Search2006 Vol. 13, No. 6
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2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
481-485.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60098-4
Abstract:
Based on the externality theory and the environmental value theory, the hypothesis of charging for waste dumping of open-pit metal mines was put forth. The charging methods were designed according to the characteristics of waste dumping of openpit metal mines, including charging based on the dumping amount of the total waste, multi-charging factors, exceeding standard punishment charging, and so on. The main charging parameter is based on the dumping area rather than the total amount of waste dumping.The charging model of waste dumping of open-pit mines was formulated, and the charging rate was divided into two parts, i.e., the standard charging rate and the differential charging rate. The standard charging rate was derived using the equilibrium dynamic model,whereas the differential one was obtained by establishing the fuzzy synthesized evaluation model.
Based on the externality theory and the environmental value theory, the hypothesis of charging for waste dumping of open-pit metal mines was put forth. The charging methods were designed according to the characteristics of waste dumping of openpit metal mines, including charging based on the dumping amount of the total waste, multi-charging factors, exceeding standard punishment charging, and so on. The main charging parameter is based on the dumping area rather than the total amount of waste dumping.The charging model of waste dumping of open-pit mines was formulated, and the charging rate was divided into two parts, i.e., the standard charging rate and the differential charging rate. The standard charging rate was derived using the equilibrium dynamic model,whereas the differential one was obtained by establishing the fuzzy synthesized evaluation model.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
486-489.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60099-6
Abstract:
It has been found that Ca-treated liquid steel can be cast at a lower superheat. To ascertain the reason for the improved castability of Ca-treated liquid steel and to find the optimal range of calcium content, the behavior of calcium in liquid steel was studied in terms of the relationship between the calcium content and solid ratio of inclusions. The relationship between the calcium content and solid ratio of inclusions was obtained by means of the classification of nonmetallic inclusions in solid and liquid steels at casting temperature according to the Al2O3-CaO-SiO2 phase diagram. The optimum calcium content should be 17-23 ppm.
It has been found that Ca-treated liquid steel can be cast at a lower superheat. To ascertain the reason for the improved castability of Ca-treated liquid steel and to find the optimal range of calcium content, the behavior of calcium in liquid steel was studied in terms of the relationship between the calcium content and solid ratio of inclusions. The relationship between the calcium content and solid ratio of inclusions was obtained by means of the classification of nonmetallic inclusions in solid and liquid steels at casting temperature according to the Al2O3-CaO-SiO2 phase diagram. The optimum calcium content should be 17-23 ppm.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
490-496.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60100-X
Abstract:
Center segregation is the main reason for cup fracture of high-carbon wire rod during drawing. Therefore, to continuously produce cast billets with very low center segregation is an important objective. The soft reduction technology is considered to be an effective method to minimize center segregation. To elucidate the effect of soft reduction on the internal quality of high-carbon steel billets, soft reduction was applied with different solid fractions in the core area of billets in a laboratory casting machine. A coupled temperature/displacement finite element model was developed to calculate the solid fraction using the commercial software ABAQUS.Center segregation, center porosity, homogeneity of elements, and equiaxed crystal zone were obviously improved by applying soft reduction, especially when the solid fraction was less than 1.0. The optimal results were obtained when the solid fraction was approximately 0.9.
Center segregation is the main reason for cup fracture of high-carbon wire rod during drawing. Therefore, to continuously produce cast billets with very low center segregation is an important objective. The soft reduction technology is considered to be an effective method to minimize center segregation. To elucidate the effect of soft reduction on the internal quality of high-carbon steel billets, soft reduction was applied with different solid fractions in the core area of billets in a laboratory casting machine. A coupled temperature/displacement finite element model was developed to calculate the solid fraction using the commercial software ABAQUS.Center segregation, center porosity, homogeneity of elements, and equiaxed crystal zone were obviously improved by applying soft reduction, especially when the solid fraction was less than 1.0. The optimal results were obtained when the solid fraction was approximately 0.9.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
497-503.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60101-1
Abstract:
The hearth of “heat transfer method” and the ceramic cup synthetic hearth bottom of “heart isolation method” are two most popular designs for blast furnace (BF). Although there are successful real examples, some disadvantages, for instance large heat loss and high cost, still exist for these designs. According to the theory of heat transfer, based on the calculation of temperature distribution of the hearth bottom, it is elucidated that all brick layers at the hearth bottom may not be considered as the only reason why different structures exhibited different temperature distributions although total heat resistance is the same, and then based on the effect of hot metal and cold water on different temperature distribution ranges, the concepts of “heat resistance” and “cooling enhancement” are put forth. Based on this, the disadvantages and the factors affecting temperature distribution, of the two types of hearth bottoms were illustrated. On the basis of these analyses, a novel structure for BF hearth bottom designing that can easily form “self-protecting” slag layer stably, called “the method of gradient brick layout that has an optimum combination of cooling enhancement and heat resistance”was proposed; it can not only prolong the hearth bottom longevity but also reduce the cost and heat loss. Also, the optimum arrangement of thermal couples in hearth bottom was suggested based on the previous studies on erosion prediction carried out by the author.
