2021 Vol. 28, No. 3

Display Method:
Invited review
Strengthening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels: A review
Jin-hua Zhou, Yong-feng Shen, and  Nan Jia
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 335-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2121-1
Abstract:

This review summarizes the strengthening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels. High-angle grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries, nano-sized M23C6, and MX carbide precipitates effectively hinder dislocation motion and increase high-temperature strength. M23C6 carbides are easily coarsened under high temperatures, thereby weakening their ability to block dislocations. Creep properties are improved through the reduction of M23C6 carbides. Thus, the loss of strength must be compensated by other strengthening mechanisms. This review also outlines the recent progress in the development of RAFM steels. Oxide dispersion-strengthened steels prevent M23C6 precipitation by reducing C content to increase creep life and introduce a high density of nano-sized oxide precipitates to offset the reduced strength. Severe plastic deformation methods can substantially refine subgrains and MX carbides in the steel. The thermal deformation strengthening of RAFM steels mainly relies on thermo-mechanical treatment to increase the MX carbide and subgrain boundaries. This procedure increases the creep life of TMT(thermo-mechanical treatment) 9Cr–1W–0.06Ta steel by ~20 times compared with those of F82H and Eurofer 97 steels under 550°C/260 MPa.

Research Article
Changes in underflow solid fraction and yield stress in paste thickeners by circulation
Hong Li, Ai-xiang Wu, Hong-Jiang Wang, Hui Chen, and  Liu-Hua Yang
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2184-z
Abstract:

The trouble-free and efficient operation of paste thickeners requires an optimal design and the cooperation of each component. When underflow discharging is suspended, alleviating the vast torque that the remaining solids within the thickeners may place on rakes mainly lies in the circulation unit. The mechanism of this unit was analyzed, and a mathematical model was developed to describe the changes in underflow solid content and yield stress. The key parameters of the circulation unit, namely, the height and flow rate, were varied to test its performance in the experiments with a self-designed laboratorial thickening system. Results show that the circulation unit is valid in reducing underflow solid fraction and yield stress to a reasonable extent, and the model could be used to describe its efficiency at different heights and flow rates. A suitable design and application of the circulation unit contributes to a cost-effective operation of paste thickeners.

Research Article
Reaction behaviors of Pb and Zn sulfates during reduction roasting of Zn leaching residue and flotation of artificial sulfide minerals
Yong-xing Zheng, Jilai Ning, Wei Liu, Pan-jin Hu, Jin-fang Lü, and  Jie Pang
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 358-366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2029-9
Abstract:

To evaluate the feasibility of recovering Pb and Zn sulfides and Ag-containing minerals from Zn leaching residue by the process of reduction roasting followed by flotation, the reaction behaviors of Pb and Zn sulfates during this process were investigated. Chemical analysis showed that the transformation ratios of PbSO4 and ZnSO4 could reach 65.51% and 52.12%, respectively, after reduction roasting, and the introduction of a sulfidation agent could improve the transformation ratios of these sulfates. scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) revealed that temperature obviously affects the particle size, crystal growth, and morphology of the artificial Pb and Zn sulfide minerals. Particle size analysis demonstrated that the particle size of the materials increases after roasting. Flotation tests revealed that a flotation concentrate composed of 12.01wt% Pb, 27.78wt% Zn, and 6.975 × 10−2wt% Ag with recoveries of 60.54%, 29.24%, and 57.64%, respectively, could be obtained after roasting.

