsen value) are all less than 2%. Also, after different NA time (from 48 h to 1 month) is applied to alloys before pre-hardening treatment, the pre-hardened alloys possess stable microstructure and mechanical properties as well. Interestingly, with the extension of NA time before pre-hardening treatment from 48 h to 1 month, the contribution of NA to the pre-hardening treatment is limited. Only a yield strength increment of 20 MPa is achieved, with no loss in elongation. The limited enhancement is mainly attributed to the fact that only a limited number of clusters are transformed into Guinier-Preston (GP) zones at the early stage of pre-hardening treatment, and the formation of θ'' phase inhibits the nucleation and growth of GP zones as the precipitated phase evolves.
Research Article
Critical precipitation behavior of MnTe inclusions in resulfurized steels during solidification
Xiangyu Xu, Lu Zhang, Zifei Wang, Qianren Tian, Jianxun Fu, and Xuemin Wang
  Available online 12 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2757-8
[FullText HTML](216) [PDF 4119KB](8) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Te treatment is an effective method for modifying sulfide inclusions, and MnTe precipitation has an important effect on thermal brittleness and steel corrosion resistance. In most actual industrial applications of Te treatment, MnTe precipitation is unexpected. The critical precipitation behavior of MnTe inclusions was investigated through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, machine learning, and first-principles calculation. MnTe preferentially precipitated at the container mouth for sphere-like sulfides and at the interface between MnS grain boundaries and steel matrix for rod-like sulfides. The MnS/MnTe interface was semicoherent. A composition transition zone with a rock-salt structure exhibiting periodic changes existed to maintain the semicoherent interface. The critical precipitation behavior of MnTe inclusions in resulfurized steels involved three stages at varying temperatures. First, Mn(S,Te) precipitated during solidification. Second, MnTe with a rock-salt structure precipitated from Mn(S,Te). Third, MnTe with a hexagonal NiAs structure transformed from the rock-salt structure. The solubility of Te in MnS decreased with decreasing temperature. The critical precipitation behavior of MnTe inclusions in resulfurized steels was related to the MnS precipitation temperature. With the increase in MnS precipitation temperature, the critical Te/S weight ratio decreased. In consideration of the cost-effectiveness of Te addition for industrial production, the Te content in resulfurized steels should be controlled in accordance with MnS precipitation temperature and S content.
Research Article
New process for treating boron-bearing iron ore by flash reduction coupled with magnetic separation
Qipeng Bao, Lei Guo, Hong Yong Sohn, Haibin Zuo, Feng Liu, Yongliang Gao, and Zhancheng Guo
  Available online 29 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2756-9
[FullText HTML](285) [PDF 4699KB](20) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Boron is an important industrial raw material often sourced from minerals containing different compounds that cocrystallize, which makes it difficult to separate the mineral phases through conventional beneficiation. This study proposed a new treatment called flash reduction–melting separation (FRMS) for boron-bearing iron concentrates. In this method, the concentrates were first flash-reduced at the temperature under which the particles melt, and the slag and the reduced iron phases disengaged at the particle scale. Good reduction and melting effects were achieved above 1550°C. The B2O3 content in the separated slag was over 18wt%, and the B content in the iron was less than 0.03wt%. The proposed FRMS method was tested to investigate the effects of factors such as ore particle size and temperature on the reduction and melting steps with and without pre-reducing the raw concentrate. The mineral phase transformation and morphology evolution in the ore particles during FRMS were also comprehensively analyzed.
Research Article
Mechanism of microarc oxidation on AZ91D Mg alloy induced by β-Mg17Al12 phase
Dajun Zhai, Xiaoping Li, and Jun Shen
  Available online 28 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2752-0
[FullText HTML](70) [PDF 6188KB](8) SpringerLink
Abstract:
This work proposed a strategy of indirectly inducing uniform microarc discharge by controlling the content and distribution of β-Mg17Al12 phase in AZ91D Mg alloy. Two kinds of nano-particles (ZrO2 and TiO2) were designed to be added into the substrate of Mg alloy by friction stir processing (FSP). Then, Mg alloy sample designed with different precipitated morphology of β-Mg17Al12 phase was treated by microarc oxidation (MAO) in Na3PO4/Na2SiO3 electrolyte. The characteristics and performance of the MAO coating was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle meter, and potentiodynamic polarization. It was found that the coarse α-Mg grains in extruded AZ91D Mg alloy were refined by FSP, and the β-Mg17Al12 phase with reticular structure was broken and dispersed. The nano-ZrO2 particles were pinned at the grain boundary by FSP, which refined the α-Mg grain and promoted the precipitation of β-Mg17Al12 phase in grains. It effectively inhibited the “cascade” phenomenon of microarcs, which induced the uniform distribution of discharge pores. The MAO coating on Zr-FSP sample had good wettability and corrosion resistance. However, TiO2 particles were hardly detected in the coating on Ti-FSP sample.
Research Article
Flotation separation of scheelite from calcite using luteolin as a novel depressant
Xiaokang Li, Ying Zhang, Haiyang He, Yu Wu, Danyu Wu, and Zhenhao Guan
  Available online 28 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2755-x
[FullText HTML](136) [PDF 3852KB](5) SpringerLink
Abstract:
This paper proposes luteolin (LUT) as a novel depressant for the flotation-based separation of scheelite and calcite in a sodium oleate (NaOL) system. The suitability of LUT as a calcite depressant is confirmed through micro-flotation testing. At pH = 9, with LUT concentration of 50 mg·L–1 and NaOL concentration of 50 mg·L–1, scheelite recovery reaches 80.3%. Calcite, on the other hand, exhibits a recovery rate of 17.6%, indicating a significant difference in floatability between the two minerals. Subsequently, the surface modifications of scheelite and calcite following LUT treatment are characterized using adsorption capacity testing, Zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The study investigates the selective depressant mechanism of LUT on calcite. Adsorption capacity testing and Zeta potential analysis demonstrate substantial absorption of LUT on the surface of calcite, impeding the further adsorption of sodium oleate, while its impact on scheelite is minimal. FT-IR and XPS analyses reveal the selective adsorption of LUT onto the surface of calcite, forming strong chemisorption bonds between the hydroxyl group and calcium ions present. AFM directly illustrates the distinct adsorption densities of LUT on the two mineral types. Consequently, LUT can effectively serve as a depressant for calcite, enabling the successful separation of scheelite and calcite.
Invited Review
Review on the plastic instability of medium-Mn steels for identifying the formation mechanisms of Lüders and Portevin–Le Chatelier bands
Bin Hu, Han Sui, Qinghua Wen, Zheng Wang, Alexander Gramlich, and Haiwen Luo
  Available online 28 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2751-1
[FullText HTML](383) [PDF 4534KB](45) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Plastic instability, including both the discontinuous yielding and stress serrations, has been frequently observed during the tensile deformation of medium-Mn steels (MMnS) and has been intensively studied in recent years. Unfortunately, research results are controversial, and no consensus has been achieved regarding the topic. Here, we first summarize all the possible factors that affect the yielding and flow stress serrations in MMnS, including the morphology and stability of austenite, the feature of the phase interface, and the deformation parameters. Then, we propose a universal mechanism to explain the conflicting experimental results. We conclude that the discontinuous yielding can be attributed to the lack of mobile dislocation before deformation and the rapid dislocation multiplication at the beginning of plastic deformation. Meanwhile, the results show that the stress serrations are formed due to the pinning and depinning between dislocations and interstitial atoms in austenite. Strain-induced martensitic transformation, influenced by the mechanical stability of austenite grain and deformation parameters, should not be the intrinsic cause of plastic instability. However, it can intensify or weaken the discontinuous yielding and the stress serrations by affecting the mobility and density of dislocations, as well as the interaction between the interstitial atoms and dislocations in austenite grains.
