Li2O代替B2O3对弱反应性保护渣粘度、结构和结晶相的影响

莫嵘臻; 张旭彬; 任英; 胡俊杰; 张立峰

doi:10.1007/s12613-023-2621-x

Volume 30 Issue 7

Jul. 2023

Turn off MathJax

图(12) / 表(3)

数据统计

计量

文章访问数: 647
HTML全文浏览量: 227
PDF下载量: 59
被引次数: 0

文章导航 > 矿物冶金与材料学报（英文） > 2023 > 30(7): 1320-1328

Rongzhen Mo, Xubin Zhang, Ying Ren, Junjie Hu, and Lifeng Zhang, Influence of substituting B₂O₃ with Li₂O on the viscosity, structure and crystalline phase of low-reactivity mold flux, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 30(2023), No. 7, pp. 1320-1328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2621-x

Cite this article as:

Rongzhen Mo, Xubin Zhang, Ying Ren, Junjie Hu, and Lifeng Zhang, Influence of substituting B2O3 with Li2O on the viscosity, structure and crystalline phase of low-reactivity mold flux, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 30(2023), No. 7, pp. 1320-1328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2621-x

Citation:

PDF( 2049 KB)

引用本文 PDF XML SpringerLink

研究论文

Li₂O代替B₂O₃对弱反应性保护渣粘度、结构和结晶相的影响

1)
北京科技大学冶金与生态工程学院, 北京 100083, 中国
2)
重庆大学材料科学与工程学院, 重庆 400030, 中国
3)
北方工业大学机械与材料工程学院, 重庆 100144, 中国

通讯作者:
任英 E-mail: yingren@ustb.edu.cn

张立峰 E-mail: zhanglifeng@ncut.edu.cn

文章亮点

(1) 系统研究了Li₂O代替弱反应性保护渣中的B₂O₃时，对保护渣性能的影响规律。

(2) 确定了含B₂O₃弱反应性保护渣中Li₂O临界含量以防止高熔点结晶相LiAlO₂析出恶化保护渣性能。

(3) Li₂O和B₂O₃对弱反应性保护渣性能的影响具有一定的互补性和相似性，采用Li₂O代替B₂O₃的方式综合提升保护渣各项性能具有一定可行性，但此前极少见相关研究和报道

中文摘要

近几年来，为了降低了高铝钢连铸过程中钢中Al和渣中SiO₂的反应，弱反应性保护渣的研究与应用得到了很大关注。传统弱反应性保护渣存在理化性能不佳的问题，一般可以通过添加Li₂O或者B₂O₃等改变保护渣成分的方式来优化。但是，前人研究结果表明添加过量的Li₂O或者B₂O₃会导致高熔点结晶相LiAlO₂析出恶化保护渣理化性能或者钢渣界面反应加剧引起保护渣性能波动。因此，本文提出了在含B₂O₃弱反应性保护渣中添加适量Li₂O代替部分B₂O₃，并研究了Li₂O替代量对保护渣性能的影响，旨在消除单独或过量添加Li₂O或B₂O₃对保护渣性能带来的不利影响。研究结果表明，随着保护渣中Li₂O取代B₂O₃，保护渣粘度、转折点温度和熔点均呈现先降低后增加的趋势。当保护渣含有2wt%Li₂O和6wt%B₂O₃时，其粘度为最小值0.07 Pa·s。同时，本文采用拉曼光谱法和X射线衍射法对弱反应性保护渣熔体结构和结晶相进行了研究，以更好地理解粘度随成分演变的规律。其结果表明，随着保护渣中Li₂O含量增加，铝酸盐和硅铝酸盐网络结构聚合度增加，硅酸盐网络结构聚合度降低，表明本研究所述保护渣中添加Li₂O主要起到电荷补偿的作用。此外，随着保护渣中Li₂O代替B₂O₃含量大于2wt%，结晶相LiAlO₂逐渐析出。因此，应将保护渣中Li2O含量控制不高于2wt%，以避免不利于高铝钢连铸的LiAlO₂析出。

关键词:

Research Article

Influence of substituting B₂O₃ with Li₂O on the viscosity, structure and crystalline phase of low-reactivity mold flux