Research Article
Liquid–liquid extraction of phosphorus from sulfuric acid solution using benzyl dimethyl amine
Sadia Ilyas, Rajiv Ranjan Srivastava, and  Hyunjung Kim
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 367-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2151-8
Abstract:

This study addresses the liquid–liquid extraction behavior of phosphorus from a sulfuric acid solution using benzyl dimethyl amine (BDMA) in kerosene. The extraction equilibria investigated with varied BDMA concentrations could reveal the formation of

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complex in the organic phase. The thermodynamic properties determined at various temperatures indicated that the process was exothermic with a calculated enthalpy (

\begin{document}$\Delta {H^ \ominus }$\end{document}

) of −24.0 kJ·mol−1. The organic-to-aqueous phase (O/A) volume ratio was varied to elucidate the quantitative extraction of phosphorus. The McCabe–Thiele diagram plotted for the extraction isotherm was validated for the requirement of three counter-current stages in the extraction at an O/A volume ratio of 2.0/3.5. The back-extraction of phosphorus from the loaded organic phase was quantitatively achieved by contacting 4.0 mol·L−1 H2SO4 solution in three stages of counter-current contact at an O/A volume ratio of 3/2. This study can be applied to remove phosphorus from the sulfuric acid leach solutions of monazite processing, and many other solutions.

Research Article
Reductive leaching of indium from the neutral leaching residue using oxalic acid in sulfuric acid solution
F. Maddah, M. Alitabar, and  H. Yoozbashizadeh
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 373-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-1974-7
Abstract:

The present study evaluates the reductive leaching of indium from indium-bearing zinc ferrite using oxalic acid as a reducer in sulfuric acid solution. The effect of main factors affecting the process rate, including the oxalic-acid-to-sulfuric-acid ratio, stirring rate, grain size, temperature, and the initial concentration of synergic acid, was precisely evaluated. The results confirmed the acceptable efficiency of dissolving indium in the presence of oxalic acid. The shrinking-core model with a chemical-reaction-controlled step can correctly describe the kinetics of indium dissolution. On the basis of an apparent activation energy of 44.55 kJ/mol and a reaction order with respect to the acid concentration of 1.14, the presence of oxalic acid was found to reduce the sensitivity to temperature changes and to increase the effect of changes in acid concentration. Finally, the equation of the kinetic model based on the factors under study is presented.

Research Article
Simulation on scrap melting behavior and carbon diffusion under natural convection
Ming Gao, Jin-tao Gao, Yan-ling Zhang, and  Shu-feng Yang
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 380-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-1997-0
Abstract:

A 3D model applying temperature- and carbon concentration- dependent material properties was developed to describe the scrap melting behavior and carbon diffusion under natural convection. Simulated results agreed reasonably well with experimental ones. Scrap melting was subdivided into four stages: formation of a solidified layer, rapid melting of the solidified layer, carburization, and carburization + normal melting. The carburization stage could not be ignored at low temperature because the carburization time for the sample investigated was 214 s at 1573 K compared to 12 s at 1723 K. The thickness of the boundary layer with significant concentration difference at 1573 K increased from 130 μm at 5 s to 140 μm at 60 s. The maximum velocity caused by natural convection decreased from 0.029 m·s−1 at 5 s to 0.009 m·s−1 at 634 s because the differences in temperature and density between the molten metal and scrap decreased with time.

Research Article
Effect of nonmetallic inclusions on localized corrosion of spring steel
Wei-ning Shi, Shu-feng Yang, and  Jing-she Li
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 390-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2018-z
Abstract:
Certain inclusions in high-strength 60Si2Mn–Cr spring steel result in poor resistance to localized corrosion. In this work, to study the effect of inclusions on the localized corrosion behavior of spring steel, accelerated corrosion tests were performed by immersing spring steel in 3wt% FeCl3 solution for different times. The results show that severe corrosion occurred in areas of clustered CaS inclusions. Sulfide inclusions containing Ca and Mg induced the strongest localized corrosion susceptibility. For the case of (Ca,Mn,Mg)S inclusions, the ability to induce localized corrosion susceptibility is ranked as follows: MgS > CaS > MnS. Moreover, CaS, (Ca,Mn)S, and (Ca,Mn,Mg)S inclusions were mainly responsible for inducing environmental embrittlement.
Research Article
Electrochemical investigation of the anode processes in LiF–NdF3 melt with low oxygen content
Chen-ming Fan, Shi-zhe Liu, Jing-jiu Gu, Shi-you Guan, Jin-hua Zhao, and  Bing Li
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 398-403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2010-7
Abstract:

