通过激光粉床熔化揭示马氏体时效钢微观胞状结构与性能关系

吴灵芝; 张聪; Dil Faraz Khan; 张瑞杰; 王永伟; 姜雪; 尹海清; 曲选辉; 刘赓; 苏杰

doi:10.1007/s12613-024-2947-z

Turn off MathJax

图(11) / 表(6)

数据统计

计量

文章访问数: 158
HTML全文浏览量: 60
PDF下载量: 13
被引次数: 0

文章导航 > 矿物冶金与材料学报（英文） > 2024 > 一校

Lingzhi Wu, Cong Zhang, Dil Faraz Khan, Ruijie Zhang, Yongwei Wang, Xue Jiang, Haiqing Yin, Xuanhui Qu, Geng Liu, and Jie Su, Unveiling the cellular microstructure–property relations in maraging steel via laser powder bed fusion, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.,(2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2947-z

Cite this article as:

Lingzhi Wu, Cong Zhang, Dil Faraz Khan, Ruijie Zhang, Yongwei Wang, Xue Jiang, Haiqing Yin, Xuanhui Qu, Geng Liu, and Jie Su, Unveiling the cellular microstructure–property relations in maraging steel via laser powder bed fusion, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.,(2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2947-z

Citation:

PDF( 4146 KB)

引用本文 PDF XML SpringerLink

研究论文

通过激光粉床熔化揭示马氏体时效钢微观胞状结构与性能关系

1)
北京科技大学钢铁共性技术协同创新中心, 北京 100083, 中国
2)
Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu 28100, Pakistan
3)
北京科技大学北京材料基因组工程高精尖创新中心, 北京 100083, 中国
4)
北京科技大学材料基因组工程北京市重点实验室, 北京 100083, 中国
5)
北京科技大学先进材料与技术研究院, 北京 100083, 中国
6)
钢铁研究总院特殊钢研究所北京 100081, 中国

通讯作者:
张聪    E-mail: zhangcong@ustb.edu.cn

张瑞杰    E-mail: zrj@ustb.edu.cn

尹海清    E-mail: hqyin@ustb.edu.cn

文章亮点

(1) 研究了扫描速度对激光粉床熔化FeCrNiCo马氏体不锈钢熔池及微观组织的影响。

(2) 研究了激光粉床熔化FeCrNiCo钢熔池内部胞状组织的大小和元素偏析。

(3) 胞状结构和马氏体相变是强化的主要原因。

中文摘要

增材制造作为一种具有较大设计自由度的快速制造技术，通过逐层成形实现复杂零部件的快速制造。目前文献关于选区激光熔化过程中激光扫描速度对胞状组织及力学性能的研究鲜有报道，因此本文系统地研究了激光粉末床熔化的主要工艺参数之一—激光扫描速度对马氏体不锈钢显微组织及室温拉伸的影响。实验表明通过改变激光扫描速度，试样的微观组织和力学性能发生了明显的变化。当激光扫描速度从400 mm/s增大到1000 mm/s时，相分数无明显变化，平均胞状晶粒尺寸从0.60 μm 减少到0.35 μm，随着扫描速度的增加，力学性能先增加后降低，过高的扫描速度（≥1000 mm/s）和过低的扫描速度（≤400 mm/s）均对性能不利，分别会导致缺乏熔合和匙孔缺陷，最优的扫描速度为800 mm/s制备的样品室温拉伸强度和延伸率最高，抗拉强度为(1088.3±2.0) MPa，延伸率为(16.76±0.1)%。阐明了表面形态、缺陷和能量输入的演变机制，并建立了胞状组织结构与机械性能之间的关系。

关键词:

Research Article

Unveiling the cellular microstructure–property relations in maraging steel via laser powder bed fusion

+ Author Affiliations

1)
Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2)
Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu 28100, Pakistan
3)
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
4)
Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
5)
Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
6)
Institute for Special Steel Research, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China

Xuanhui Qu is an editorial board member for this journal and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. All authors state that there is no conflict of interest.