The hearth of “heat transfer method” and the ceramic cup synthetic hearth bottom of “heart isolation method” are two most popular designs for blast furnace (BF). Although there are successful real examples, some disadvantages, for instance large heat loss and high cost, still exist for these designs. According to the theory of heat transfer, based on the calculation of temperature distribution of the hearth bottom, it is elucidated that all brick layers at the hearth bottom may not be considered as the only reason why different structures exhibited different temperature distributions although total heat resistance is the same, and then based on the effect of hot metal and cold water on different temperature distribution ranges, the concepts of “heat resistance” and “cooling enhancement” are put forth. Based on this, the disadvantages and the factors affecting temperature distribution, of the two types of hearth bottoms were illustrated. On the basis of these analyses, a novel structure for BF hearth bottom designing that can easily form “self-protecting” slag layer stably, called “the method of gradient brick layout that has an optimum combination of cooling enhancement and heat resistance”was proposed; it can not only prolong the hearth bottom longevity but also reduce the cost and heat loss. Also, the optimum arrangement of thermal couples in hearth bottom was suggested based on the previous studies on erosion prediction carried out by the author.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
504-507.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60102-3
Abstract:
The deformation and fracture behaviors of low-carbon steel, medium-carbon steel, and high-carbon steel were studied on internal microstructure using the scanning electron microscopy in situ tensile test. The microstructure mechanism of their deformation and fracture behavior was analyzed. The results show that the deformation and fracture behavior of low-carbon steel depends on the grain size of ferrite, the deformation and fracture behavior of medium-carbon steel depends on the size of ferrite grain and pearlite lump,and the deformation and fracture behavior of high-carbon steel depends on the size of pearlite lump and the pearlitic interlamellar spacing.
The deformation and fracture behaviors of low-carbon steel, medium-carbon steel, and high-carbon steel were studied on internal microstructure using the scanning electron microscopy in situ tensile test. The microstructure mechanism of their deformation and fracture behavior was analyzed. The results show that the deformation and fracture behavior of low-carbon steel depends on the grain size of ferrite, the deformation and fracture behavior of medium-carbon steel depends on the size of ferrite grain and pearlite lump,and the deformation and fracture behavior of high-carbon steel depends on the size of pearlite lump and the pearlitic interlamellar spacing.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
508-511.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60103-5
Abstract:
The microstructure, mechanical properties, and misorientation of automobile beam steels produced by EAF-CSP process were studied using optical microscopy (OM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). It is shown that the microstructure of strips is mainly polygonal ferrite, and the average grain size is about 5-8 μm. The electron back-scattered diffraction results show that grain boundaries in ferrite are basically high-angle grain boundaries without remarkable preferred orientation. Hot strips of automobile beam steels possess a good combination of strength and plasticity because of their fine microstructures and low quantity of impurities.
The microstructure, mechanical properties, and misorientation of automobile beam steels produced by EAF-CSP process were studied using optical microscopy (OM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). It is shown that the microstructure of strips is mainly polygonal ferrite, and the average grain size is about 5-8 μm. The electron back-scattered diffraction results show that grain boundaries in ferrite are basically high-angle grain boundaries without remarkable preferred orientation. Hot strips of automobile beam steels possess a good combination of strength and plasticity because of their fine microstructures and low quantity of impurities.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
512-515.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60104-7
Abstract:
The investigation of the influences of important parameters including steel chemical composition and hot rolling parameters on the mechanical properties of steel is a key for the systems that are used to predict mechanical properties. To improve the prediction accuracy, support vector machine was used to predict the mechanical properties of hot-rolled plain carbon steel Q235B. Support vector machine is a novel machine learning method, which is a powerful tool used to solve the problem characterized by small sample, nonlinearity, and high dimension with a good generalization performance. On the basis of the data collected from the supervisor of hot-rolling process, the support vector regression algorithm was used to build prediction models, and the off-line simulation indicates that predicted and measured results are in good agreement.
The investigation of the influences of important parameters including steel chemical composition and hot rolling parameters on the mechanical properties of steel is a key for the systems that are used to predict mechanical properties. To improve the prediction accuracy, support vector machine was used to predict the mechanical properties of hot-rolled plain carbon steel Q235B. Support vector machine is a novel machine learning method, which is a powerful tool used to solve the problem characterized by small sample, nonlinearity, and high dimension with a good generalization performance. On the basis of the data collected from the supervisor of hot-rolling process, the support vector regression algorithm was used to build prediction models, and the off-line simulation indicates that predicted and measured results are in good agreement.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
516-522.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60105-9
Abstract:
Solidification microstructure and microsegregation were simulated under a constant pressure condition using the cellular automaton method. First, a single dendrite evolution was simulated and compared under pressure condition and under normal condition,respectively. The solidification microstructure and microsegregation were then simulated. Through simulation, it may be concluded that if the growth direction of the dendrite is parallel to the pressure direction, dendrite growth will be hindered. On the other hand,pressure has no influence on the dendrite evolution. However, when two dendrites grow in close contact, solute enrichment occurs in the dendrites, which hinders the growth of the dendrites. In addition, the solute is preferentially enriched along the pressure direction.
Solidification microstructure and microsegregation were simulated under a constant pressure condition using the cellular automaton method. First, a single dendrite evolution was simulated and compared under pressure condition and under normal condition,respectively. The solidification microstructure and microsegregation were then simulated. Through simulation, it may be concluded that if the growth direction of the dendrite is parallel to the pressure direction, dendrite growth will be hindered. On the other hand,pressure has no influence on the dendrite evolution. However, when two dendrites grow in close contact, solute enrichment occurs in the dendrites, which hinders the growth of the dendrites. In addition, the solute is preferentially enriched along the pressure direction.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
523-527.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60106-0
Abstract:
The morphology, structure, and chemical composition of precipitates in the final microstructure of Nb-V-Ti microalloyed X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Precipitates observed by TEM can be classified into two groups. The large precipitates are complex compounds that comprise square-shaped TiN precipitate as core with fine Nb-containing precipitate nucleated on pre-existing TiN precipitate as caps on one or more faces at high temperature. In contrast, the fine and spherical Nb carbides and/or carbonitrides precipitate heterogene-ously on dislocations and sub-boundaries at low temperature. From the analysis in terms of thermodynamics, EDS and chemical composition of the steel, NbC precipitation is considered to be the predominant precipitation behavior in the tested steel under the processing conditions of this research.
The morphology, structure, and chemical composition of precipitates in the final microstructure of Nb-V-Ti microalloyed X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Precipitates observed by TEM can be classified into two groups. The large precipitates are complex compounds that comprise square-shaped TiN precipitate as core with fine Nb-containing precipitate nucleated on pre-existing TiN precipitate as caps on one or more faces at high temperature. In contrast, the fine and spherical Nb carbides and/or carbonitrides precipitate heterogene-ously on dislocations and sub-boundaries at low temperature. From the analysis in terms of thermodynamics, EDS and chemical composition of the steel, NbC precipitation is considered to be the predominant precipitation behavior in the tested steel under the processing conditions of this research.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
528-531.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60107-2
Abstract:
The lubrication effectiveness of the composite lubricants, 50wt% ethylene bis-stearamide (EBS) wax + 50wt% graphite and 50wt% EBS wax + 50wt% BN, during the powder metallurgy (P/M) electrostatic die wall lubrication and warm compaction was studied. The results show that the combination of 50wt% EBS wax and 50wt% graphite has excellent lubrication performance, resulting in fairly high green densities, but the mixture of 50wt% EBS wax and 50wt% BN has less beneficial effect. In addition, corresponding die temperatures should be applied when different die wall lubricants are used to achieve the highest green densities.