The oxidation of oxygen ions and the generation of an anode effect at a low oxygen content of 150 mg/kg were discussed in this paper. Cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry tests were conducted to explore the anodic processes of LiF–NdF3 melt after a lengthy period of pre-electrolysis purification at 1000°C (during which the oxygen content reduced from 413 to 150 mg/kg). The oxidation process of oxygen ions was found to have two stages: oxidation product adsorption and CO/CO2 gas evolution. The adsorption stage was controlled by diffusion, whereas the gas evolution was controlled by the electrochemical reaction. In comparison with oxygen content of 413 mg/kg, the decrease in the amplitude of the current at low oxygen content of 150 mg/kg was much gentler during the forward scanning process when the anode effect occurred. Fluorine-ion oxidation peaks that occurred at about 4.2 V vs. Li/Li+ could be clearly observed in the reverse scanning processes, in which fluorine ions were oxidized and perfluorocarbons were produced, which resulted in an anode effect.

Research Article
Effect of spheroidization of cementite in ductile cast iron
Basavaraj, Pavankumar R. Sondar, and  Subray R. Hegde
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 404-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2041-0
Abstract:

The research aims to provide an alternative to austempering treatment of ductile cast iron with a simple and cost-effective heat-treatment process. This goal was accomplished by applying a simple one-step spheroidization heat treatment to the as-cast ductile iron, which would normally possess a coarse pearlitic microstructure to a significant extent. Spheroidization experiments involving isothermal holding below the lower critical temperature (A1) were conducted followed by standard mechanical testing and microstructural characterization for an experimental ductile iron. After improving the spheroidization holding time at a given temperature, the work shows that the ductility and toughness of an as-cast ductile iron can be improved by 90% and 40%, respectively, at the cost of reducing the tensile strength by 8%. Controlled discretization of the continuous cementite network in pearlitic matrix of the ductile iron is deemed responsible for the improved properties. The work also shows that prolonged holding time during spheroidization heat treatment leads to degradation of mechanical properties due to the inhomogenous microstructure formation caused by heterogeneous decomposition and cementite clustering in the material. The main outcome of this work is the demonstration of ductile cast iron’s necking behavior due to spheroidization heat treatment.

Research Article
Effect of Mo content on the thermal stability of Ti–Mo-bearing ferritic steel
Yao Huang, Wei-ning Liu, Ai-min Zhao, Jun-ke Han, Zhi-gang Wang, and  Hong-xiang Yin
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 412-421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2045-9
Abstract:

The effects of tempering holding time at 700°C on the morphology, mechanical properties, and behavior of nanoparticles in Ti–Mo ferritic steel with different Mo contents were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The equilibrium solid solution amounts of Mo, Ti, and C in ferritic steel at various temperatures were calculated, and changes in the sizes of nanoparticles over time at different Mo contents were analyzed. The experimental results and theoretical calculations were in good agreement with each other and showed that the size of nanoparticles in middle Mo content nano-ferrite (MNF) steel changed the least during aging. High Mo contents inhibited the maturation and growth of nanoparticles, but no obvious inhibitory effect was observed when the Mo content exceeded 0.37wt%. The tensile strength and yield strength continuously decreased with the tempering time. Analysis of the strengthening and toughening mechanisms showed that the different mechanical properties among the three different Mo content experiment steels were mainly determined by grain refinement strengthening (the difference range was 30–40 MPa) and precipitation strengthening (the difference range was 78–127 MPa). MNF steel displayed an ideal chemical ratio and the highest thermodynamic stability, whereas low Mo content nano-ferrite (LNF) steel and high Mo content nano-ferrite (HNF) steel displayed relatively similar thermodynamic stabilities.