Research Article
Porous TiFe2 intermetallic compound fabricated via elemental powder reactive synthesis
Qian Zhao, Zhenli He, Yuehui He, Yue Qiu, Zhonghe Wang, and Yao Jiang
  Available online 20 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2748-9
[FullText HTML](116) [PDF 4351KB](14) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Porous intermetallics show potential in the field of filtration and separation as well as in the field of catalysis. Herein, porous TiFe2 intermetallics were fabricated by the reactive synthesis of elemental powders. The phase transformation and pore formation of porous TiFe2 intermetallics were investigated, and its corrosion behavior and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance in alkali solution were studied. Porous TiFe2 intermetallics with porosity in the range of 34.4%–56.4% were synthesized by the diffusion reaction of Ti and Fe elements, and the pore formation of porous TiFe2 intermetallic compound is the result of a combination of the bridging effect and the Kirkendall effect. The porous TiFe2 samples exhibit better corrosion resistance compared with porous 316L stainless steel, which is related to the formation of uniform nanosheets on the surface that hinder further corrosion, and porous TiFe2 electrode shows the overpotential of 220.6 and 295.6 mV at 10 and 100 mA·cm−2, suggesting a good catalytic performance. The synthesized porous Fe-based intermetallic has a controllable pore structure as well as excellent corrosion resistance, showing its potential in the field of filtration and separation.
Research Article
Effects of conductive agent type on lithium extraction from salt lake brine with LiFePO4 electrodes
Zhen Zhang, Pan Luo, Yan Zhang, Yuhan Wang, Li Liao, Bo Yu, Mingshan Wang, Junchen Chen, Bingshu Guo, and Xing Li
  Available online 20 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2750-2
[FullText HTML](185) [PDF 3346KB](22) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Electrochemical lithium extraction from salt lakes is an effective strategy for obtaining lithium at a low cost. Nevertheless, the elevated Mg:Li ratio and the presence of numerous coexisting ions in salt lake brines give rise to challenges, such as prolonged lithium extraction periods, diminished lithium extraction efficiency, and considerable environmental pollution. In this work, LiFePO4 (LFP) served as the electrode material for electrochemical lithium extraction. The conductive network in the LFP electrode was optimized by adjusting the type of conductive agent. This approach resulted in high lithium extraction efficiency and extended cycle life. When the single conductive agent of acetylene black (AB) or multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was replaced with the mixed conductive agent of AB/MWCNTs, the average diffusion coefficient of Li+ in the electrode increased from 2.35 × 10−9 or 1.77 × 10−9 to 4.21 × 10−9 cm2·s−1. At the current density of 20 mA·g−1, the average lithium extraction capacity per gram of LFP electrode increased from 30.36 mg with the single conductive agent (AB) to 35.62 mg with the mixed conductive agent (AB/MWCNTs). When the mixed conductive agent was used, the capacity retention of the electrode after 30 cycles reached 82.9%, which was considerably higher than the capacity retention of 65.8% obtained when the single AB was utilized. Meanwhile, the electrode with mixed conductive agent of AB/MWCNTs provided good cycling performance. When the conductive agent content decreased or the loading capacity increased, the electrode containing the mixed conductive agent continued to show excellent electrochemical performance. Furthermore, a self-designed, highly efficient, continuous lithium extraction device was constructed. The electrode utilizing the AB/MWCNT mixed conductive agent maintained excellent adsorption capacity and cycling performance in this device. This work provides a new perspective for the electrochemical extraction of lithium using LFP electrodes.
Research Article
Exploring the potential of olivine-containing copper-nickel slag for carbon dioxide mineralization in cementitious materials
Qianqian Wang, Zequn Yao, Lijie Guo, and Xiaodong Shen
  Available online 13 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2743-1
[FullText HTML](178) [PDF 5763KB](19) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Water-quenched copper-nickel metallurgical slag enriched with olivine minerals exhibits promising potential for the production of CO2-mineralized cementitious materials. In this work, copper-nickel slag-based cementitious material (CNCM) was synthesized by using different chemical activation methods to enhance its hydration reactivity and CO2 mineralization capacity. Different water curing ages and carbonation conditions were explored related to their carbonation and mechanical properties development. Meanwhile, thermogravimetry differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction methods were applied to evaluate the CO2 adsorption amount and carbonation products of CNCM. Microstructure development of carbonated CNCM blocks was examined by backscattered electron imaging (BSE) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Results showed that among the studied samples, the CNCM sample that was subjected to water curing for 3 d exhibited the highest CO2 sequestration amount of 8.51wt% at 80°C and 72 h while presenting the compressive strength of 39.07 MPa. This result indicated that 1 t of this CNCM can sequester 85.1 kg of CO2 and exhibit high compressive strength. Although the addition of citric acid did not improve strength development, it was beneficial to increase the CO2 diffusion and adsorption amount under the same carbonation conditions from BSE results. This work provides guidance for synthesizing CO2-mineralized cementitious materials using large amounts of metallurgical slags containing olivine minerals.
Research Article
Enhancing performance of low-temperature processed CsPbI2Br all-inorganic perovskite solar cells using polyethylene oxide-modified TiO2
Xu Zhao, Naitao Gao, Shengcheng Wu, Shaozhen Li, and Sujuan Wu
  Available online 13 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2742-2
[FullText HTML](131) [PDF 2184KB](9) SpringerLink
Abstract:
CsPbX3-based (X = I, Br, Cl) inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) prepared by low-temperature process have attracted much attention because of their low cost and excellent thermal stability. However, the high trap state density and serious charge recombination between low-temperature processed TiO2 film and inorganic perovskite layer interface seriously restrict the performance of all-inorganic PSCs. Here a thin polyethylene oxide (PEO) layer is employed to modify TiO2 film to passivate traps and promote carrier collection. The impacts of PEO layer on microstructure and photoelectric characteristics of TiO2 film and related devices are systematically studied. Characterization results suggest that PEO modification can reduce the surface roughness of TiO2 film, decrease its average surface potential, and passivate trap states. At optimal conditions, the champion efficiency of CsPbI2Br PSCs with PEO-modified TiO2 (PEO-PSCs) has been improved to 11.24% from 9.03% of reference PSCs. Moreover, the hysteresis behavior and charge recombination have been suppressed in PEO-PSCs.