+ Author Affiliations

Abstract

Abstract

The low-reactivity mold flux with low SiO₂ content is considered suitable for the continuous casting of high-aluminum steel since it can significantly reduce the reaction between Al in steel and SiO₂ in mold flux. However, the traditional low-reactivity mold flux still presents some problems such as high viscosity and strong crystallization tendency. In this study, the co-addition of Li₂O and B₂O₃ in CaO–Al₂O₃–10wt%SiO₂ based low-reactivity mold flux was proposed to improve properties of mold flux for high-aluminum steel, and the effect of Li₂O replacing B₂O₃ on properties of mold flux was investigated. The viscosity of the mold flux with 2wt% Li₂O and 6wt% B₂O₃ reached a minimum value of 0.07 Pa·s. The break temperature and melting point showed a similar trend with the viscosity. Besides, the melt structure and precipitation of the crystalline phase were studied using Raman and X-ray diffraction spectra to better understand the evolution of viscosity. It demonstrated that with increasing Li₂O content in the mold flux from 0 to 6wt%, the degree of polymerization of aluminate and the aluminosilicate network structure increased because of increasing Li⁺ released by Li₂O, indicating the added Li₂O was preferentially associated with Al³⁺ as a charge compensator. The precipitation of LiAlO₂ crystalline phase gradually increased with the replacement of B₂O₃ by Li₂O. Therefore, Li₂O content should be controlled below 2wt% to avoid LiAlO₂ precipitation, which was harmful to the continuous casting of high-aluminum steels.
- low-reactivity mold flux;
- viscosity;
- structure;
- crystalline phase

FullText(HTML)

Supplements(0)

References(70)