Research Article
Hot ductility behavior of a Fe–0.3C–9Mn–2Al medium Mn steel
Yong-jin Wang, Shuai Zhao, Ren-bo Song, and  Bin Hu
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 422-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2206-x
Abstract:

The hot ductility of a Fe–0.3C–9Mn–2Al medium Mn steel was investigated using a Gleeble3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. Hot tensile tests were conducted at different temperatures (600–1300°C) under a constant strain rate of 4 × 10−3 s−1. The fracture behavior and mechanism of hot ductility evolution were discussed. Results showed that the hot ductility decreased as the temperature was decreased from 1000°C. The reduction of area (RA) decreased rapidly in the specimens tested below 700°C, whereas that in the specimen tested at 650°C was lower than 65%. Mixed brittle–ductile fracture feature is reflected by the coexistence of cleavage step, intergranular facet, and dimple at the surface. The fracture belonged to ductile failure in the specimens tested between 720–1000°C. Large and deep dimples could delay crack propagation. The change in average width of the dimples was in positive proportion with the change in RA. The wide austenite–ferrite intercritical temperature range was crucial for the hot ductility of medium Mn steel. The formation of ferrite film on austenite grain boundaries led to strain concentration. Yield point elongation occurred at the austenite–ferrite intercritical temperature range during the hot tensile test.

Research Article
Wear and mechanical properties of carburized AISI 8620 steel produced by powder metallurgy
Mehmet Akif Erden and  Fatih Aydın
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2046-8
Abstract:

The effect of carburization on the tensile strength and wear resistance of AISI 8620 steel produced via powder metallurgy was investigated. Alloys 1 and 2 (with 0.2wt% C and 0.25wt% C, respectively) were first pressed at 700 MPa and then sintered at 1300, 1400, or 1500°C for 1 h. The ideal sintering temperature of 1400°C was determined. Afterward, Alloys 1 and 2 sintered at 1400°C were carburized at 925°C for 4 h. The microstructure characterization of alloys was performed via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and wear behavior of carburized and noncarburized alloys were investigated via hardness, tensile, and wear tests. After carburization, the ultimate tensile strength of Alloys 1 and 2 increased to 134.4% and 138.1%, respectively. However, the elongation rate of Alloys 1 and 2 decreased to 62.6% and 64.7%, respectively. The wear depth values of Alloy 2 under noncarburized and carburized conditions and a load of 30 N were 231.2 and 100.1 μm, respectively. Oxidative wear changed to abrasive wear when the load transitioned from 15 to 30 N.

Research Article
Corrosion behavior of cold-rolled and post heat-treated 316L stainless steel in 0.9wt% NaCl solution
K. Bin Tayyab, A. Farooq, A. Ahmed Alvi, A. Basit Nadeem, and  K.M. Deen
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 440-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2054-8
Abstract:

The effect of cold rolling and post-rolling heat treatment on the microstructural and electrochemical properties of the 316L stainless steel was investigated. Two-pass and four-pass cold-rolled stainless steel specimens were heat-treated by annealing at 900°C followed by quenching in water. During the cold rolling, the microstructure of the as-received specimen transformed from austenite to strain-induced α′-martensite due to significant plastic deformation that also resulted in significant grain elongation (i.e., ~33% and 223% increases in the grain elongation after two and four rolling passes, respectively). The hardness of the heat-treated as-received specimen decreased from HV 190 to 146 due to the recovery and recrystallization of the austenite grain structure. The cyclic polarization scans of the as-rolled and heat-treated specimens were obtained in 0.9wt% NaCl solution. The pitting potential of the four-pass rolled specimen was significantly increased from 322.3 to 930.5 mV after post-rolling heat treatment. The beneficial effect of the heat treatment process was evident from ~10-times-lower corrosion current density and two-orders-of-magnitude-lower passive current density of the heat-treated specimens compared with those of the as-rolled specimens. Similarly, appreciably lower corrosion rate (3.302 × 10−4 mm/a) and higher pitting resistance (1115.5 mV) were exhibited by the post-rolled heat-treated specimens compared with the as-rolled 316L stainless steel specimens.