Invited Review
Extraction and recycling technologies of cobalt from primary and secondary resources: A comprehensive review
Yukun Huang, Pengxu Chen, Xuanzhao Shu, Biao Fu, Weijun Peng, Jiang Liu, Yijun Cao, and Xiaofeng Zhu
  Available online 9 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2734-2
[FullText HTML](195) [PDF 3395KB](29) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Cobalt has excellent electrochemical, magnetic, and heat properties. As a strategic resource, it has been applied in many high-tech products. However, the recent rapid growth of the battery industry has substantially depleted cobalt resources, leading to a crisis of cobalt resource supply. The paper examines cobalt ore reserves and distribution, and the recent development and consumption of cobalt resources are summarized as well. In addition, the principles, advantages and disadvantages, and research status of various methods are discussed comprehensively. It can be concluded that the use of diverse sources (Cu–Co ores, Ni–Co ores, zinc plant residues, and waste cobalt products) for cobalt production should be enhanced to meet developmental requirements. Furthermore, in recovery technology, the pyro-hydrometallurgical process employs pyrometallurgy as the pretreatment to modify the phase structure of cobalt minerals, enhancing its recovery in the hydrometallurgical stage and facilitating high-purity cobalt production. Consequently, it represents a promising technology for future cobalt recovery. Lastly, based on the above conclusions, the prospects for cobalt are assessed regarding cobalt ore processing and sustainable cobalt recycling, for which further study should be conducted.
Research Article
Diffusion and reaction mechanism of limestone and quartz in fluxed iron ore pellet roasting process
Yufeng Guo, Jinlai Zhang, Shuai Wang, Jianjun Fan, Haokun Li, Feng Chen, Kuo Liu, and Lingzhi Yang
  Available online 9 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2739-x
[FullText HTML](153) [PDF 12111KB](14) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The increase to the proportion of fluxed pellets in the blast furnace burden is a useful way to reduce the carbon emissions in the ironmaking process. In this study, the interaction between calcium carbonate and iron ore powder and the mineralization mechanism of fluxed iron ore pellet in the roasting process were investigated through diffusion couple experiments. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to study the elements’ diffusion and phase transformation during the roasting process. The results indicated that limestone decomposed into calcium oxide, and magnetite was oxidized to hematite at the early stage of preheating. With the increase in roasting temperature, the diffusion rate of Fe and Ca was obviously accelerated, while the diffusion rate of Si was relatively slow. The order of magnitude of interdiffusion coefficient of Fe2O3–CaO diffusion couple was 10−10 m2·s−1 at a roasting temperature of 1200°C for 9 h. Ca2Fe2O5 was the initial product in the Fe2O3–CaO–SiO2 diffusion interface, and then Ca2Fe2O5 continued to react with Fe2O3 to form CaFe2O4. With the expansion of the diffusion region, the sillico-ferrite of calcium liquid phase was produced due to the melting of SiO2 into CaFe2O4, which can strengthen the consolidation of fluxed pellets. Furthermore, andradite would be formed around a small part of quartz particles, which is also conducive to the consolidation of fluxed pellets. In addition, the principle diagram of limestone and quartz diffusion reaction in the process of fluxed pellet roasting was discussed.
Research Article
Selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using sulfuric acid and oxalic acid
Haijun Yu, Dongxing Wang, Shuai Rao, Lijuan Duan, Cairu Shao, Xiaohui Tu, Zhiyuan Ma, Hongyang Cao, and Zhiqiang Liu
  Available online 9 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2741-3
[FullText HTML](143) [PDF 2177KB](13) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Traditional hydrometallurgical methods for recovering spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) involve acid leaching to simultaneously extract all valuable metals into the leachate. These methods usually are followed by a series of separation steps such as precipitation, extraction, and stripping to separate the individual valuable metals. In this study, we present a process for selectively leaching lithium through the synergistic effect of sulfuric and oxalic acids. Under optimal leaching conditions (leaching time of 1.5 h, leaching temperature of 70°C, liquid–solid ratio of 4 mL/g, oxalic acid ratio of 1.3, and sulfuric acid ratio of 1.3), the lithium leaching efficiency reached 89.6%, and the leaching efficiencies of Ni, Co, and Mn were 12.8%, 6.5%, and 21.7%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) analyses showed that most of the Ni, Co, and Mn in the raw material remained as solid residue oxides and oxalates. This study offers a new approach to enriching the relevant theory for selectively recovering lithium from spent LIBs.
Research Article
Recovery of Li, Ni, Co and Mn from spent lithium-ion batteries assisted by organic acids: Process optimization and leaching mechanism
Liuyi Ren, Bo liu, Shenxu Bao, Wei Ding, Yimin Zhang, Xiaochuan Hou, Chao Lin, and Bo Chen
  Available online 9 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2735-1
[FullText HTML](189) [PDF 4122KB](22) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The proper recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can promote the recovery and utilization of valuable resources, while also negative environmental effects resulting from the presence of toxic and hazardous substances. In this study, a new environmentally friendly hydro-metallurgical process was proposed for leaching lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn) from spent LIBs using sulfuric acid with citric acid as a reductant. The effects of the concentration of sulfuric acid, the leaching temperature, the leaching time, the solid–liquid ratio, and the reducing agent dosage on the leaching behavior of the above elements were investigated. Key parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize the recovery of metals from spent LIBs. The maximum recovery efficiencies of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn can reach 99.08%, 98.76%, 98.33%, and 97.63%. under the optimized conditions (the sulfuric acid concentration was 1.16 mol/L, the citric acid dosage was 15wt%, the solid–liquid ratio was 40 g/L, and the temperature was 83°C for 120 min), respectively. It was found that in the collaborative leaching process of sulfuric acid and citric acid, the citric acid initially provided strong reducing \begin{document}$ {\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}^{\text{·}-} $\end{document}, and the transition metal ions in the high state underwent a reduction reaction to produce transition metal ions in the low state. Additionally, citric acid can also act as a proton donor and chelate with lower-priced transition metal ions, thus speeding up the dissolution process.
Research Article
A functionalized activated carbon adsorbent prepared from waste amidoxime resin by modifying with H3PO4 and ZnCl2 and its excellent Cr(VI) adsorption
Chunlin He, Yun Liu, Mingwei Qi, Zunzhang Liu, Yuezhou Wei, Toyohisa Fujita, Guifang Wang, Shaojian Ma, and Wenchao Yang
  Available online 9 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2737-z
[FullText HTML](180) [PDF 3455KB](11) SpringerLink
Abstract:
With the application of resins in various fields, numerous waste resins that are difficult to treat have been produced. The industrial wastewater containing Cr(VI) has severely polluted soil and groundwater environments, thereby endangering human health. Therefore, in this paper, a novel functionalized mesoporous adsorbent PPR-Z was synthesized from waste amidoxime resin for adsorbing Cr(VI). The waste amidoxime resin was first modified with H3PO4 and ZnCl2, and subsequently, it was carbonized through slow thermal decomposition. The static adsorption of PPR-Z conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, indicating that the Cr(VI) adsorption by PPR-Z is mostly chemical adsorption and exhibits single-layer adsorption. The saturated adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for Cr(VI) could reach 255.86 mg/g. The adsorbent could effectively reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and decrease the toxicity of Cr(VI) during adsorption. PPR-Z exhibited Cr(VI) selectivity in electroplating wastewater. The main mechanisms involved in the Cr(VI) adsorption are the chemical reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) and electrostatic and coordination interactions. Preparation of PPR-Z not only solves the problem of waste resin treatment but also effectively controls Cr(VI) pollution and realizes the concept of “treating waste with waste.”
Research Article
Prediction of lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in BOF steelmaking based on online sequential extreme learning machine with forgetting mechanism
Runhao Zhang, Jian Yang, Han Sun, and Wenkui Yang
  Available online 25 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2732-4
[FullText HTML](143) [PDF 2975KB](22) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The machine learning models of multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), and extreme learning machine (ELM) and the proposed ELM models of online sequential ELM (OS-ELM) and OS-ELM with forgetting mechanism (FOS-ELM) are applied in the prediction of the lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in the basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process. The ELM model exhibites the best performance compared with the models of MLR and SVR. OS-ELM and FOS-ELM are applied for sequential learning and model updating. The optimal number of samples in validity term of the FOS-ELM model is determined to be 1500, with the smallest population mean absolute relative error (MARE) value of 0.058226 for the population. The variable importance analysis reveals lime weight, initial P content, and hot metal weight as the most important variables for the lime utilization ratio. The lime utilization ratio increases with the decrease in lime weight and the increases in the initial P content and hot metal weight. A prediction system based on FOS-ELM is applied in actual industrial production for one month. The hit ratios of the predicted lime utilization ratio in the error ranges of ±1%, ±3%, and ±5% are 61.16%, 90.63%, and 94.11%, respectively. The coefficient of determination, MARE, and root mean square error are 0.8670, 0.06823, and 1.4265, respectively. The system exhibits desirable performance for applications in actual industrial production.
Research Article
Enhanced recovery of high-purity Fe powder from iron-rich electrolytic manganese residue by slurry electrolysis
Wenxing Cao, Jiancheng Shu, Jiaming Chen, Zihan Li, Songshan Zhou, Shushu Liao, Mengjun Chen, and Yong Yang
  Available online 18 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2729-z
[FullText HTML](292) [PDF 2704KB](26) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Iron-rich electrolytic manganese residue (IREMR) is an industrial waste produced during the processing of electrolytic metal manganese, and it contains certain amounts of Fe and Mn resources and other heavy metals. In this study, the slurry electrolysis technique was used to recover high-purity Fe powder from IREMR. The effects of IREMR and H2SO4 mass ratio, current density, reaction temperature, and electrolytic time on the leaching and current efficiencies of Fe were studied. According to the results, high-purity Fe powder can be recovered from the cathode plate, and the slurry electrolyte can be recycled. The leaching efficiency, current efficiency, and purity of Fe reached 92.58%, 80.65%, and 98.72wt%, respectively, at a 1:2.5 mass ratio of H2SO4 and IREMR, reaction temperature of 60°C, electric current density of 30 mA/cm2, and reaction time of 8 h. In addition, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis showed that the coercivity of electrolytic iron powder was 54.5 A/m, which reached the advanced magnetic grade of electrical pure-iron powder (DT4A coercivity standard). The slurry electrolytic method provides fundamental support for the industrial application of Fe resource recovery in IRMER.
Research Article
Constructing Al@C–Sn pellet anode without passivation layer for lithium-ion battery
Kangzhe Cao, Sitian Wang, Yanan He, Jiahui Ma, Ziwei Yue, and Huiqiao Liu
  Available online 10 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2720-8
[FullText HTML](164) [PDF 2906KB](15) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Al is considered as a promising lithium-ion battery (LIBs) anode materials owing to its high theoretical capacity and appropriate lithation/de-lithation potential. Unfortunately, its inevitable volume expansion causes the electrode structure instability, leading to poor cyclic stability. What’s worse, the natural Al2O3 layer on commercial Al pellets is always existed as a robust insulating barrier for electrons, which brings the voltage dip and results in low reversible capacity. Herein, this work synthesized core–shell Al@C–Sn pellets for LIBs by a plus-minus strategy. In this proposal, the natural Al2O3 passivation layer is eliminated when annealing the pre-introduced SnCl2, meanwhile, polydopamine-derived carbon is introduced as dual functional shell to liberate the fresh Al core from re-oxidization and alleviate the volume swellings. Benefiting from the addition of C–Sn shell and the elimination of the Al2O3 passivation layer, the as-prepared Al@C–Sn pellet electrode exhibits little voltage dip and delivers a reversible capacity of 1018.7 mAh·g–1 at 0.1 A·g–1 and 295.0 mAh·g–1 at 2.0 A·g–1 (after 1000 cycles), respectively. Moreover, its diffusion-controlled capacity is muchly improved compared to those of its counterparts, confirming the well-designed nanostructure contributes to the rapid Li-ion diffusion and further enhances the lithium storage activity.
Research Article
Establishment of NaLuF4:15%Tb-based low dose X-PDT agent and its application on efficient antitumor therapy
Yi Tian, Zhiguang Fu, Xiaosheng Zhu, Chunjing Zhan, Jinwei Hu, Li Fan, Chaojun Song, Qian Yang, Yu Wang, and Mei Shi
  Available online 10 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2717-3
[FullText HTML](196) [PDF 3624KB](23) SpringerLink
Abstract:
X-ray excited photodynamic therapy (X-PDT) is the bravo answer of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for deep-seated tumors, as it employs X-ray as the irradiation source to overcome the limitation of light penetration depth. However, high X-ray irradiation dose caused organ lesions and side effects became the major barrier to X-PDT application. To address this issue, this work employed a classical co-precipitation reaction to synthesize NaLuF4:15%Tb3+ (NLF) with an average particle size of (23.48 ± 0.91) nm, which was then coupled with the photosensitizer merocyanine 540 (MC540) to form the X-PDT system NLF-MC540 with high production of singlet oxygen. The system could induce antitumor efficacy to about 24% in relative low dose X-ray irradiation range (0.1–0.3 Gy). In vivo, when NLF-MC540 irradiated by 0.1 Gy X-ray, the tumor inhibition percentage reached 89.5% ± 5.7%. The therapeutic mechanism of low dose X-PDT was found. A significant increase of neutrophils in serum was found on the third day after X-PDT. By immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections, the Ly6G+, CD8+, and CD11c+ cells infiltrated in the tumor microenvironment were studied. Utilizing the bilateral tumor model, the NLF-MC540 with 0.1 Gy X-ray irradiation could inhibit both the primary tumor and the distant tumor growth. Detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ElISA), two cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in serum were upregulated 7 times and 6 times than negative control, respectively. Detected by enzyme linked immune spot assay (ElISPOT), the number of immune cells attributable to the IFN-γ and TNF-α levels in the group of low dose X-PDT were 14 times and 6 times greater than that in the negative control group, respectively. Thus, it conclude that low dose X-PDT system could successfully upregulate the levels of immune cells, stimulate the secretion of cytokines (especially IFN-γ and TNF-α), activate antitumor immunity, and finally inhibit colon tumor growth.