The lubrication effectiveness of the composite lubricants, 50wt% ethylene bis-stearamide (EBS) wax + 50wt% graphite and 50wt% EBS wax + 50wt% BN, during the powder metallurgy (P/M) electrostatic die wall lubrication and warm compaction was studied. The results show that the combination of 50wt% EBS wax and 50wt% graphite has excellent lubrication performance, resulting in fairly high green densities, but the mixture of 50wt% EBS wax and 50wt% BN has less beneficial effect. In addition, corresponding die temperatures should be applied when different die wall lubricants are used to achieve the highest green densities.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
532-537.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60108-4
Abstract:
Diffusion bonding is one of the most important techniques for composite materials, while bonding temperature, holding time,and rolling reduction are the key parameters that affect the bonding strength of sandwich plates. To study the effect of plastic deformation on the bonding strength, laboratory experiments were carried on a Gleeble Thermal Simulator to imitate the diffusion-rolling bonding under different reductions for steel sandwich plates. The bonding strength and interlayer film thickness were measured, and the element diffusion was analyzed using line scanning. The relationship between the bonding strength and “diffused interlayer” thickness was investigated. It has been found that the bonding strength increases with reduction, whereas the interlayer film thickness decreases gradually as the reduction increases. The diffusion under plastic deformation is obviously enhanced in comparison with that of nil reduction. The mechanism of plastic deformation effect on the diffusion bonding and related models have been discussed.
Diffusion bonding is one of the most important techniques for composite materials, while bonding temperature, holding time,and rolling reduction are the key parameters that affect the bonding strength of sandwich plates. To study the effect of plastic deformation on the bonding strength, laboratory experiments were carried on a Gleeble Thermal Simulator to imitate the diffusion-rolling bonding under different reductions for steel sandwich plates. The bonding strength and interlayer film thickness were measured, and the element diffusion was analyzed using line scanning. The relationship between the bonding strength and “diffused interlayer” thickness was investigated. It has been found that the bonding strength increases with reduction, whereas the interlayer film thickness decreases gradually as the reduction increases. The diffusion under plastic deformation is obviously enhanced in comparison with that of nil reduction. The mechanism of plastic deformation effect on the diffusion bonding and related models have been discussed.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
538-541.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60109-6
Abstract:
A wear-resistant (Cr, Fe)7C3/γ-Fe in situ ceramal composite coating was fabricated on the substrate of 0.45wt%C carbon steel by a plasma-transferred arc cladding process using the Fe-Cr-C elemental powder blends. The microstructure, microhardness, and dry-sliding wear resistance of the coating were evaluated. The results indicate that the microstructure of the coating, which was composed of (Cr, Fe)7C3 primary phase uniformly distributed in the γ-Fe, and the (Cr, Fe)7C3 eutectic matrix was metallurgically bonded to the 0.45wt%C carbon steel substrate. From substrate to coating, the microstructure of the coating exhibited an evident epitaxial growth character. The coating, indehiscent and tack-free, had high hardness and appropriate gradient. It had excellent wear resistance under the dry sliding wear test condition.
A wear-resistant (Cr, Fe)7C3/γ-Fe in situ ceramal composite coating was fabricated on the substrate of 0.45wt%C carbon steel by a plasma-transferred arc cladding process using the Fe-Cr-C elemental powder blends. The microstructure, microhardness, and dry-sliding wear resistance of the coating were evaluated. The results indicate that the microstructure of the coating, which was composed of (Cr, Fe)7C3 primary phase uniformly distributed in the γ-Fe, and the (Cr, Fe)7C3 eutectic matrix was metallurgically bonded to the 0.45wt%C carbon steel substrate. From substrate to coating, the microstructure of the coating exhibited an evident epitaxial growth character. The coating, indehiscent and tack-free, had high hardness and appropriate gradient. It had excellent wear resistance under the dry sliding wear test condition.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
542-545.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60110-2
Abstract:
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) film deposition on pure titanium and Ti alloys is extraordinarily difficult because of the high diffusion coefficient of carbon in Ti, the large mismatch in their thermal expansion coefficients, the complex nature of the inter-layer formed during diamond deposition, and the difficulty to achieve very high nucleation density. In this investigation, NCD films were successfully deposited on pure Ti substrate by using a novel substrate pretreatment of ultrasonic scratching in a diamond powder-ethanol suspension and by a two-step process at moderate temperature. It was shown that by scratching with a 30-μm diamond suspension for 1 h, followed by a 10-h diamond deposition, a continuous NCD film was obtained with an average grain size of about 200 nm. Detailed experimental results on the preparation, characterization, and successful deposition of the NCD films on Ti were discussed.