References

[1]	X.J. Fu, G.H. Wen, P. Tang, Q. Liu, and Z.Y. Zhou, Effects of CaO/Al₂O₃ ratio on crystallisation behaviour of CaO–Al₂O₃ based mould fluxes for high aluminium TRIP steel, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 41(2014), No. 5, p. 342. doi: 10.1179/1743281213Y.0000000156
[2]	H.X. Yu, D.X. Yang, J.M. Zhang, G.Y. Qiu, and N. Zhang, Effect of Al content on the reaction between Fe–10Mn–xAl (x = 0.035wt%, 0.5wt%, 1wt%, and 2wt%) steel and CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–MgO slag, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 2, p. 256. doi: 10.1007/s12613-021-2298-y
[3]	Y. Chen, S.P. He, Z.R. Li, X.B. Zhang, Q.Q. Wang, and Q. Wang, Properties and structure of a new non-reactive mold flux for high-Al steel, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 29(2022), No. 1, p. 61. doi: 10.1007/s42243-021-00708-w
[4]	M.S. Kim and Y.B. Kang, A reaction model to simulate composition change of mold flux during continuous casting of high Al steel, [in] R.G. Reddy, P. Chaubal, P.C. Pistorius, U. Pal, eds, Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts 2016, Springer, Cham, 2016, p. 271.
[5]	M.S. Kim, M.S. Park, and Y.B. Kang, A reaction between high Mn-high Al steel and CaO–SiO₂-type molten mold flux: Reduction of additive oxide components in mold flux by Al in steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 50(2019), No. 5, p. 2077. doi: 10.1007/s11663-019-01658-1
[6]	M.S. Kim, M.S. Park, S.E. Kang, J.K. Park, and Y.B. Kang, A reaction between high Mn–high Al steel and CaO–SiO₂-type molten mold flux: Reaction mechanism change by high Al content ([pct Al]₀ = 5.2) in the steel and accumulation of reaction product at the reaction interface, ISIJ Int., 58(2018), No. 4, p. 686. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2017-603
[7]	M.S. Kim, S.W. Lee, J.W. Cho, M.S. Park, H.G. Lee, and Y.B. Kang, A reaction between high Mn-high Al steel and CaO–SiO₂-type molten mold flux: Part I. composition evolution in molten mold flux, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 44(2013), No. 2, p. 299. doi: 10.1007/s11663-012-9770-z
[8]	Y.M. Gao, S.B. Wang, C. Hong, X.J. Ma, and F. Yang, Effects of basicity and MgO content on the viscosity of the SiO₂–CaO–MgO–9wt%Al₂O₃ slag system, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 21(2014), No. 4, p. 353. doi: 10.1007/s12613-014-0916-7
[9]	G.H. Kim and I. Sohn, Role of B₂O₃ on the viscosity and structure in the CaO–Al₂O₃–Na₂O-based system, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 45(2014), No. 1, p. 86. doi: 10.1007/s11663-013-9953-2
[10]	S.P. He, Z.R. Li, Z. Chen, T. Wu, and Q. Wang, Review of mold fluxes for continuous casting of high-alloy (Al, Mn, Ti) steels, Steel Res. Int., 90(2019), No. 1, art. No. 1800424. doi: 10.1002/srin.201800424
[11]	S. Street, K. James, N. Minor, A. Roelant, and J. Tremp, Production of high-aluminum steel slabs, Iron Steel Technol., 5(2008), No. 7, p. 38.
[12]	C.X. Ji, Y. Cui, Z. Zeng, Z.H. Tian, C.L. Zhao, and G.S. Zhu, Continuous casting of high-Al steel in Shougang Jingtang steel works, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 22(2015), No. 1, p. 53.
[13]	H. Wang, Study on Crystallization Behaviors and Heat Transfer of High Al Steel Mould Fluxes [Dissertation], Chongqing university, Chongqing, 2010.
[14]	H. Wang, P. Tang, G.H. Wen, and X. Yu, Effect of Na₂O on crystallisation behaviour and heat transfer of high Al steel mould fluxes, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 38(2011), No. 5, p. 369. doi: 10.1179/1743281211Y.0000000011
[15]	T. Wu, S.P. He, L.L. Zhu, and Q. Wang, Study on reaction performances and applications of mold flux for high-aluminum steel, Mater. Trans., 57(2016), No. 1, p. 58. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2015311
[16]	K. Blazek, H.B. Yin, G. Skoczylas, M. McClymonds, and M. Frazee, Development and evaluation of lime alumina-based mold powders for casting high-aluminum TRIP steel grades, [in] AISTech, Iron and Steel Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011, p. 1577.
[17]	J.M. Li, M.F. Jiang, and L.F. Sun, Development of low responsiveness mold fluxes for 20Mn₂₃AlV, China Metall., 27(2017), No. 12, p. 28.
[18]	H.M. Wang, T.W. Zhang, H. Zhu, G.R. Li, Y.Q. Yan, and J.H. Wang, Effect of B₂O₃ on melting temperature, viscosity and desulfurization capacity of CaO-based refining flux, ISIJ Int., 51(2011), No. 5, p. 702. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.702