Research Article
Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced by friction stir welding, friction stir vibration welding and tungsten inert gas welding: A comparative study
Behrouz Bagheri, Mahmoud Abbasi, and  Amin Abdollahzadeh
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2085-1
Abstract:

This study compared the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced using friction stir welding (FSW), friction stir vibration welding (FSVW), and tungsten inert gas welding (TIG). FSVW is a modified version of FSW wherein the joining specimens are vibrated normal to the welding line during FSW. The results indicated that the weld region grains for FSVW and FSW were equiaxed and were smaller than the grains for TIG. In addition, the weld region grains for FSVW were finer compared with those for FSW. Results also showed that the strength, hardness, and toughness values of the joints produced by FSVW were higher than those of the other joints produced by FSW and TIG. The vibration during FSW enhanced dynamic recrystallization, which led to the development of finer grains. The weld efficiency of FSVW was approximately 81%, whereas those of FSW and TIG were approximately 74% and 67%, respectively.

Research Article
Role of laser scan strategies in defect control, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of steel matrix composites prepared by laser additive manufacturing
Hong-yu Chen, Dong-dong Gu, Qing Ge, Xin-yu Shi, Hong-mei Zhang, Rui Wang, Han Zhang, and  Konrad Kosiba
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 462-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2133-x
Abstract:

Steel matrix composites (SMCs) reinforced with WC particles were fabricated via selective laser melting (SLM) by employing various laser scan strategies. A detailed relationship between the SLM strategies, defect formation, microstructural evolution, and mechanical properties of SMCs was established. The laser scan strategies can be manipulated to deliberately alter the thermal history of SMC during SLM processing. Particularly, the involved thermal cycling, which encompassed multiple layers, strongly affected the processing quality of SMCs. S-shaped scan sequence combined with interlayer offset and orthogonal stagger mode can effectively eliminate the metallurgical defects and retained austenite within the produced SMCs. However, due to large thermal stress, microcracks that were perpendicular to the building direction formed within the SMCs. By employing the checkerboard filling (CBF) hatching mode, the thermal stress arising during SLM can be significantly reduced, thus preventing the evolution of interlayer microcracks. The compressive properties of fabricated SMCs can be tailored at a high compressive strength (~3031.5 MPa) and fracture strain (~24.8%) by adopting the CBF hatching mode combined with the optimized scan sequence and stagger mode. This study demonstrates great feasibility in tuning the mechanical properties of SLM-fabricated SMCs without varying the set energy input, e.g., laser power and scanning speed.

Research Article
Evaluation of the microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties of Cu/SiC nanocomposites fabricated by mechanical alloying
Essam B. Moustafa and  Mohammed A. Taha
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 475-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2176-z
Abstract:

Nano-sized silicon carbide (SiC: 0wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%, 4wt%, and 8wt%) reinforced copper (Cu) matrix nanocomposites were manufactured, pressed, and sintered at 775 and 875°C in an argon atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructural evolution. The density, thermal expansion, mechanical, and electrical properties were studied. XRD analyses showed that with increasing SiC content, the microstrain and dislocation density increased, while the crystal size decreased. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the nanocomposites was less than that of the Cu matrix. The improvement in the CTE with increasing sintering temperature may be because of densification of the microstructure. Moreover, the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites showed noticeable enhancements with the addition of SiC and sintering temperatures, where the microhardness and apparent strengthening efficiency of nanocomposites containing 8wt% SiC and sintered at 875°C were 958.7 MPa and 1.07 vol%−1, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the sample slightly decreased with additional SiC and increased with sintering temperature. The prepared Cu/SiC nanocomposites possessed good electrical conductivity, high thermal stability, and excellent mechanical properties.