Corresponding authors:
Cong Zhang    E-mail: zhangcong@ustb.edu.cn

Ruijie Zhang    E-mail: zrj@ustb.edu.cn

Haiqing Yin    E-mail: hqyin@ustb.edu.cn
Received: 25 March 2024; Revised: 28 May 2024; Accepted: 29 May 2024; Available online: 30 May 2024

Abstract

Abstract

Additive manufacturing enables rapid fabrication of complex components through layer-by-layer formation. At present, there is a paucity of addressing the effects on cellular microstructures and mechanical properties during the process of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Therefore, this study systematically investigated the influence of cellular microstructure and mechanical properties response of maraging steel by LPBF. Increasing the laser scanning speed does not lead to a noticeable change in the phase fraction, but it reduces the average size of the cellular structure from 0.60 to 0.35 μm. The scanning speed is 400 and 1000 mm/s are both have adverse effects on performance, resulting in inadequate fusion and keyhole defects, respectively. The optimal scanning speed for fabricating samples is determined to be 800 mm/s, which exhibits the highest room temperature tensile strength and elongation. The ultimate tensile strength measures at (1088.3 ± 2.0) MPa, with an elongation of (16.76 ± 0.10)%. The mechanism of the evolution of surface morphology, defects, and energy input were clarified, the relationship between cellular structure size and mechanical property was also established.
- laser powder bed fusion;
- maraging steel;
- cellular microstructure;
- mechanical properties;
- strengthening mechanism

FullText(HTML)

Supplements(0)

References(77)