[19]	J.L. Li, B.W. Kong, B. Galdino, et al., Investigation on properties of fluorine-free mold fluxes based on CaO–Al₂O₃–B₂O₃ system, Steel Res. Int., 88(2017), No. 9, art. No. 1600485. doi: 10.1002/srin.201600485
[20]	W. Yan, W.Q. Chen, Y.D. Yang, and A. McLean, Viscous characteristics and modelling of CaO–Al₂O₃–based mould flux with B₂O₃ as a substitute for CaF₂, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 46(2019), No. 4, p. 347. doi: 10.1080/03019233.2017.1394033
[21]	W. Yan, W. Chen, Y. Yang, C. Lippold, and A. McLean, Evaluation of B₂O₃ as replacement for CaF₂ in CaO–Al₂O₃ based mould flux, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 43(2016), No. 4, p. 316. doi: 10.1179/1743281215Y.0000000062
[22]	X. Yu, G.H. Wen, P. Tang, and H. Wang, Effect of B₂O₃ on the physico-chemical properties of mold slag used for high-Al steel, J. Chongqing Univ., 34(2011), No. 1, p. 66.
[23]	X.H. Huang, J.L. Liao, K. Zheng, H.H. Hu, F.M. Wang, and Z.T. Zhang, Effect of B₂O₃ addition on viscosity of mould slag containing low silica content, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 41(2014), No. 1, p. 67. doi: 10.1179/1743281213Y.0000000107
[24]	G.H. Kim and I. Sohn, Influence of Li₂O on the viscous behavior of CaO–Al₂O₃–12 mass% Na₂O–12 mass% CaF₂ based slags, ISIJ Int., 52(2012), No. 1, p. 68. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.52.68
[25]	T. Wu, Q. Wang, S.P. He, J.F. Xu, X. Long, and Y.J. Lu, Study on properties of alumina-based mould fluxes for high-Al steel slab casting, Steel Res. Int., 83(2012), No. 12, p. 1194. doi: 10.1002/srin.201200092
[26]	J.L. Li, B.W. Kong, X.Y. Gao, Q.C. Liu, Q.F. Shu, and K. Chou, Investigation the influences of B₂O₃ and R₂O on the structure and crystallization behaviors of CaO–Al₂O₃ based F-free mold flux, Metall. Res. Technol., 115(2018), No. 3, art. No. 304. doi: 10.1051/metal/2017096
[27]	J. Qi, C. Liu, and M. Jiang, Role of Li₂O on the structure and viscosity in CaO–Al₂O₃–Li₂O–Ce₂O₃ melts, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 475(2017), p. 101. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.09.014
[28]	L.J. Zhou, H. Li, W.L. Wang, D. Xiao, L. Zhang, and J. Yu, Effect of Li₂O on the behavior of melting, crystallization, and structure for CaO–Al₂O₃-based mold fluxes, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 49(2018), No. 5, p. 2232. doi: 10.1007/s11663-018-1327-3
[29]	B.X. Lu, K. Chen, W.L. Wang, and B.B. Jiang, Effects of Li₂O and Na₂O on the crystallization behavior of lime–alumina-based mold flux for casting high-Al steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 45(2014), No. 4, p. 1496. doi: 10.1007/s11663-014-0063-6
[30]	J. Qi, C.J. Liu, C.L. Li, and M.F. Jiang, Viscous properties of new mould flux based on aluminate system with CeO₂ for continuous casting of RE alloyed heat resistant steel, J. Rare Earths, 34(2016), No. 3, p. 328. doi: 10.1016/S1002-0721(16)60032-7
[31]	J. Yang, H. Cui, J. Zhang, O. Ostrovski, C. Zhang, and D. Cai, Effect of Na₂O on the interfacial reaction between CaO–Al₂O₃ based mold fluxes and high-Al steel at 1500°C, ISIJ Int., 59(2019), No. 12, p. 2247. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2019-257
[32]	S. Seftharaman, S.C. Du, S. Sridhar, and K.C. Mills, Estimation of liquidus temperatures for multicomponent silicates from activation energies for viscous flow, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 31(2000), No. 1, p. 111. doi: 10.1007/s11663-000-0136-6
[33]	J.Y. Chen, W.L. Wang, L.J. Zhou, and Z.H. Pan, Effect of Al₂O₃ and MgO on crystallization and structure of CaO–SiO₂–B₂O₃-based fluorine-free mold flux, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 28(2021), No. 5, p. 552. doi: 10.1007/s42243-020-00439-4
[34]	J.T. Ju, K.S. Yang, Z.H. Zhu, Y. Gu, and L.Z. Chang, Effect of CaF₂ and CaO/Al₂O₃ on viscosity and structure of TiO₂-bearing slag for electroslag remelting, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 28(2021), No. 12, p. 1541. doi: 10.1007/s42243-021-00683-2
[35]	F. Yuan, Z. Zhao, Y.L. Zhang, and T. Wu, Influence of Cr₂O₃ content on viscosity and rheological behavior of Cr₂O₃-containing slags, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 29(2022), No. 4, p. 601. doi: 10.1007/s42243-021-00679-y
[36]	D.L. Zheng, G.J. Ma, X. Zhang, M.K. Liu, and J. Xu, Effect of CaO/Al₂O₃ on structure, viscosity, and surface tension of electroslag remelting-type CeO₂-bearing slag, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., (2022), p. 1.