Research Article
High-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite all-pellet integrated burden optimization and softening–melting behavior based on flux pellets
Bojian Chen, Tao Jiang, Jing Wen, Guangdong Yang, Tangxia Yu, Fengxiang Zhu, and Peng Hu
  Available online 10 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2719-1
[FullText HTML](121) [PDF 5890KB](18) SpringerLink
Abstract:
High-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite (HVTM) is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed. The all-pellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future. By referencing the production data of vanadium–titanium magnetite blast furnaces, this study explored the softening–melting behavior of high-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite and obtained the optimal integrated burden based on flux pellets. The results show that the burden with a composition of 70wt% flux pellets and 30wt% acid pellets exhibits the best softening–melting properties. In comparison to that of the single burden, the softening–melting characteristic temperature of this burden composition was higher. The melting interval first increased from 307 to 362°C and then decreased to 282°C. The maximum pressure drop (ΔPmax) decreased from 26.76 to 19.01 kPa. The permeability index (S) dropped from 4643.5 to 2446.8 kPa·°C. The softening–melting properties of the integrated burden were apparently improved. The acid pellets played a role in withstanding load during the softening process. The flux pellets in the integrated burden exhibited a higher slag melting point, which increased the melting temperature during the melting process. The slag homogeneity and the TiC produced by over-reduction led to the gas permeability deterioration of the single burden. The segregation of the flux and acid pellets in the HVTM proportion and basicity mainly led to the better softening–melting properties of the integrated burden.
Research Article
Facile synthesis of composite polyferric magnesium–silicate–sulfate coagulant with enhanced performance in water and wastewater
Xiangtao Huo, Rongxia Chai, Lizheng Gou, Mei Zhang, and Min Guo
  Available online 13 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2704-8
[FullText HTML](103) [PDF 3632KB](3) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The coagulation process is a widely applied technology in water and wastewater treatment. Novel composite polyferric magnesium–silicate–sulfate (PFMS) coagulants were synthesized using Na2SiO3·9H2O, Fe2(SO4)3, and MgSO4 as raw materials in this paper. The effects of aging time, Fe:Si:Mg, and OH:M molar ratios (M represents the metal ions) on the coagulation performance of the as-prepared PFMS were systematically investigated to obtain optimum coagulants. The results showed that PFMS coagulant exhibited good coagulation properties in the treatment of simulated humic acid–kaolin surface water and reactive dye wastewater. When the molar ratios were controlled at Fe:Si:Mg = 2:2:1 and OH:M = 0.32, the obtained PFMS presented excellent stability and a high coagulation efficiency. The removal efficiency of ultraviolet UV254 was 99.81%, and the residual turbidity of the surface water reached 0.56 NTU at a dosage of 30 mg·L–1. After standing the coagulant for 120 d in the laboratory, the removal efficiency of UV254 and residual turbidity of the surface water were 88.12% and 0.68 NTU, respectively, which accord with the surface water treatment requirements. In addition, the coagulation performance in the treatment of reactive dye wastewater was greatly improved by combining the advantages of magnesium and iron salts. Compared with polyferric silicate–sulfate (PFS) and polymagnesium silicate–sulfate (PMS), the PFMS coagulant played a better decolorization role within the pH range of 7–13.
Research Article
Role of tannin pretreatment in flotation separation of magnesite and dolomite
Xiufeng Gong, Jin Yao, J un Guo, Bin Yang, Haoran Sun, Wanzhong Yin, Yulian Wang, and Yafeng Fu
  Available online 13 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2708-4
[FullText HTML](171) [PDF 2461KB](6) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Flotation separation of magnesite and its calcium-containing carbonate minerals is a difficult problem. Recently, new regulators have been proposed for magnesite flotation decalcification, although traditional adjusters such as tannin, water glass, sodium carbonate, and sodium hexametaphosphate are more widely used in industry. However, they are rarely used as the main regulators in research because they perform poorly in magnesite and dolomite single-mineral flotation tests. Inspired by the limonite pre-desilting method and the addition of a modifier to magnesite slurry mixing, we used a tannin pretreatment method for separating magnesite and dolomite. Microflotation experiments confirmed that the tannin pretreatment method selectively and largely reduces the flotation recovery rate of dolomite without affecting the flotation recovery rate of magnesite. Moreover, the contact angles of the tannin-pretreated magnesite and dolomite increased and decreased, respectively, in the presence of NaOl. Zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared analyses showed that the tannin pretreatment method efficiently hinders NaOl adsorption on the dolomite surface but does not affect NaOl adsorption on the magnesite surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations confirmed that tannin interacts more strongly with dolomite than with magnesite.
Research Article
Preparation of high-purity fluorite and nanoscale calcium carbonate from low-grade fluorite
Qianqian Lu, Haisheng Han, Wenjuan Sun, Xingfei Zhang, Weiwei Wang, Bilan Zhang, Wensheng Chen, and Qin Zou
  Available online 30 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2697-3
[FullText HTML](152) [PDF 2939KB](19) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Flotation separation of calcite from fluorite is a challenge on low-grade fluorite flotation that limits the recovery and purity of fluorite concentrate. A new acid leaching–flotation process for fluorite is proposed in this work. This innovative process raised the fluorite’s grade to 97.26% while producing nanoscale calcium carbonate from its leachate, which contained plenty of calcium ions. On the production of nanoscale calcium carbonate, the impacts of concentration, temperature, and titration rate were examined. By modifying the process conditions and utilizing crystal conditioning agents, calcite-type and amorphous calcium carbonates with corresponding particle sizes of 1.823 and 1.511 μm were produced. The influence of the impurity ions Mn2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ was demonstrated to reduce the particle size of nanoscale calcium carbonate and make crystal shape easier to manage in the fluorite leach solution system compared with the calcium chloride solution. The combination of the acid leaching–flotation process and the nanoscale calcium carbonate preparation method improved the grade of fluorite while recovering calcite resources, thus presenting a novel idea for the effective and clean usage of low-quality fluorite resources with embedded microfine particles.
Display Method:
Invited Review
Structural properties of residual carbon in coal gasification fine slag and their influence on flotation separation and resource utilization: A review
Rui Han, Anning Zhou, Ningning Zhang, Kaiqiang Guo, Mengyan Cheng, Heng Chen, and Cuicui Li
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2753-z
[FullText HTML](462) [PDF 2381KB](59) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Coal gasification fine slag (FS) is a typical solid waste generated in coal gasification. Its current disposal methods of stockpiling and landfilling have caused serious soil and ecological hazards. Separation recovery and the high-value utilization of residual carbon (RC) in FS are the keys to realizing the win-win situation of the coal chemical industry in terms of economic and environmental benefits. The structural properties, such as pore, surface functional group, and microcrystalline structures, of RC in FS (FS-RC) not only affect the flotation recovery efficiency of FS-RC but also form the basis for the high-value utilization of FS-RC. In this paper, the characteristics of FS-RC in terms of pore structure, surface functional groups, and microcrystalline structure are sorted out in accordance with gasification type and FS particle size. The reasons for the formation of the special structural properties of FS-RC are analyzed, and their influence on the flotation separation and high-value utilization of FS-RC is summarized. Separation methods based on the pore structural characteristics of FS-RC, such as ultrasonic pretreatment–pore-blocking flotation and pore breaking–flocculation flotation, are proposed to be the key development technologies for improving FS-RC recovery in the future. The design of low-cost, low-dose collectors containing polar bonds based on the surface and microcrystalline structures of FS-RC is proposed to be an important breakthrough point for strengthening the flotation efficiency of FS-RC in the future. The high-value utilization of FS should be based on the physicochemical structural properties of FS-RC and should focus on the environmental impact of hazardous elements and the recyclability of chemical waste liquid to establish an environmentally friendly utilization method. This review is of great theoretical importance for the comprehensive understanding of the unique structural properties of FS-RC, the breakthrough of the technological bottleneck in the efficient flotation separation of FS, and the expansion of the field of the high value-added utilization of FS-RC.