References

[1]	Z.Y. Liu, D.D. Zhao, P. Wang, et al., Additive manufacturing of metals: Microstructure evolution and multistage control, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 100(2022), p. 224. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.011
[2]	H.L. Cheng, X.C. Luo, and X. Wu, Recent research progress on additive manufacturing of high-strength low-alloy steels: Focusing on the processing parameters, microstructures and properties, Mater. Today Commun., 36(2023), art. No. 106616. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106616
[3]	J. Fu, H. Li, X. Song, and M.W. Fu, Multi-scale defects in powder-based additively manufactured metals and alloys, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 122(2022), p. 165. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.02.015
[4]	M. Simonelli, Z.Y. Zou, P. Barriobero-Vila, and Y.Y. Tse, The development of ultrafine grain structure in an additively manufactured titanium alloy via high-temperature microscopy, Materialia, 30(2023), art. No. 101856. doi: 10.1016/j.mtla.2023.101856
[5]	T. DebRoy, H.L. Wei, J.S. Zuback, et al., Additive manufacturing of metallic components–Process, structure and properties, Prog. Mater. Sci., 92(2018), p. 112. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.10.001
[6]	J.L. Cann, A. De Luca, D.C. Dunand, et al., Sustainability through alloy design: Challenges and opportunities, Prog. Mater. Sci., 117(2021), art. No. 100722. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100722
[7]	C.L. Tan, K.S. Zhou, W.Y. Ma, P.P. Zhang, M. Liu, and T.C. Kuang, Microstructural evolution, nanoprecipitation behavior and mechanical properties of selective laser melted high-performance grade 300 maraging steel, Mater. Des., 134(2017), p. 23. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.026
[8]	J.R. Lee, M.S. Lee, H. Chae, et al., Effects of building direction and heat treatment on the local mechanical properties of direct metal laser sintered 15-5 PH stainless steel, Mater. Charact., 167(2020), art. No. 110468. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110468
[9]	G. Liu, J. Su, A. Wang, et al., A novel Fe–Cr–Ni–Co–Mo maraging stainless steel with enhanced strength and cryogenic toughness: Role of austenite with core-shell structures, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 863(2023), art. No. 144537. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.144537
[10]	D.H. Liu, J. Su, A. Wang, et al., Tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of FeCrNiCoMo maraging stainless steel after laser melting deposition, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 840(2022), art. No. 142931. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.142931
[11]	L.Z. Wu, D.F. Khan, C. Zhang, et al., Microstructure and mechanical characterization of additively manufactured Fe11Cr8Ni5Co3Mo martensitic stainless steel, Mater. Charact., 203(2023), art. No. 113106. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113106
[12]	D.D. Dong, C. Chang, H. Wang, et al., Selective laser melting (SLM) of CX stainless steel: Theoretical calculation, process optimization and strengthening mechanism, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 73(2021), p. 151. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.09.031
[13]	Y.X. Geng, H. Tang, J.H. Xu, et al., Influence of process parameters and aging treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi8Mg3 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 9, p. 1770. doi: 10.1007/s12613-021-2287-1
[14]	G.Q. Dai, M.H. Xue, Y.H. Guo, et al., Gradient microstructure and strength-ductility synergy improvement of 2319 aluminum alloys by hybrid additive manufacturing, J. Alloys Compd., 968(2023), art. No. 171781. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171781
[15]	M.W. Vaughan, M. Elverud, J. Ye, et al., Development of a process optimization framework for fabricating fully dense advanced high strength steels using laser directed energy deposition, Addit. Manuf., 67(2023), art. No. 103489.
[16]	X.D. Nong, X.L. Zhou, J.H. Li, Y.D. Wang, Y.F. Zhao, and M. Brochu, Selective laser melting and heat treatment of precipitation hardening stainless steel with a refined microstructure and excellent mechanical properties, Scripta Mater., 178(2020), p. 7. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.10.040
[17]	W. Abd-Elaziem, S. Elkatatny, A.E. Abd-Elaziem, et al., On the current research progress of metallic materials fabricated by laser powder bed fusion process: A review, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 20(2022), p. 681. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.07.085
[18]	W. Abd-Elaziem, S. Elkatatny, T.A. Sebaey, M.A. Darwish, M.A. Abd El-Baky, and A. Hamada, Machine learning for advancing laser powder bed fusion of stainless steel, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 30(2024), p. 4986. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.04.130
[19]	Q. Chen, L.Y. Xu, L. Zhao, K.D. Hao, and Y.D. Han, Effect of scanning speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-printed Ti–22Al–25Nb intermetallic by laser powder bed fusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 885(2023), art. No. 145652. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2023.145652
[20]	E. Liverani, S. Toschi, L. Ceschini, and A. Fortunato, Effect of selective laser melting (SLM) process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 249(2017), p. 255. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.05.042
[21]	L. Hao, W.L. Wang, J. Zeng, M. Song, S. Chang, and C.Y. Zhu, Effect of scanning speed and laser power on formability, microstructure, and quality of 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 25(2023), p. 3189. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.144
[22]	M. Sanjari, A. Hadadzadeh, H. Pirgazi, et al., Selective laser melted stainless steel CX: Role of built orientation on microstructure and micro-mechanical properties, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 786(2020), art. No. 139365. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139365
[23]	J.W. Liu, Y.N. Song, C.Y. Chen, et al., Effect of scanning speed on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting, Mater. Des., 186(2020), art. No. 108355. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108355
[24]	G.N. Nigon, O. Burkan Isgor, and S. Pasebani, The effect of annealing on the selective laser melting of 2205 duplex stainless steel: Microstructure, grain orientation, and manufacturing challenges, Opt. Laser Technol., 134(2021), art. No. 106643. doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106643
[25]	P.F. Jiang, C.H. Zhang, S. Zhang, J.B. Zhang, J. Chen, and H.T. Chen, Additive manufacturing of novel ferritic stainless steel by selective laser melting: Role of laser scanning speed on the formability, microstructure and properties, Opt. Laser Technol., 140(2021), art. No. 107055. doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107055
[26]	T.H. Hsu, P.C. Huang, M.Y. Lee, et al., Effect of processing parameters on the fractions of martensite in 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting, J. Alloys Compd., 859(2021), art. No. 157758. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157758
[27]	A. Hamada, M. Jaskari, T. Gundgire, and A. Järvenpää, Enhancement and underlying fatigue mechanisms of laser powder bed fusion additive-manufactured 316L stainless steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 873(2023), art. No. 145021. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2023.145021
[28]	S. Giganto, S. Martínez-Pellitero, J. Barreiro, P. Leo, and M.Á. Castro-Sastre, Impact of the laser scanning strategy on the quality of 17-4PH stainless steel parts manufactured by selective laser melting, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 20(2022), p. 2734. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.040
[29]	T.H. Hsu, Y.J. Chang, C.Y. Huang, et al., Microstructure and property of a selective laser melting process induced oxide dispersion strengthened 17-4 PH stainless steel, J. Alloys Compd., 803(2019), p. 30. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.289
[30]	W.P. Wu, X. Wang, Q. Wang, et al., Microstructure and mechanical properties of maraging 18Ni-300 steel obtained by powder bed based selective laser melting process, Rapid Prototyping J., 26(2020), No. 8, p. 1379. doi: 10.1108/RPJ-08-2018-0189
[31]	J. Song, Q. Tang, Q.X. Feng, et al., Effect of remelting processes on the microstructure and mechanical behaviours of 18Ni-300 maraging steel manufactured by selective laser melting, Mater. Charact., 184(2022), art. No. 111648. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111648
[32]	Z.C. Liu, H. Kim, W.W. Liu, W.L. Cong, Q.H. Jiang, and H.C. Zhang, Influence of energy density on macro/micro structures and mechanical properties of as-deposited Inconel 718 parts fabricated by laser engineered net shaping, J. Manuf. Process., 42(2019), p. 96. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.04.020
[33]	T. Rautio, A. Hamada, J. Kumpula, A. Järvenpää, and T. Allam, Enhancement of electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance by silver shell–copper core coating of additively manufactured AlSi₁₀Mg alloy, Surf. Coat. Technol., 403(2020), art. No. 126426. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126426
[34]	S.D. Wang, J.H. Wang, S.J. Zhang, et al., Dual nanoprecipitation and nanoscale chemical heterogeneity in a secondary hardening steel for ultrahigh strength and large uniform elongation, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 185(2024), p. 245. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.10.048
[35]	M. Tanaka and C.S. Choi, The effects of carbon contents and M_s temperatures on the hardness of martensitic Fe–Ni–C alloys, Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 12(1972), No. 1, p. 16. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational1966.12.16
[36]	Y.C. Li, W. Yan, J.D. Cotton, et al., A new 1.9GPa maraging stainless steel strengthened by multiple precipitating species, Mater. Des., 82(2015), p. 56. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.042
[37]	W.Q. Guo, B. Feng, Y. Yang, et al., Effect of laser scanning speed on the microstructure, phase transformation and mechanical property of NiTi alloys fabricated by LPBF, Mater. Des., 215(2022), art. No. 110460. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110460
[38]	R. Esmaeilizadeh, A. Keshavarzkermani, U. Ali, et al., Customizing mechanical properties of additively manufactured Hastelloy X parts by adjusting laser scanning speed, J. Alloys Compd., 812(2020), art. No. 152097. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152097
[39]	A. Ullah, A. Ur Rehman, M.U. Salamci, F. Pıtır, and T.T. Liu, The influence of laser power and scanning speed on the microstructure and surface morphology of Cu₂O parts in SLM, Rapid Prototyping J., 28(2022), No. 9, p. 1796. doi: 10.1108/RPJ-12-2021-0342
[40]	M.M. Chen, R.H. Shi, Z.Z. Liu, et al., Phase-field simulation of lack-of-fusion defect and grain growth during laser powder bed fusion of Inconel 718, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 30(2023), No. 11, p. 2224. doi: 10.1007/s12613-023-2664-z
[41]	I. Hemmati, V. Ocelík, and J.T.M. De Hosson, Microstructural characterization of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel laser-deposited coatings, J. Mater. Sci., 46(2011), No. 10, p. 3405. doi: 10.1007/s10853-010-5229-2
[42]	Y.Y. Chen, H.Y. Yue, and X.P. Wang, Microstructure, texture and tensile property as a function of scanning speed of Ti–47Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy fabricated by selective electron beam melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 713(2018), p. 195. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.020
[43]	Y.J. Liang, X. Cheng, and H.M. Wang, A new microsegregation model for rapid solidification multicomponent alloys and its application to single-crystal nickel-base superalloys of laser rapid directional solidification, Acta Mater., 118(2016), p. 17. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.008
[44]	K.Y. Wang, S.J. Lv, H.H. Wu, et al., Recent research progress on the phase-field model of microstructural evolution during metal solidification, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 30(2023), No. 11, p. 2095. doi: 10.1007/s12613-023-2710-x
[45]	J.Q. Zhang, M.J. Wang, L.H. Niu, et al., Effect of process parameters and heat treatment on the properties of stainless steel CX fabricated by selective laser melting, J. Alloys Compd., 877(2021), art. No. 160062. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160062
[46]	S. Afkhami, V. Javaheri, E. Dabiri, H. Piili, and T. Björk, Effects of manufacturing parameters, heat treatment, and machining on the physical and mechanical properties of 13Cr10Ni1.7Mo2Al0.4Mn0.4Si steel processed by laser powder bed fusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 832(2022), art. No. 142402. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2021.142402
[47]	D.C. Kong, C.F. Dong, X.Q. Ni, et al., Mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel after different heat treatment processes, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 35(2019), No. 7, p. 1499. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.03.003
[48]	C. Chang, X.C. Yan, R. Bolot, et al., Influence of post-heat treatments on the mechanical properties of CX stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting, J. Mater. Sci., 55(2020), No. 19, p. 8303. doi: 10.1007/s10853-020-04566-x
[49]	J. Su, M. Sanjari, A.S.H. Kabir, et al., Characteristics of magnesium AZ31 alloys subjected to high speed rolling, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 636(2015), p. 582. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.03.083
[50]	W. Zhao, H.L. Xiang, R.X. Yu, and G. Mou, Effects of laser scanning speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting, J. Manuf. Process., 94(2023), p. 1. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.03.068
[51]	D.C. Kong, C.F. Dong, S.L. Wei, et al., About metastable cellular structure in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steels, Addit. Manuf., 38(2021), art. No. 101804.
[52]	Y.M. Wang, T. Voisin, J.T. McKeown, et al., Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility, Nat. Mater., 17(2018), p. 63. doi: 10.1038/nmat5021
[53]	K.G. Prashanth, S. Scudino, T. Maity, J. Das, and J. Eckert, Is the energy density a reliable parameter for materials synthesis by selective laser melting? Mater. Res. Lett., 5(2017), No. 6, p. 386. doi: 10.1080/21663831.2017.1299808
[54]	M. Yakout, M.A. Elbestawi, and S.C. Veldhuis, A study of thermal expansion coefficients and microstructure during selective laser melting of Invar 36 and stainless steel 316L, Addit. Manuf., 24(2018), p. 405.
[55]	J.L. Bartlett, F.M. Heim, Y.V. Murty, and X.D. Li, In situ defect detection in selective laser melting via full-field infrared thermography, Addit. Manuf., 24(2018), p. 595.
[56]	R. Cunningham, C. Zhao, N. Parab, et al., Keyhole threshold and morphology in laser melting revealed by ultrahigh-speed X-ray imaging, Science, 363(2019), No. 6429, p. 849. doi: 10.1126/science.aav4687