[37]	L.J. Zhou, H. Luo, W.L. Wang, X. Yan, and H.F. Wu, Effect of Al₂O₃/Na₂O ratio and MnO on high-temperature properties of mold flux for casting peritectic steel, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 29(2022), No. 1, p. 53. doi: 10.1007/s42243-021-00712-0
[38]	F. Yuan, Z. Zhao, Y.L. Zhang, and T. Wu, Effect of Al₂O₃ content on the viscosity and structure of CaO–SiO₂–Cr₂O₃–Al₂O₃ slags, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 8, p. 1522. doi: 10.1007/s12613-021-2306-2
[39]	C.Y. Xu, C. Wang, R.Z. Xu, J.L. Zhang, and K.X. Jiao, Effect of Al₂O₃ on the viscosity of CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–MgO–Cr₂O₃ slags, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 5, p. 797. doi: 10.1007/s12613-020-2187-9
[40]	B.T. Poe, P.F. McMillan, B. Coté, D. Massiot, and J.P. Coutures, Structure and dynamics in calcium aluminate liquids: High-temperature 27Al NMR and Raman spectroscopy, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77(1994), No. 7, p. 1832. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb07058.x
[41]	P.F. McMillan, W.T. Petuskey, B. Coté, D. Massiot, C. Landron, and J.P. Coutures, A structural investigation of CaO–Al₂O₃ glasses via 27Al MAS-NMR, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 195(1996), No. 3, p. 261. doi: 10.1016/0022-3093(95)00536-6
[42]	D.R. Neuville, L. Cormier, and D. Massiot, Al coordination and speciation in calcium aluminosilicate glasses: Effects of composition determined by ²⁷Al MQ-MAS NMR and Raman spectroscopy, Chem. Geol., 229(2006), No. 1-3, p. 173. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.01.019
[43]	V.P. Klyuev and B.Z. Pevzner, The influence of aluminum oxide on the thermal expansion, glass transition temperature, and viscosity of lithium and sodium aluminoborate glasses, Glass Phys. Chem., 28(2002), No. 4, p. 207. doi: 10.1023/A:1019954010719
[44]	V.P. Klyuev and B. Pevzner, Structural interpretation of the glass transition temperature and thermal expansion of glasses in the system BaO–Al₂O₃–B₂O₃, Phys. Chem. Glasses, 41(2000), p. 380.
[45]	J. Qi, C.J. Liu, and M.F. Jiang, Viscosity–structure–crystallization of the Ce₂O₃-bearing calcium-aluminate-based melts with different contents of B₂O₃, ISIJ Int., 58(2018), No. 1, p. 186. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2017-252
[46]	G. Padmaja and P. Kistaiah, Infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies on alkali borate glasses: Evidence of mixed alkali effect, J. Phys. Chem. A, 113(2009), No. 11, p. 2397. doi: 10.1021/jp809318e
[47]	J.H. Park, D.J. Min, and H.S. Song, Structural investigation of CaO–Al₂O₃ and CaO–Al₂O₃–CaF₂ slags via Fourier transform infrared spectra, ISIJ Int., 42(2002), No. 1, p. 38. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.42.38
[48]	N. Ma, J.L. You, L.M. Lu, J. Wang, M. Wang, and S.M. Wan, Micro-structure studies of the molten binary K₃AlF₆–Al₂O₃ system by in situ high temperature Raman spectroscopy and theoretical simulation, Inorg. Chem. Front., 5(2018), No. 8, p. 1861. doi: 10.1039/C8QI00226F
[49]	J. Yang, J.Q. Zhang, O. Ostrovski, C. Zhang, and D.X. Cai, Effects of fluorine on solidification, viscosity, structure, and heat transfer of CaO–Al₂O₃-based mold fluxes, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 50(2019), No. 4, p. 1766. doi: 10.1007/s11663-019-01579-z
[50]	P. McMillan and B. Piriou, Raman spectroscopy of calcium aluminate glasses and crystals, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 55(1983), No. 2, p. 221. doi: 10.1016/0022-3093(83)90672-5
[51]	T.S. Kim and J.H. Park, Structure–viscosity relationship of low-silica calcium aluminosilicate melts, ISIJ Int., 54(2014), No. 9, p. 2031. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.54.2031
[52]	H. Li, P. Hrma, J.D. Vienna, M.X. Qian, Y.L. Su, and D.E. Smith, Effects of Al₂O₃, B₂O₃, Na₂O, and SiO₂ on nepheline formation in borosilicate glasses: Chemical and physical correlations, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 331(2003), No. 1-3, p. 202. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2003.08.082
[53]	E.Z. Gao, W.L. Wang , and L. Zhang, Effect of alkaline earth metal oxides on the viscosity and structure of the CaO–Al₂O₃ based mold flux for casting high-al steels, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 473(2017), p. 79. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.07.029