Invited Review
Recent progress on Sn3O4 nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications
Xin Yu, Congcong Li, Jian Zhang, Lili Zhao, Jinbo Pang, and Longhua Ding
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2761-z
[FullText HTML](277) [PDF 3923KB](29) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Tin(IV) oxide (Sn3O4) is layered tin and exhibits mixed valence states. It has emerged as a highly promising visible-light photocatalyst, attracting considerable attention. This comprehensive review is aimed at providing a detailed overview of the latest advancements in research, applications, advantages, and challenges associated with Sn3O4 photocatalytic nanomaterials. The fundamental concepts and principles of Sn3O4 are introduced. Sn3O4 possesses a unique crystal structure and optoelectronic properties that allow it to absorb visible light efficiently and generate photoexcited charge carriers that drive photocatalytic reactions. Subsequently, strategies for the control and improved performance of Sn3O4 photocatalytic nanomaterials are discussed. Morphology control, ion doping, and heterostructure construction are widely employed in the optimization of the photocatalytic performance of Sn3O4 materials. The effective implementation of these strategies improves the photocatalytic activity and stability of Sn3O4 nanomaterials. Furthermore, the review explores the diverse applications of Sn3O4 photocatalytic nanomaterials in various fields, such as photocatalytic degradation, photocatalytic hydrogen production, photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, solar cells, photocatalytic sterilization, and optoelectronic sensors. The discussion focuses on the potential of Sn3O4-based nanomaterials in these applications, highlighting their unique attributes and functionalities. Finally, the review provides an outlook on the future development directions in the field and offers guidance for the exploration and development of novel and efficient Sn3O4-based nanomaterials. Through the identification of emerging research areas and potential avenues for improvement, this review aims to stimulate further advancements in Sn3O4-based photocatalysis and facilitate the translation of this promising technology into practical applications.
Invited Review
Progress in the research on organic piezoelectric catalysts for dye decomposition
Zhaoning Yang, Xiaoxin Shu, Di Guo, Jing Wang, Hui Bian, and Yanmin Jia
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2773-8
[FullText HTML](452) [PDF 2394KB](14) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Organic contaminants have posed a direct and substantial risk to human wellness and the environment. In recent years, piezoelectric catalysis has evolved as a novel and effective method for decomposing these contaminants. Although piezoelectric materials offer a wide range of options, most related studies thus far have focused on inorganic materials and have paid little attention to organic materials. Organic materials have advantages, such as being lightweight, inexpensive, and easy to process, over inorganic materials. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the progress made in the research on piezoelectric catalysis using organic materials, highlighting their catalytic efficiency in addressing various pollutants. In addition, the applications of organic materials in piezoelectric catalysis for water decomposition to produce hydrogen, disinfect bacteria, treat tumors, and reduce carbon dioxide are presented. Finally, future developmental trends regarding the piezoelectric catalytic potential of organic materials are explored.
Research Article
Ferric ion-triggered surface oxidation of galena for efficient chalcopyrite–galena separation
Qiancheng Zhang, Limin Zhang, Feng Jiang, Honghu Tang, Li Wang, and Wei Sun
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 261-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2674-x
[FullText HTML](331) [PDF 2631KB](31) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The efficient separation of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and galena (PbS) is essential for optimal resource utilization. However, finding a selective depressant that is environmentally friendly and cost effective remains a challenge. Through various techniques, such as microflotation tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy measurements, this study explored the use of ferric ions (Fe3+) as a selective depressant for galena. The results of flotation tests revealed the impressive selective inhibition capabilities of Fe3+ when used alone. Surface analysis showed that Fe3+ significantly reduced the adsorption of isopropyl ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC) on the galena surface while having a minimal impact on chalcopyrite. Further analysis using SEM, XPS, and Raman spectra revealed that Fe3+ can oxidize lead sulfide to form compact lead sulfate nanoparticles on the galena surface, effectively depressing IPETC adsorption and increasing surface hydrophilicity. These findings provide a promising solution for the efficient and environmentally responsible separation of chalcopyrite and galena.
Research Article
Cross-upgrading of biomass hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis for high quality blast furnace injection fuel production: Physicochemical characteristics and gasification kinetics analysis
Han Dang, Runsheng Xu, Jianliang Zhang, Mingyong Wang, and Jinhua Li
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 268-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2728-0
[FullText HTML](325) [PDF 3077KB](39) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The paper proposes a biomass cross-upgrading process that combines hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis to produce high-quality blast furnace injection fuel. The results showed that after upgrading, the volatile content of biochar ranged from 16.19% to 45.35%, and the alkali metal content, ash content, and specific surface area were significantly reduced. The optimal route for biochar production is hydrothermal carbonization–pyrolysis (P-HC), resulting in biochar with a higher calorific value, C=C structure, and increased graphitization degree. The apparent activation energy (E) of the sample ranges from 199.1 to 324.8 kJ/mol, with P-HC having an E of 277.8 kJ/mol, lower than that of raw biomass, primary biochar, and anthracite. This makes P-HC more suitable for blast furnace injection fuel. Additionally, the paper proposes a path for P-HC injection in blast furnaces and calculates potential environmental benefits. P-HC offers the highest potential for carbon emission reduction, capable of reducing emissions by 96.04 kg/t when replacing 40wt% coal injection.
Research Article
Effect of titanium on the sticking of pellets based on hydrogen metallurgy shaft furnace: Behavior analysis and mechanism evolution
Jinge Feng, Jue Tang, Zichuan Zhao, Mansheng Chu, Aijun Zheng, Xiaobing Li, and Xiao’ai Wang
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 282-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2730-6
[FullText HTML](243) [PDF 11945KB](14) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Direct reduction based on hydrogen metallurgical gas-based shaft furnace is a promising technology for the efficient and low-carbon smelting of vanadium–titanium magnetite. However, in this process, the sticking of pellets occurs due to the aggregation of metallic iron between the contact surfaces of adjacent pellets and has a serious negative effect on the continuous operation. This paper presents a detailed experimental study of the effect of TiO2 on the sticking behavior of pellets during direct reduction under different conditions. Results showed that the sticking index (SI) decreased linearly with the increasing TiO2 addition. This phenomenon can be attributed to the increase in unreduced FeTiO3 during reduction, leading to a decrease in the number and strength of metallic iron interconnections at the sticking interface. When the TiO2 addition amount was raised from 0 to 15wt% at 1100°C, the SI also increased from 0.71% to 59.91%. The connection of the slag phase could be attributed to the sticking at a low reduction temperature, corresponding to the low sticking strength. Moreover, the interconnection of metallic iron became the dominant factor, and the SI increased sharply with the increase in reduction temperature. TiO2 had a greater effect on SI at a high reduction temperature than at a low reduction temperature.