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) film deposition on pure titanium and Ti alloys is extraordinarily difficult because of the high diffusion coefficient of carbon in Ti, the large mismatch in their thermal expansion coefficients, the complex nature of the inter-layer formed during diamond deposition, and the difficulty to achieve very high nucleation density. In this investigation, NCD films were successfully deposited on pure Ti substrate by using a novel substrate pretreatment of ultrasonic scratching in a diamond powder-ethanol suspension and by a two-step process at moderate temperature. It was shown that by scratching with a 30-μm diamond suspension for 1 h, followed by a 10-h diamond deposition, a continuous NCD film was obtained with an average grain size of about 200 nm. Detailed experimental results on the preparation, characterization, and successful deposition of the NCD films on Ti were discussed.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
546-550.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60111-4
Abstract:
Steel reinforced TiC composites are an attractive choice for wear resistance and corrosion resistance applications. TiC-reinforced 17-4PH maraging stainless matrix composites were processed by conventional powder metallurgy (P/M). TiC-reinforced maraging stainless steel composites with >97% of theoretical density were fabricated. The microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of the composites were evaluated. The microstructure of these composites consisted of spherical and semi-spherical TiC particles.A few microcracks appeared in the composites, showing the presence of tensile stress in the composites produced during sintering.Typical properties, namely, hardness and bend strength were reported for the sintered composites. After heat treatment and aging, the increase of hardness was observed. The increase of hardness was attributed to the aging reaction in the 17-4PH stainless steel. The precipitates appeared in the microstructure and were responsible for the increase in hardness. The specific wear behavior of the composites was strongly dependent on the content of TiC particles, the interparticle spacing, and the presence of hard precipitates in the binder phase.
Steel reinforced TiC composites are an attractive choice for wear resistance and corrosion resistance applications. TiC-reinforced 17-4PH maraging stainless matrix composites were processed by conventional powder metallurgy (P/M). TiC-reinforced maraging stainless steel composites with >97% of theoretical density were fabricated. The microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of the composites were evaluated. The microstructure of these composites consisted of spherical and semi-spherical TiC particles.A few microcracks appeared in the composites, showing the presence of tensile stress in the composites produced during sintering.Typical properties, namely, hardness and bend strength were reported for the sintered composites. After heat treatment and aging, the increase of hardness was observed. The increase of hardness was attributed to the aging reaction in the 17-4PH stainless steel. The precipitates appeared in the microstructure and were responsible for the increase in hardness. The specific wear behavior of the composites was strongly dependent on the content of TiC particles, the interparticle spacing, and the presence of hard precipitates in the binder phase.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
551-557.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60112-6
Abstract:
The in situ synthesis method for titanium matrix composites (TMCs) has obvious technical and economical advantages over other traditional methods. Ultrafine reinforcement particles were formed in situ by chemical reaction between elements or between elements and compounds. Using the approach, contamination at the composite matrix/reinforcement particle interface did not occur,interface bonding was good, and the reinforcement particle was the rmodynamically stable. The stage of development of the preparation process for in situ TMCs as well as the thermodynamic analysis of the possible in situ reaction systems was described.
The in situ synthesis method for titanium matrix composites (TMCs) has obvious technical and economical advantages over other traditional methods. Ultrafine reinforcement particles were formed in situ by chemical reaction between elements or between elements and compounds. Using the approach, contamination at the composite matrix/reinforcement particle interface did not occur,interface bonding was good, and the reinforcement particle was the rmodynamically stable. The stage of development of the preparation process for in situ TMCs as well as the thermodynamic analysis of the possible in situ reaction systems was described.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
558-563.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60113-8
Abstract:
The interface structure between the Si and NiSi2 epitaxially grown on the (112) Si substrate was studied using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and computer image simulation. The results showed that the interface between Si and NiSi2 epitaxially grown on the (112) Si substrate has six different types:type A NiSi2 (111)/(111) Si, type A NiSi2 (001)/(001) Si, type B NiSi2 (111)/(111) Si, type B NiSi2 (112)/(112) Si, type B NiSi2 (221)/(001) Si, and type B NiSi2 (114)/(110) Si. And there are one or more different atomic structures for one type of interface.