[54]	J.X. Gao, G.H. Wen, T. Huang, B.W. Bai, P. Tang, and Q. Liu, Effect of Al speciation on the structure of high-Al steels mold fluxes containing fluoride, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 99(2016), No. 12, p. 3941. doi: 10.1111/jace.14444
[55]	G.H. Kim and I. Sohn, Effect of Al₂O₃ on the viscosity and structure of calcium silicate-based melts containing Na₂O and CaF₂, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 358(2012), No. 12-13, p. 1530. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2012.04.009
[56]	R. El Hayek, F. Ferey, P. Florian, A. Pisch, and D.R. Neuville, Structure and properties of lime alumino-borate glasses, Chem. Geol., 461(2017), p. 75. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.11.025
[57]	L.S. Du and J.F. Stebbins, Site connectivities in sodium aluminoborate glasses: Multinuclear and multiple quantum NMR results, Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson., 27(2005), No. 1-2, p. 37. doi: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2004.08.003
[58]	D.R. Neuville, G.S. Henderson, L. Cormier, and D. Massiot, The structure of crystals, glasses, and melts along the CaO–Al₂O₃ join: Results from Raman, Al L- and K-edge X-ray absorption, and ²⁷Al NMR spectroscopy, Am. Mineral., 95(2010), No. 10, p. 1580. doi: 10.2138/am.2010.3465
[59]	P. McMillan, Structural studies of silicate glasses and melts—Applications and limitations of Raman spectroscopy, Am. Mineral., 69(1984), No. 7-8, p. 622.
[60]	B.O. Mysen and D. Virgo, Structure and properties of fluorine-bearing aluminosilicate melts: The system Na₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–F at 1 atm, Contr. Mineral. Petrol., 91(1985), No. 3, p. 205. doi: 10.1007/BF00413348
[61]	J.Y. Park, G.H. Kim, J.B. Kim, S. Park, and I. Sohn, Thermo-physical properties of B₂O₃-containing mold flux for high carbon steels in thin slab continuous casters: Structure, viscosity, crystallization, and wettability, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 47(2016), No. 4, p. 2582. doi: 10.1007/s11663-016-0720-z
[62]	B.P. Dwivedi and B.N. Khanna, Cation dependence of Raman scattering in alkali borate glasses, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 56(1995), No. 1, p. 39. doi: 10.1016/0022-3697(94)00130-8
[63]	H. Li, Y.L. Su, L.Y. Li, and D.M. Strachan, Raman spectroscopic study of gadolinium(III) in sodium-aluminoborosilicate glasses, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 292(2001), No. 1-3, p. 167. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00878-X
[64]	E.I. Kamitsos, M.A. Karakassides, and G.D. Chryssikos, Vibrational spectra of magnesium–sodium–borate glasses. 2. Raman and mid-infrared investigation of the network structure, J. Phys. Chem., 91(1987), No. 5, p. 1073. doi: 10.1021/j100289a014
[65]	Y. Kim and K. Morita, Relationship between molten oxide structure and thermal conductivity in the CaO–SiO₂–B₂O₃ system, ISIJ Int., 54(2014), No. 9, p. 2077. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.54.2077
[66]	X.D. Xing, Z.G. Pang, C. Mo, S. Wang, and J.T. Ju, Effect of MgO and BaO on viscosity and structure of blast furnace slag, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 530(2020), art. No. 119801. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119801
[67]	L. Zhang, W.L. Wang, S.L. Xie, K.X. Zhang, and I. Sohn, Effect of basicity and B₂O₃ on the viscosity and structure of fluorine-free mold flux, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 460(2017), p. 113. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.01.031
[68]	D. Xiao, W.L. Wang, and B.X. Lu, Effects of B₂O₃ and BaO on the crystallization behavior of CaO–Al₂O₃-based mold flux for casting high-Al steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 46(2015), No. 2, p. 873. doi: 10.1007/s11663-014-0286-6
[69]	W. Yan, W. Chen, Y. Yang, C. Lippold, and A. McLean, Effect of CaO/Al₂O₃ ratio on viscosity and crystallisation behaviour of mould flux for high Al non-magnetic steel, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 42(2015), No. 9, p. 698. doi: 10.1179/1743281215Y.0000000024
[70]	Q. Wang, J. Yang, C. Zhang, D.X. Cai, J.Q. Zhang, and O. Ostrovski, Effect of CaO/Al₂O₃ ratio on viscosity and structure of CaO–Al₂O₃-based fluoride-free mould fluxes, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 26(2019), No. 4, p. 374.