Research Article
Effects of iron oxide on crystallization behavior and spatial distribution of spinel in stainless steel slag
Zihang Yan, Qing Zhao, Chengzhi Han, Xiaohui Mei, Chengjun Liu, and Maofa Jiang
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 292-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2713-7
[FullText HTML](182) [PDF 3421KB](33) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Chromium plays a vital role in stainless steel due to its ability to improve the corrosion resistance of the latter. However, the release of chromium from stainless steel slag (SSS) during SSS stockpiling causes detrimental environmental issues. To prevent chromium pollution, the effects of iron oxide on crystallization behavior and spatial distribution of spinel were investigated in this work. The results revealed that FeO was more conducive to the growth of spinels compared with Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Spinels were found to be mainly distributed at the top and bottom of slag. The amount of spinel phase at the bottom decreased with the increasing FeO content, while that at the top increased. The average particle size of spinel in the slag with 18wt% FeO content was 12.8 µm. Meanwhile, no notable structural changes were observed with a further increase in FeO content. In other words, the spatial distribution of spinel changed when the content of iron oxide varied in the range of 8wt% to 18wt%. Finally, less spinel was found at the bottom of slag with a FeO content of 23wt%.
Research Article
Numerical investigation of sinusoidal pulsating gas intake to intensify the gas–slag momentum transfer in the top-blown smelting furnace
Zhanghao Wan, Shiliang Yang, Desong Kong, Dongbo Li, Jianhang Hu, and Hua Wang
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 301-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2705-7
[FullText HTML](177) [PDF 5331KB](26) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The variation characteristics of bubble morphology and the thermal-physical properties of bubble boundary in the top-blown smelting furnace were explored by means of the computational fluid dynamics method. The essential aspects of the fluid phase (e.g., splashing volume, dead zone of copper slag, and gas penetration depth) were explored together with the effect of sinusoidal pulsating gas intake on the momentum-transfer performance between phases. The results illustrated that two relatively larger vortices and two smaller vortices appear in the bubble waist and below the lance, respectively. The expansion of larger ones as well as the shrinking of smaller ones combine to cause the contraction of the bubble waist. Compared to the results of the case with a fixed gas injection velocity (Vg = 58 m/s), the splashing volume and dead zone volume of the slag under the Vg = 58 + 10sin(2πt) condition are reduced by 24.9% and 23.5%, respectively, where t represents the instant time. Gas penetration depth and slag motion velocity of the latter are 1.03 and 1.31 times higher than those of the former, respectively.
Research Article
Preferentially selective extraction of lithium from spent LiCoO2 cathodes by medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting
Daixiang Wei, Wei Wang, Longjin Jiang, Zhidong Chang, Hualei Zhou, Bin Dong, Dekun Gao, Minghui Zhang, and Chaofan Wu
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 315-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2698-2
[FullText HTML](220) [PDF 2082KB](26) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted extensive attention due to the skyrocketing price of lithium. The medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting was proposed to preferential selective extraction of lithium from spent LiCoO2 (LCO) cathodes to overcome the incomplete recovery and loss of lithium during the recycling process. The LCO layered structure was destroyed and lithium was completely converted into water-soluble Li2CO3 under a suitable temperature to control the reduced state of the cobalt oxide. The Co metal agglomerates generated during medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting were broken by wet grinding and ultrasonic crushing to release the entrained lithium. The results showed that 99.10% of the whole lithium could be recovered as Li2CO3 with a purity of 99.55%. This work provided a new perspective on the preferentially selective extraction of lithium from spent lithium batteries.
Research Article
Flow characteristics and hot workability of a typical low-alloy high-strength steel during multi-pass deformation
Mingjie Zhao, Lihong Jiang, Changmin Li, Liang Huang, Chaoyuan Sun, Jianjun Li, and Zhenghua Guo
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 323-336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2736-0
[FullText HTML](193) [PDF 4150KB](11) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Heavy components of low-alloy high-strength (LAHS) steels are generally formed by multi-pass forging. It is necessary to explore the flow characteristics and hot workability of LAHS steels during the multi-pass forging process, which is beneficial to the formulation of actual processing parameters. In the study, the multi-pass hot compression experiments of a typical LAHS steel are carried out at a wide range of deformation temperatures and strain rates. It is found that the work hardening rate of the experimental material depends on deformation parameters and deformation passes, which is ascribed to the impacts of static and dynamic softening behaviors. A new model is established to describe the flow characteristics at various deformation passes. Compared to the classical Arrhenius model and modified Zerilli and Armstrong model, the newly proposed model shows higher prediction accuracy with a confidence level of 0.98565. Furthermore, the connection between power dissipation efficiency (PDE) and deformation parameters is revealed by analyzing the microstructures. The PDE cannot be utilized to reflect the efficiency of energy dissipation for microstructure evolution during the entire deformation process, but only to assess the efficiency of energy dissipation for microstructure evolution in a specific deformation parameter state. As a result, an integrated processing map is proposed to better study the hot workability of the LAHS steel, which considers the effects of instability factor (IF), PDE, and distribution and size of grains. The optimized processing parameters for the multi-pass deformation process are the deformation parameters of 1223–1318 K and 0.01–0.08 s−1. Complete dynamic recrystallization occurs within the optimized processing parameters with an average grain size of 18.36–42.3 μm. This study will guide the optimization of the forging process of heavy components.
Research Article
Prediction model for corrosion rate of low-alloy steels under atmospheric conditions using machine learning algorithms
Jingou Kuang and Zhilin Long
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2679-5
[FullText HTML](340) [PDF 2240KB](57) SpringerLink
Abstract:
This work constructed a machine learning (ML) model to predict the atmospheric corrosion rate of low-alloy steels (LAS). The material properties of LAS, environmental factors, and exposure time were used as the input, while the corrosion rate as the output. 6 different ML algorithms were used to construct the proposed model. Through optimization and filtering, the eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model exhibited good corrosion rate prediction accuracy. The features of material properties were then transformed into atomic and physical features using the proposed property transformation approach, and the dominant descriptors that affected the corrosion rate were filtered using the recursive feature elimination (RFE) as well as XGBoost methods. The established ML models exhibited better prediction performance and generalization ability via property transformation descriptors. In addition, the SHapley additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was applied to analyze the relationship between the descriptors and corrosion rate. The results showed that the property transformation model could effectively help with analyzing the corrosion behavior, thereby significantly improving the generalization ability of corrosion rate prediction models.
Research Article
Effect of Ti and Ta content on the oxidation resistance of Co–Ni-based superalloys
Yuheng Zhang, Zixin Li, Yunwei Gui, Huadong Fu, and Jianxin Xie
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 351-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2733-3
[FullText HTML](281) [PDF 7983KB](44) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Co–Ni-based superalloys are known for their capability to function at elevated temperatures and superior hot corrosion and thermal fatigue resistance. Therefore, these alloys show potential as crucial high-temperature structural materials for aeroengine and gas turbine hot-end components. Our previous work elucidated the influence of Ti and Ta on the high-temperature mechanical properties of alloys. However, the intricate interaction among elements considerably affects the oxidation resistance of alloys. In this paper, Co–35Ni–10Al–2W–5Cr–2Mo–1Nb–xTi–(5−x)Ta alloys (x = 1, 2, 3, 4) with varying Ti and Ta contents were designed and compounded, and their oxidation resistance was investigated at the temperature range from 800 to 1000°C. After oxidation at three test conditions, namely, 800°C for 200 h, 900°C for 200 h, and 1000°C for 50 h, the main structure of the oxide layer of the alloy consisted of spinel, Cr2O3, and Al2O3 from outside to inside. Oxides consisting of Ta, W, and Mo formed below the Cr2O3 layer. The interaction of Ti and Ta imparted the highest oxidation resistance to 3Ti2Ta alloy. Conversely, an excessive amount of Ti or Ta resulted in an adverse effect on the oxidation resistance of the alloys. This study reports the volatilization of W and Mo oxides during the oxidation process of Co–Ni-based cast superalloys with a high Al content for the first time and explains the formation mechanism of holes in the oxide layer. The results provide a basis for gaining insights into the effects of the interaction of alloying elements on the oxidation resistance of the alloys they form.
Research Article
Effect of solidification cooling rate on microstructure and tribology characteristics of Zn–4Si alloy
F. Akbari, M. Golkaram, S. Beyrami, G. Shirazi, K. Mantashloo, R. Taghiabadi, M. Saghafi Yazdi, and I. Ansarian
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 362-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2764-9
[FullText HTML](234) [PDF 9156KB](17) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The main objective of this work was to modify the microstructure and enhance the tribological properties of a new Zn–4Si alloy through a high solidification cooling rate (SCR). According to the results, by increasing the SCR from 2.0 to 59.5°C/s the average size of primary Si particles and that of the grains reduced from 76.1 and 3780 μm to less than about 14.6 and 460 μm, respectively. Augmenting the SCR also enhanced the microstructural homogeneity, decreased the porosity content (by 50%), and increased the matrix hardness (by 36%). These microstructural changes enhanced the tribological behavior. For instance, under the applied pressure of 0.5 MPa, an increase in the SCR from 2.0 to 59.5°C/s decreased the wear rate and the average friction coefficient of the alloy by 57% and 23%, respectively. The wear mechanism was also changed from the severe delamination, adhesion, and abrasion in the slowly-cooled alloy to the mild tribolayer delamination/abrasion in the high-cooling-rate-solidified sample.
Research Article
Effect of Ni content on the wear behavior of Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Ni/SiC particles composites
Yanyu Liu, Lina Jia, Wenbo Wang, Zuheng Jin, and Hu Zhang
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 374-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2701-y
[FullText HTML](157) [PDF 4435KB](26) SpringerLink
Abstract:
In recent years, the addition of Ni has been widely acknowledged to be capable of enhancing the mechanical properties of Al–Si alloys. However, the effect of Ni on the wear behaviors of Al–Si alloys and Al matrix composites, particularly at elevated temperatures, remains an understudied area. In this study, Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Ni/20wt% SiC particles (SiCp) composites with varying Ni contents were prepared by using a semisolid stir casting method. The effect of Ni content on the dry sliding wear behavior of the prepared composites was investigated through sliding tests at 25 and 350°C. Results indicated that the θ-Al2Cu phase gradually diminished and eventually disappeared as the Ni content increased from 0wt% to 3wt%. This change was accompanied by the formation and increase in δ-Al3CuNi and ε-Al3Ni phases in microstructures. The hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the as-cast composites improved, and the wear rates of the composites decreased from 5.29 × 10−4 to 1.94 × 10−4 mm3/(N∙m) at 25°C and from 20.2 × 10−4 to 7 × 10−4 mm3/(N∙m) at 350°C with the increase in Ni content from 0wt% to 2wt%. The enhancement in performance was due to the presence of strengthening network structures and additional Ni-containing phases in the composites. However, the wear rate of the 3Ni composite was approximately two times higher than that of the 2Ni composite due to the fracture and debonding of the ε-Al3Ni phase. Abrasive wear, delamination wear, and oxidation wear were the predominant wear mechanisms of the investigated composites at 25°C, whereas delamination wear and oxidation wear were dominant during sliding at 350°C.
Research Article
Structural and magnetic properties of micropolycrystalline cobalt thin films fabricated by direct current magnetron sputtering
Kerui Song, Zhou Li, Mei Fang, Zhu Xiao, and Qian Lei
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 384-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2715-5
[FullText HTML](185) [PDF 2635KB](12) SpringerLink
Abstract:
Pure cobalt (Co) thin films were fabricated by direct current magnetron sputtering, and the effects of sputtering power and pressure on the microstructure and electromagnetic properties of the films were investigated. As the sputtering power increases from 15 to 60 W, the Co thin films transition from an amorphous to a polycrystalline state, accompanied by an increase in the intercrystal pore width. Simultaneously, the resistivity decreases from 276 to 99 μΩ·cm, coercivity increases from 162 to 293 Oe, and in-plane magnetic anisotropy disappears. As the sputtering pressure decreases from 1.6 to 0.2 Pa, grain size significantly increases, resistivity significantly decreases, and the coercivity significantly increases (from 67 to 280 Oe), which can be attributed to the increase in defect width. Correspondingly, a quantitative model for the coercivity of Co thin films was formulated. The polycrystalline films sputtered under pressures of 0.2 and 0.4 Pa exhibit significant in-plane magnetic anisotropy, which is primarily attributable to increased microstress.
Research Article
MOF-derived porous graphitic carbon with optimized plateau capacity and rate capability for high performance lithium-ion capacitors
Ge Chu, Chaohui Wang, Zhewei Yang, Lin Qin, and Xin Fan
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 395-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2726-2
[FullText HTML](150) [PDF 9461KB](23) SpringerLink
Abstract:
The development of anode materials with high rate capability and long charge–discharge plateau is the key to improve performance of lithium-ion capacitors (LICs). Herein, the porous graphitic carbon (PGC-1300) derived from a new triply interpenetrated cobalt metal-organic framework (Co-MOF) was prepared through the facile and robust carbonization at 1300°C and washing by HCl solution. The as-prepared PGC-1300 featured an optimized graphitization degree and porous framework, which not only contributes to high plateau capacity (105.0 mAh·g−1 below 0.2 V at 0.05 A·g−1), but also supplies more convenient pathways for ions and increases the rate capability (128.5 mAh·g−1 at 3.2 A·g−1). According to the kinetics analyses, it can be found that diffusion regulated surface induced capacitive process and Li-ions intercalation process are coexisted for lithium-ion storage. Additionally, LIC PGC-1300//AC constructed with pre-lithiated PGC-1300 anode and activated carbon (AC) cathode exhibited an increased energy density of 102.8 Wh·kg−1, a power density of 6017.1 W·kg−1, together with the excellent cyclic stability (91.6% retention after 10000 cycles at 1.0 A·g−1).
Research Article
Lattice Boltzmann simulation study of anode degradation in solid oxide fuel cells during the initial aging process
Shixue Liu, Zhijing Liu, Shuxing Zhang, and Hao Wu
2024, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2692-8
[FullText HTML](229) [PDF 2284KB](22) SpringerLink
Abstract:
For present solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), rapid performance degradation is observed in the initial aging process, and the discussion of the degradation mechanism necessitates quantitative analysis. Herein, focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy was employed to characterize and reconstruct the ceramic microstructures of SOFC anodes. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) simulation of multiphysical and electrochemical processes in the reconstructed models was performed. Two samples collected from industrial-size cells were characterized, including a reduced reference cell and a cell with an initial aging process. Statistical parameters of the reconstructed microstructures revealed a significant decrease in the active triple-phase boundary and Ni connectivity in the aged cell compared with the reference cell. The LBM simulation revealed that activity degradation is dominant compared with microstructural degradation during the initial aging process, and the electrochemical reactions spread to the support layer in the aged cell. The microstructural and activity degradations are attributed to Ni migration and coarsening.