[57]	D.M. Li, X. Zhang, R.X. Qin, J.X. Xu, D.Y. Yue, and B.Z. Chen, Influence of processing parameters on AlSi10Mg lattice structure during selective laser melting: Manufacturing defects, thermal behavior and compression properties, Opt. Laser Technol., 161(2023), art. No. 109182. doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.109182
[58]	F.Z. Chu, E.L. Li, H.P. Shen, et al., Influence of powder size on defect generation in laser powder bed fusion of AlSi₁₀Mg alloy, J. Manuf. Process., 94(2023), p. 183. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.03.046
[59]	J. Chao, D.G. Morris, M.A. Muñoz-Morris, and J.L. Gonzalez-Carrasco, The influence of some microstructural and test parameters on the tensile behaviour and the ductility of a mechanically-alloyed Fe–40Al alloy, Intermetallics, 9(2001), No. 4, p. 299. doi: 10.1016/S0966-9795(01)00005-X
[60]	Q.D. Yang, S. Yang, S.Y. Ma, et al. , In-situ X-ray computed tomography tensile tests and analysis of damage mechanism and mechanical properties in laser powder bed fused Invar 36 alloy, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 175(2024), p. 29. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.08.014
[61]	J. Kwon, Y.T. Choi, E.S. Kim, et al., Effect of cell characteristics on mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 901(2024), art. No. 146537. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.146537
[62]	W.S. Tang, X.Q. Yang, C.B. Tian, and C. Gu, Effect of rotation speed on microstructure and mechanical anisotropy of Al-5083 alloy builds fabricated by friction extrusion additive manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 860(2022), art. No. 144237. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.144237
[63]	S. Morito, H. Yoshida, T. Maki, and X. Huang, Effect of block size on the strength of lath martensite in low carbon steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 438(2006), p. 237.
[64]	T.Q. Liu, Z.X. Cao, H. Wang, G.L. Wu, J.J. Jin, and W.Q. Cao, A new 2.4 GPa extra-high strength steel with good ductility and high toughness designed by synergistic strengthening of nano-particles and high-density dislocations, Scripta Mater., 178(2020), p. 285. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.11.045
[65]	J. Haubrich, J. Gussone, P. Barriobero-Vila, et al., The role of lattice defects, element partitioning and intrinsic heat effects on the microstructure in selective laser melted Ti–6Al–4V, Acta Mater., 167(2019), p. 136. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2019.01.039
[66]	M.C. Niu, G. Zhou, W. Wang, M.B. Shahzad, Y.Y. Shan, and K. Yang, Precipitate evolution and strengthening behavior during aging process in a 2.5 GPa grade maraging steel, Acta Mater., 179(2019), p. 296. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2019.08.042
[67]	E.I. Galindo-Nava and P.E.J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo, A model for the microstructure behaviour and strength evolution in lath martensite, Acta Mater., 98(2015), p. 81. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.07.018
[68]	V.K. Vasudevan, S.J. Kim, and C.M. Wayman, Precipitation reactions and strengthening behavior in 18 Wt Pct nickel maraging steels, Metall. Trans. A, 21(1990), No. 10, p. 2655. doi: 10.1007/BF02646061
[69]	R.L. Fleischer, Substitutional solution hardening, Acta Metall., 11(1963), No. 3, p. 203. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(63)90213-X
[70]	R. Labusch, A statistical theory of solid solution hardening, Phys. Status Solidi B., 41(1970), No. 2, p. 659. doi: 10.1002/pssb.19700410221
[71]	E.I. Galindo-Nava and P.E.J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo, Understanding the factors controlling the hardness in martensitic steels, Scripta Mater., 110(2016), p. 96. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.08.010
[72]	G. Ghosh and G.B. Olson, Kinetics of F.C.C. → B.C.C. heterogeneous martensitic nucleation—I. The critical driving force for athermal nucleation, Acta Metall. Mater., 42(1994), No. 10, p. 3361. doi: 10.1016/0956-7151(94)90468-5
[73]	P. Peng, K.S. Wang, W. Wang, et al., Relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed AISI 316L steel produced by selective laser melting, Mater. Charact., 163(2020), art. No. 110283. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110283
[74]	H.H. Jin, E. Ko, J. Kwon, S.S. Hwang, and C. Shin, Evaluation of critical resolved shear strength and deformation mode in proton-irradiated austenitic stainless steel using micro-compression tests, J. Nucl. Mater., 470(2016), p. 155. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.12.029
[75]	B.Q. Han and D.C. Dunand, Creep of magnesium strengthened with high volume fractions of yttria dispersoids, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 300(2001), No. 1-2, p. 235. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01781-0
[76]	Y. Xiang, Modeling dislocations at different scales, Commun. Comput. Phys., 1(2006), No. 3, p. 383.
[77]	B. Kim, E. Boucard, T. Sourmail, D. San Martín, N. Gey, and P.E.J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo, The influence of silicon in tempered martensite: Understanding the microstructure–properties relationship in 0.5–0.6wt.% C steels, Acta Mater., 68(2014), p. 169. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.01.039