Research Article
Adsorption of Ag on M-doped graphene: First principle calculations
Min Hu, Zhou Fan, Jian-yi Liu, Kun Zhang, Yang Wang, and  Chun-feng Yang
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-1989-0
Abstract:

Graphene is an ideal reinforcing phase for a high-performance composite filler, which is of great theoretical and practical significance for improving the wettability and reliability of the filler. However, the poor adsorption characteristics between graphene and the silver base filler significantly affect the application of graphene filler in the brazing field. It is a great challenge to improve the adsorption characteristics between a graphene and silver base filler. To solve this issue, the adsorption characteristic between graphene and silver was studied with first principle calculation. The effects of Ga, Mo, and W on the adsorption properties of graphene were explored. There are three possible adsorbed sites, the hollow site (H), the bridge site (B), and the top site (T). Based on this research, the top site is the most preferentially adsorbed site for Ag atoms, and there is a strong interaction between graphene and Ag atoms. Metal element doping enhances local hybridization between C or metal atoms and Ag. Furthermore, compared with other doped structures (Ga and Mo), W atom doping is the most stable adsorption structure and can also improve effective adsorption characteristic performance between graphene and Ag.

Research Article
Mosaic structure ZnO formed by secondary crystallization with enhanced photocatalytic performance
Hai-xia Liu, Meng-yuan Teng, Xu-guang Wei, Tian-duo Li, Zai-yong Jiang, Qing-fen Niu, and  Xu-ping Wang
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2033-0
Abstract:

Zinc acetate is used as a raw material to synthesize the desired ZnO in hot solvent by controlling the amount of citric acid (CA) added. Notably, the amount of CA added has a significant relationship with the control of the morphology of ZnO. Spherical ZnO wrapped in nanosheets is synthesized through the secondary crystallization of Zn2+. The optical properties of the ZnO sample are tested through the degradation of organic pollutants. Notably, the photocatalytic properties of ZnO vary with the different amounts of CA added. Exposure of the active crystal face increases the photocatalytic activity of ZnO. In addition, the number of defects on the surface of the ZnO sample increases because of its large specific surface area, thus changing the bandgap of ZnO. Therefore, the resulting sample can respond under visible light.

Research Article
Construction of TiO2-pillared multilayer graphene nanocomposites as efficient photocatalysts for ciprofloxacin degradation
Xiong-feng Zeng, Jian-sheng Wang, Ying-na Zhao, Wen-li Zhang, and  Meng-huan Wang
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 503-510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2193-y
Abstract:

We successfully constructed TiO2-pillared multilayer graphene nanocomposites (T-MLGs) via a facile method as follows: dodecanediamine pre-pillaring, ion exchange (Ti4+ pillaring), and interlayer in-situ formation of TiO2 by hydrothermal method. TiO2 nanoparticles were distributed uniformly on the graphene interlayer. The special structure combined the advantages of graphene and TiO2 nanoparticles. As a result, T-MLGs with 64.3wt% TiO2 showed the optimum photodegradation rate and adsorption capabilities toward ciprofloxacin. The photodegradation rate of T-MLGs with 64.3wt% TiO2 was 78% under light-emitting diode light irradiation for 150 min. Meanwhile, the pseudo-first-order rate constant of T-MLGs with 64.3wt% TiO2 was 3.89 times than that of pristine TiO2. The composites also exhibited high stability and reusability after five consecutive photocatalytic tests. This work provides a facile method to synthesize semiconductor-pillared graphene nanocomposites by replacing TiO2 nanoparticles with other nanoparticles and a feasible means for sustainable utilization of photocatalysts in wastewater control.

Erratum
Erratum to: Interactions of molten salts with cathode products in the FFC Cambridge Process
George Z. Chen
2021, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 511-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2271-9
Abstract: