氢等离子体还原赤铁矿：我们现在在哪里？

Kali Charan Sabat

doi:10.1007/s12613-022-2467-7

Volume 29 Issue 10

Oct. 2022

Turn off MathJax

图(9) / 表(1)

数据统计

计量

文章访问数: 6119
HTML全文浏览量: 3178
PDF下载量: 268
被引次数: 0

文章导航 > 矿物冶金与材料学报（英文） > 2022 > 29(10): 1932-1945

Kali Charan Sabat, Hematite reduction by hydrogen plasma: Where are we now?, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 10, pp. 1932-1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2467-7

Cite this article as:

Kali Charan Sabat, Hematite reduction by hydrogen plasma: Where are we now?, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 10, pp. 1932-1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2467-7

Kali Charan Sabat, Hematite reduction by hydrogen plasma: Where are we now?, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 10, pp. 1932-1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2467-7

Citation:

Kali Charan Sabat, Hematite reduction by hydrogen plasma: Where are we now?, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 10, pp. 1932-1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2467-7

PDF( 1520 KB)

引用本文 PDF XML SpringerLink

特约综述

氢等离子体还原赤铁矿：我们现在在哪里？

Kali Charan Sabat

Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India

通讯作者:
Kali Charan Sabat E-mail: kcsabat@gmail.com

中文摘要

目前，铁是通过碳热还原从赤铁矿等矿石中提取的。提取过程包括几个需要大型设备和大量财务投资的单元步骤/过程。此外，提取过程会产生大量有害的二氧化碳 (CO₂)。碳热还原的替代方法是氢等离子体（hydrogen plasma, HP）的还原。 HP 主要由激发态原子分子的物质组成，它们通过提供热力学和动力学优势促进赤铁矿的还原，即使在低温下也是如此。除了这些优点之外，HP 还原赤铁矿还可以产生水，这对环境是有益的。本报告回顾了HP还原赤铁矿的理论和实践。此外，还研究了通过 HP 还原固态和液态赤铁矿的现有技术。通过HP在线还原赤铁矿已被确定为碳热还原的潜在有希望的替代方案。然而，在氢等离子在线还原仍然受到热HP中温度过高和非热HP中相当大的真空成本等问题的困扰。这些问题可以通过使用显著偏离局部热力学平衡的非热常压 HP来克服。

关键词:

Invited Review

Hematite reduction by hydrogen plasma: Where are we now?

Kali Charan Sabat

+ Author Affiliations

Abstract

Abstract

Currently, iron is extracted from ores such as hematite by carbothermic reduction. The extraction process includes several unit steps/processes that require large-scale equipment and significant financial investments. Additionally, the extraction process produces a substantial amount of harmful carbon dioxide (CO₂). Alternative to carbothermic reduction is the reduction by hydrogen plasma (HP). HP is mainly composed of exciting species that facilitate hematite reduction by providing thermodynamic and kinetic advantages, even at low temperatures. In addition to these advantages, hematite reduction by HP produces water, which is environmentally beneficial. This report reviews the theory and practice of hematite reduction by HP. Also, the present state of the art in solid-state and liquid-state hematite reduction by HP has been examined. The in-flight hematite reduction by HP has been identified as a potentially promising alternative to carbothermic reduction. However, the in-flight reduction is still plagued with problems such as excessively high temperatures in thermal HP and considerable vacuum costs in non-thermal HP. These problems can be overcome by using non-thermal atmospheric HP that deviates significantly from local thermodynamic equilibrium.
- hematite;
- iron ore;
- hematite reduction;
- iron production;
- hydrogen plasma;
- non-thermal plasma;
- thermodynamics;
- kinetics

FullText(HTML)

Supplements(0)

References(89)

References

[1]	K.C. Sabat and A.B. Murphy, Hydrogen plasma processing of iron ore, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 48(2017), No. 3, p. 1561. doi: 10.1007/s11663-017-0957-1
[2]	E. Basson, World Steel in Figures, World Steel Association(2020) [2022-01-06]. https://worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/statistics/world-steel-in-figures/
[3]	A. Carpenter, CO₂ Abatement in the Iron and Steel Industry Report CCC/193, IEA Clean Coal Centre, London, 2012, p. 1.
[4]	K.C. Sabat, P. Rajput, R.K. Paramguru, B. Bhoi, and B.K. Mishra, Reduction of oxide minerals by hydrogen plasma: An overview, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 34(2014), No. 1, p. 1. doi: 10.1007/s11090-013-9484-2
[5]	H.Y. Sohn and Y. Mohassab, Development of a novel flash ironmaking technology with greatly reduced energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, J. Sustainable Metall., 2(2016), No. 3, p. 216. doi: 10.1007/s40831-016-0054-8
[6]	K.C. Sabat, Physics and chemistry of solid state direct reduction of iron ore by hydrogen plasma, Phys. Chem. Solid State, 22(2021), No. 2, p. 292. doi: 10.15330/pcss.22.2.292-300
[7]	X.B. Chen, S.H. Shen, L.J. Guo, and S.S. Mao, Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation, Chem. Rev., 110(2010), No. 11, p. 6503. doi: 10.1021/cr1001645
[8]	A. Kudo and Y. Miseki, Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting, Chem. Soc. Rev., 38(2009), No. 1, p. 253. doi: 10.1039/B800489G
[9]	H.Y. Sohn and M. Olivas-Martinez, Methods for calculating energy requirements for processes in which a reactant is also a fuel: Need for standardization, JOM, 66(2014), No. 9, p. 1557. doi: 10.1007/s11837-014-1120-y
[10]	Plasma, Plasma, Everywhere, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. [2022-01-05]. https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/ast07sep99_1.
[11]	G.H. Dieke, The molecular spectrum of hydrogen and its isotopes, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 2(1958), No. 1-6, p. 494. doi: 10.1016/0022-2852(58)90095-X
[12]	D. Staack, B. Farouk, A. Gutsol, and A. Fridman, DC normal glow discharges in atmospheric pressure atomic and molecular gases, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 17(2008), No. 2, p. 025013. doi: 10.1088/0963-0252/17/2/025013
[13]	P.J. Bruggeman, N. Sadeghi, D.C. Schram and V. Linss, Gas temperature determination from rotational lines in non-equilibrium plasmas: a review, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 23(2014), No. 2, p. 023001. doi: 10.1088/0963-0252/23/2/023001
[14]	Y. Shimizu, Y. Kittaka, A. Nezu, H. Matsuura, and H. Akatsuka, Excited state distributions of hydrogen atoms in the microwave discharge hydrogen plasma and the effect of electron energy probabilistic function, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 43(2015), No. 5, p. 1758. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2015.2419224
[15]	V.M. Lelevkin, D.K. Otorbaev and D.C. Schram, Physics of Non-Equilibrium Plasmas, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1992.
[16]	K.R. Stalder and J.B. Jeffries, Recent results on the deposition of diamond thin films by arcjet plasmas and diagnostic measurements of the plasma-surface region, Diam. Relat. Mater., 2(1993), No. 2-4, p. 443. doi: 10.1016/0925-9635(93)90098-M
[17]	R.G. Meulenbroeks, R.H. Engeln, M.A. Beurskens, et al., The argon-hydrogen expanding plasma: Model and experiments, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 4(1995), No. 1, p. 74. doi: 10.1088/0963-0252/4/1/008
[18]	F. Hummernbrum, H. Kempkens, A. Ruzicka, et al., Laser-induced fluorescence measurements on the C²Sigma⁺-X²II_rtransition of the CH radical produced by a microwave excited process plasma, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 1(1992), No. 4, p. 221. doi: 10.1088/0963-0252/1/4/001
[19]	J. Luque, W. Juchmann, and J.B. Jeffries, Spatial density distributions of C2, C3, and CH radicals by laser-induced fluorescence in a diamond depositing dc-arcjet, J. Appl. Phys., 82(1997), No. 5, p. 2072. doi: 10.1063/1.366017
[20]	J. Luque, W. Juchmann, and J.B. Jeffries, Absolute concentration measurements of CH radicals in a diamond-depositing dc-arcjet reactor, Appl. Opt., 36(1997), No. 15, p. 3261. doi: 10.1364/AO.36.003261
[21]	V.I. Gorokhovsky, Characterization of cascade arc assisted CVD diamond coating technology: Part I. Plasma processing parameters, Surf. Coat. Technol., 194(2005), No. 2-3, p. 344. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.08.220
[22]	W.F. Giauque, The entropy of hydrogen and the third law of thermodynamics the free energy and dissociation of hydrogen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 52(1930), No. 12, p. 4816. doi: 10.1021/ja01375a023
[23]	M.S. Vardya, Pressure dissociation and molecular hydrogen, Mon Not R Astron Soc, 129(1965), No. 5, p. 345. doi: 10.1093/mnras/129.5.345
[24]	J. Meichsner, M. Schmidt, R. Schneider, and H.E. Wagner, Nonthermal Plasma Chemistry and Physics, 1st ed., CRC Press Inc., New York, 2012, p.121.
[25]	O. Gabriel, W.E.N. van Harskamp, J.J.A. van den Dungen, D.C. Schram, and R. Engeln, Gas phase kinetics and surface interaction in a hydrogen plasma jet, [in] The 19th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry (ISPC-19), Bochum, 2009. p. 4.
[26]	Y.A. Mankelevich, M.N.R. Ashfold, and J. Ma, Plasma-chemical processes in microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition reactors operating with C/H/Ar gas mixtures, J. Appl. Phys., 104(2008), No. 11, p. 113304. doi: 10.1063/1.3035850
[27]	A. Fridman, Plasma Chemistry, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008.
[28]	H. Kersten, H. Deutsch, and J. Behnke I, On the energy balance of substrate surfaces during plasma cleaning of lubricants, Vacuum, 48(1997), No. 2, p. 123. doi: 10.1016/S0042-207X(96)00243-6
[29]	M.W. Chase, NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 4th ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1998, p.556.
[30]	I.R. Souza Filho, Y. Ma, M. Kulse, et al., Sustainable steel through hydrogen plasma reduction of iron ore: Process, kinetics, microstructure, chemistry, Acta Mater., 213(2021), art. No. 116971. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116971
[31]	K.C. Sabat, Production of nickel by cold hydrogen plasma, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 41(2021), No. 5, p. 1329. doi: 10.1007/s11090-021-10194-3
[32]	K.C. Sabat, Hydrogen plasma - Thermodynamics, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1172(2019), No. 1, art. No. 012086. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1172/1/012086
[33]	K.C. Sabat, Iron production by hydrogen plasma, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1172(2019), No. 1, art. No. 012043. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1172/1/012043
[34]	K.C. Sabat, R.K. Paramguru, and B.K. Mishra, Formation of copper–nickel alloy from their oxide mixtures through reduction by low-temperature hydrogen plasma, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 38(2018), No. 3, p. 621. doi: 10.1007/s11090-018-9880-8
[35]	K.C. Sabat, R.K. Paramguru, and B.K. Mishra, Reduction of oxide mixtures of (Fe₂O₃+CuO) and (Fe₂O₃+Co₃O₄) by low-temperature hydrogen plasma, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 37(2017), No. 4, p. 979. doi: 10.1007/s11090-017-9818-6
[36]	K.C. Sabat, R.K. Paramguru, and B.K. Mishra, Reduction of copper oxide by low-temperature hydrogen plasma, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 36(2016), No. 4, p. 1111. doi: 10.1007/s11090-016-9710-9
[37]	K.C. Sabat, R.K. Paramguru, S. Pradhan, and B.K. Mishra, Reduction of cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) by low temperature hydrogen plasma, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 35(2015), No. 2, p. 387. doi: 10.1007/s11090-014-9602-9
[38]	P. Rajput, K.C. Sabat, R.K. Paramguru, B. Bhoi, and B.K. Mishra, Direct reduction of iron in low temperature hydrogen plasma, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 41(2014), No. 10, p. 721. doi: 10.1179/1743281214Y.0000000186
[39]	K.C. Sabat, Formation of CuCo alloy from their oxide mixtures through reduction by low-temperature hydrogen plasma, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 39(2019), No. 4, p. 1071. doi: 10.1007/s11090-019-09963-y
[40]	K.C. Sabat, Production of nickel by cold hydrogen plasma: role of active oxygen, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 42(2022), No. 4, p. 833. doi: 10.1007/s11090-022-10248-0
[41]	M.E. Choi and H.Y. Sohn, Development of green suspension ironmaking technology based on hydrogen reduction of iron oxide concentrate: Rate measurements, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 37(2010), No. 2, p. 81. doi: 10.1179/030192309X12506804200663
[42]	K. Hassouni, A. Gicquel, M. Capitelli, and J. Loureiro, Chemical kinetics and energy transfer in moderate pressure H₂ plasmas used in diamond MPACVD processes, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 8(1999), No. 3, p. 494. doi: 10.1088/0963-0252/8/3/320
[43]	K. Hassouni, T.A. Grotjohn, and A. Gicquel, Self-consistent microwave field and plasma discharge simulations for a moderate pressure hydrogen discharge reactor, J. Appl. Phys., 86(1999), No. 1, p. 134. doi: 10.1063/1.370710
[44]	K. Badr, Smelting of Iron Oxides Using Hydrogen Based Plasmas, [Dissertation], University of Leoben, Leoben, 2007, p. 1.
[45]	Y.W. Zhang, W.Z. Ding, S.Q. Guo, and K.D. Xu, Reduction of metal oxide in nonequilibrium hydrogen plasma, Chin. J. Nonferrous Met., 14(2004), No. 2, p. 317. doi: 10.19476/j.ysxb.1004.0609.2004.02.030
[46]	Y.W. Zhang, W.Z. Ding, X.G. Lu, S.Q. Guo, and K.D. Xu, Reduction of TiO₂ with hydrogen cold plasma in DC pulsed glow discharge, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 15(2005), No. 3, p. 594.
[47]	R.G. Gold, W.R. Sandall, P.G. Cheplick, and D.R.M. Rae, Plasma reduction of iron oxide with hydrogen and natural gas at 100 kW and one megawatt, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 4(1977), p. 10.
[48]	D.R. MacRae, Method of Reducing Ores, US Patent, Appl. 4002466, 1977.
[49]	F. Kassabji and B. Pateyron, Technical and economical studies for metal production by plasma-steelmaking application, [in] Proceedings of International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry 4, Zurich, 1979, p. 236.
[50]	Y. Nakamura, M. Ito, and H. Ishikawa, Reduction and dephosphorization of molten iron oxide with hydrogen-argon plasma, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 1(1981), No. 2, p. 149. doi: 10.1007/BF00564577
[51]	K. Kamiya, N. Kitahara, I. Morinaka, K. Sakuraya, M. Ozawa, and M. Tanaka, Reduction of molten iron oxide and FeO bearing slags by H₂–Ar plasma, ISIJ Int., 24(1984), No. 1, p. 7. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational1966.24.7
[52]	E. Bäck, Schmelzreduktion von Eisenoxiden mit Argon-Wasserstoff-Plasma [Dissertation], Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, 1998, p. 1.
[53]	T. Nagasaka, M. Hino, and S. Ban-Ya, Interfacial kinetics of hydrogen with liquid slag containing iron oxide, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 31(2000), No. 5, p. 945. doi: 10.1007/s11663-000-0071-6
[54]	A. Weigel, M. Lemperle, W. Lyhs and H. Wilhelmi, Experiments on the reduction of iron ores with an argon hydrogen plasma, [in] Proceedings of International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry 7, Eindhoven, 1985, p. 1.
[55]	H. Hiebler and J.F. Plaul, Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction - An option for steelmaking in the future, Metalurgija, 43(2004), p. 155.
[56]	M. Naseri Seftejani and J. Schenk, Kinetics of molten iron oxides reduction using hydrogen S cience and technology in steelmaking, La Metall. Ital., 7(2018), p. 5.
[57]	M. Naseri Seftejani and J. Schenk, Thermodynamic of liquid iron ore reduction by hydrogen thermal plasma, Metals, 8(2018), No. 12, p. 1051. doi: 10.3390/met8121051
[58]	M. Naseri Seftejani and J. Schenk, Kinetics of hydrogen plasma smelting reduction of iron oxides, [in] 7th International Congress on Science and Technology of Steelmaking (ICS-2018), Venice, 2018.
[59]	M. Naseri Seftejani, J. Schenk, and M.A. Zarl, Reduction of haematite using hydrogen thermal plasma, Materials, 12(2019), No. 10, art. No. E1608.
[60]	M. Naseri Seftejani, J. Schenk, D. Spreitzer, and M. Andreas Zarl, Slag formation during reduction of iron oxide using hydrogen plasma smelting reduction, Materials, 13(2020), No. 4, art. No. 935.
[61]	M.A. Zarl, M.A. Farkas, and J. Schenk, A study on the stability fields of arc plasma in the HPSR process, Metals, 10(2020), No. 10, p. 1394. doi: 10.3390/met10101394
[62]	P.R. Behera, B. Bhoi, R.K. Paramguru, P.S. Mukherjee, and B.K. Mishra, Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction of Fe₂O₃, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 50(2019), No. 1, p. 262. doi: 10.1007/s11663-018-1464-8
[63]	H.L. Gilles and C.W. Clump, Reduction of iron ore with hydrogen in a direct current plasma jet, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 9(1970), No. 2, p. 194. doi: 10.1021/i260034a007
[64]	T. Kitamura, K. Shibata, and K. Takeda, In-flight reduction of Fe₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ by Ar–H₂ and Ar–CH₄ plasma, ISIJ Int., 33(1993), No. 11, p. 1150. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.33.1150
[65]	K. Saito, Y. Morita, K. Okabe and K. Sanbongi, Reduction by Ar–H₂ Plasma, Tetsu-To-Hagane., 63(1977), p. 510.