The interface structure between the Si and NiSi2 epitaxially grown on the (112) Si substrate was studied using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and computer image simulation. The results showed that the interface between Si and NiSi2 epitaxially grown on the (112) Si substrate has six different types:type A NiSi2 (111)/(111) Si, type A NiSi2 (001)/(001) Si, type B NiSi2 (111)/(111) Si, type B NiSi2 (112)/(112) Si, type B NiSi2 (221)/(001) Si, and type B NiSi2 (114)/(110) Si. And there are one or more different atomic structures for one type of interface.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
564-569.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60114-X
Abstract:
Lithium aluminosilicate (LAS) glasses are generally difficult to prepare because of their high melting temperature. In this study, the preparation of LAS glasses was achieved at a relatively low melting temperature. The batch containing MgO-ZnO-Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 was melted in a platinum crucible at 1550°C for 2 h and was then followed by two- or three-step heat treatment processes for nucleation and crystal growth. The characterizations were carried out by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR scanning spectrophotometry. The hexagonal stuffed β-eucryptite solidsolution crystallized at 840-960°C. Most of the hexagonal β-eucryptite solid solution transformed into the tetragonal β-spodumene solid solution at 1100°C. Almost all the aluminum atoms entered into the tetrahedral sites in the aluminosilicate network of the β-eucryptite/β-quartz solid solution. All of the Al atoms did not belong to the aluminosilicate network of the β-spodumene solid solution.The glass ceramic with a mean grain size of 10-20 nm is transparent, the transmittance reaches ~85% in the visible light wavelength.
Lithium aluminosilicate (LAS) glasses are generally difficult to prepare because of their high melting temperature. In this study, the preparation of LAS glasses was achieved at a relatively low melting temperature. The batch containing MgO-ZnO-Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 was melted in a platinum crucible at 1550°C for 2 h and was then followed by two- or three-step heat treatment processes for nucleation and crystal growth. The characterizations were carried out by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR scanning spectrophotometry. The hexagonal stuffed β-eucryptite solidsolution crystallized at 840-960°C. Most of the hexagonal β-eucryptite solid solution transformed into the tetragonal β-spodumene solid solution at 1100°C. Almost all the aluminum atoms entered into the tetrahedral sites in the aluminosilicate network of the β-eucryptite/β-quartz solid solution. All of the Al atoms did not belong to the aluminosilicate network of the β-spodumene solid solution.The glass ceramic with a mean grain size of 10-20 nm is transparent, the transmittance reaches ~85% in the visible light wavelength.
2006, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.
570-576.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60115-1
Abstract:
To study the dissolution mechanism of gangue, dissolution characteristics of the gangue samples calcined at different temperatures in alkaline solutions and alkali metal silicate solutions with respect to Si and Al ions were analyzed by identical coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP). The results show that the extent of dissolution of Al and Si varies with calcination temperature. It shows that the samples have a higher degree of dissolution in NaOH than in KOH medium. Si and Al appear to have synchro-dissolution behavior in alkaline solution, which means that Si and Al could dissolve from the mineral surface in certain linked forms. The result that a higher degree of dissolution exists in sodium silicate solution and a lower degree of dissolution exists in sodium-potassium silicate solution of Al is proved by the 29Si NMR spectra and the mean connectivity degree of these alkali metal silicate solutions.
To study the dissolution mechanism of gangue, dissolution characteristics of the gangue samples calcined at different temperatures in alkaline solutions and alkali metal silicate solutions with respect to Si and Al ions were analyzed by identical coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP). The results show that the extent of dissolution of Al and Si varies with calcination temperature. It shows that the samples have a higher degree of dissolution in NaOH than in KOH medium. Si and Al appear to have synchro-dissolution behavior in alkaline solution, which means that Si and Al could dissolve from the mineral surface in certain linked forms. The result that a higher degree of dissolution exists in sodium silicate solution and a lower degree of dissolution exists in sodium-potassium silicate solution of Al is proved by the 29Si NMR spectra and the mean connectivity degree of these alkali metal silicate solutions.
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