[66]	A.R. Dayal and D.R. Sadedin, Application of pulsed traveling hydrogen arcs for metal oxide reduction, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 23(2003), No. 4, p. 627. doi: 10.1023/A:1025506326697
[67]	R.M. Nikolic and R.S. Segsworth, Extended arc furnace, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., IA-13(1977), No. 1, p. 45. doi: 10.1109/TIA.1977.4503360
[68]	J.K. Tylko, High Temperature Treatment of Materials, US Patent, Appl. 3932171, 1976.
[69]	J.K. Tylko, Expanded precessive plasmas, [in] Proceedings of IUPAC Symposium on Plasma Chemistry (ISPC-1), Kiel, 1973, p. 2.
[70]	H.T. Wang and H.Y. Sohn, Hydrogen reduction kinetics of magnetite concentrate particles relevant to a novel flash ironmaking process, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 44(2013), No. 1, p. 133. doi: 10.1007/s11663-012-9754-z
[71]	F. Chen, Y. Mohassab, S.Q. Zhang, and H.Y. Sohn, Kinetics of the reduction of hematite concentrate particles by carbon monoxide relevant to a novel flash ironmaking process, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 46(2015), No. 4, p. 1716. doi: 10.1007/s11663-015-0345-7
[72]	M.E. Choi, Suspension Hydrogen Reduction Of Iron Ore Concentrate [Dissertation], The University of Utah, Utah, 2010.
[73]	V. Dembovsky, Plasma Metallurgy: The Principles, 1st ed., Elsevier, New York, 1985, p.111.
[74]	S.M.L. Hamblyn, Plasma technology and its application to extractive metallurgy, Min. Sci Eng, 9(1977), No. 3, p.151.
[75]	M. Mihovsky, Thermal plasma application in metallurgy, J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metall., 45(2010), p. 3.
[76]	K. Badr, E. Bäck and W. Krieger, Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction of iron oxide and its process up-scaling, [in] Forum für Metallurgie und Werkstofftechnik, Leoben, 2007, p. 23.
[77]	S.H. Kim, X. Zhang, Y. Ma, et al., Influence of microstructure and atomic-scale chemistry on the direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen at 700°C, Acta Mater., 212(2021), p. 116933. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116933
[78]	S. Ban-ya, Y. Iguchi, and T. Nagasaka, Rate of reduction of liquid iron oxide with hydrogen, Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 23(1982), p. 197.
[79]	S. Ban-ya, Y. Iguchi, and T. Nagasaka, Rate of reduction of liquid wustite with hydrogen, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 70(1984), No. 14, p. 1689. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.70.14_1689
[80]	S. Hayashi and Y. Iguchi, Hydrogen reduction of liquid iron oxide fines in gas-conveyed systems, ISIJ Int., 34(1994), No. 7, p. 555. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.34.555
[81]	M. Lemerle and A. Weigel, On the smelting reduction of iron ores with hydrogen-argon plasma, Steel Res., 56(1985), No. 9, p. 465. doi: 10.1002/srin.198500667
[82]	S. Seetharaman, Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 3: Industrial Processes, Elsevier, Waltham, 2014.
[83]	L. Barreto, A. Makihira, and K. Riahi, The hydrogen economy in the 21st century: A sustainable development scenario, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 28(2003), No. 3, p. 267. doi: 10.1016/S0360-3199(02)00074-5
[84]	J. Turner, Sustainable hydrogen production, Science, 305(2004), p. 972. doi: 10.1126/science.1103197
[85]	G.F. Naterer, I. Dincer, and C. Zamfirescu, Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy, Springer, London, 2013.
[86]	L. Walters, D. Wade, and D. Lewis, Transition to a nuclear/hydrogen energy system, Nucl. Energy, 42(2003), No. 1, p. 55. doi: 10.1016/S0149-1970(02)00098-7
[87]	R.S. El-Emam, H. Ozcan, and C. Zamfirescu, Updates on promising thermochemical cycles for clean hydrogen production using nuclear energy, J. Clean. Prod., 262(2020), p. 121424. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121424
[88]	C.W. Forsberg, Future hydrogen markets for large-scale hydrogen production systems, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 32(2007), No. 4, p. 431. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.06.059
[89]	D. Lewis, Hydrogen and its relationship with nuclear energy, Prog. Nucl. Energy, 50(2008), No. 2-6, p. 394. doi: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2007.11.072

Relative Articles

Cited By

Proportional views

数据统计

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

留言板

数据统计

分享

计量

氢等离子体还原赤铁矿：我们现在在哪里？

中文摘要

Hematite reduction by hydrogen plasma: Where are we now?

Abstract

References

数据统计

Catalog