Search2019 Vol. 26, No. 10
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2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1195-1205.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1843-4
Abstract:
Recent developments in the use of diamond materials as metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are introduced in this article, including an analysis of the advantages of the device owing to the unique physical properties of diamond materials, such as their high-temperature and negative electron affinity characteristics. Recent research progress by domestic and international research groups on performance improvement of hydrogen-terminated and oxygen-terminated diamond-based MOSFETs is also summarized. Currently, preparation of large-scale diamond epitaxial layers is still relatively difficult, and improvements and innovations in the device structure are still ongoing. However, the key to improving the performance of diamond-based MOSFET devices lies in improving the mobility of channel carriers. This mainly includes improvements in doping technologies and reductions in interface state density or carrier traps. These will be vital research goals for the future of diamond-based MOSFETs.
Recent developments in the use of diamond materials as metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are introduced in this article, including an analysis of the advantages of the device owing to the unique physical properties of diamond materials, such as their high-temperature and negative electron affinity characteristics. Recent research progress by domestic and international research groups on performance improvement of hydrogen-terminated and oxygen-terminated diamond-based MOSFETs is also summarized. Currently, preparation of large-scale diamond epitaxial layers is still relatively difficult, and improvements and innovations in the device structure are still ongoing. However, the key to improving the performance of diamond-based MOSFET devices lies in improving the mobility of channel carriers. This mainly includes improvements in doping technologies and reductions in interface state density or carrier traps. These will be vital research goals for the future of diamond-based MOSFETs.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1206-1216.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1885-7
Abstract:
In current underground mining, the stability of the exposed backfill face is a basic issue associated with mining design and has been the subject of considerable research in mining safety and efficiency. In this study, an improved analytical solution for evaluating the safety of vertically exposed faces in backfilling was proposed. Based on a differential slice method, the proposed solution emphasizes the arching effect as having the advantages of more rigor and wider scalability. Feasibility of the proposed solution was validated with classic centrifuge results. Good agreement between compared results indicated that the proposed solution skillfully predicts the behavior of the paste centrifuge model. Additionally, calculation of exposed face safety in sequential filling was presented. The proposed solution has practical significance in mine backfill design.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1217-1230.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1887-5
Abstract:
The size of underground openings in rock masses in metal mines is critical to the performance of the openings. In this study, the mechanical and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of brittle rock-like specimens containing a circular opening with different ratios of opening diameter to sample size λ (λ=0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, and 0.23) were investigated under uniaxial compression with AE monitoring. The results indicate that the opening size strongly affected the peak strength and the elastic modulus. Crack initiation first started from the upper surface of the specimens, not from the periphery of the openings. Tensile and shear cracks coexisted on the roof and floor of the specimens, whereas tensile cracks were dominant on the two sides. The fracture mode of samples with openings was partially affected by the relative size of the pillars and openings. The AE response curves (in terms of counts, cumulative energy, cumulative counts, and b-value) show that brittle failure was mainly a progressive process. Moreover, the AE information corresponded well with microcrack evolution in the samples and thus can be used to predict sample failure.
The size of underground openings in rock masses in metal mines is critical to the performance of the openings. In this study, the mechanical and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of brittle rock-like specimens containing a circular opening with different ratios of opening diameter to sample size λ (λ=0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, and 0.23) were investigated under uniaxial compression with AE monitoring. The results indicate that the opening size strongly affected the peak strength and the elastic modulus. Crack initiation first started from the upper surface of the specimens, not from the periphery of the openings. Tensile and shear cracks coexisted on the roof and floor of the specimens, whereas tensile cracks were dominant on the two sides. The fracture mode of samples with openings was partially affected by the relative size of the pillars and openings. The AE response curves (in terms of counts, cumulative energy, cumulative counts, and b-value) show that brittle failure was mainly a progressive process. Moreover, the AE information corresponded well with microcrack evolution in the samples and thus can be used to predict sample failure.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1231-1238.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1868-8
Abstract:
To understand the formation and growth mechanism of the magnetite phase during the fluidized reduction of hematite, a high-purity hematite ore was isothermally reduced using a 20vol% CO-80vol% CO2 gas mixture in a micro-fluidized bed to examine the process of the selective conversion of hematite to magnetite. The micro-structural characteristics of the magnetite phase were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method, and the thickness of the magnetite layer was measured and evaluated using statistical analysis. The experimental results showed that the fresh magnetite nuclei were dense needles of different lengths, and the original hematite grains became porous after complete reduction to the magnetite phase. The thickness of the magnetite layer increased with an increase in reduction temperature and reduction time. The growth kinetics of the magnetite layer was investigated, and the value of the activation energy E was estimated to be 28.33 kJ/mol.
To understand the formation and growth mechanism of the magnetite phase during the fluidized reduction of hematite, a high-purity hematite ore was isothermally reduced using a 20vol% CO-80vol% CO2 gas mixture in a micro-fluidized bed to examine the process of the selective conversion of hematite to magnetite. The micro-structural characteristics of the magnetite phase were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method, and the thickness of the magnetite layer was measured and evaluated using statistical analysis. The experimental results showed that the fresh magnetite nuclei were dense needles of different lengths, and the original hematite grains became porous after complete reduction to the magnetite phase. The thickness of the magnetite layer increased with an increase in reduction temperature and reduction time. The growth kinetics of the magnetite layer was investigated, and the value of the activation energy E was estimated to be 28.33 kJ/mol.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1239-1246.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1832-7
Abstract:
An environmentally friendly organic biosorbent was fabricated using hay by succinylation. Metallic cation adsorption tests were performed using synthetic nickel(Ⅱ) and cadmium(Ⅱ) solutions to simulate heavy-metal recovery from aqueous solution. The adsorption efficiency was greater than 98% for both cadmium and nickel ions when the biosorbent concentration was 5.0 g/L and the initial metal concentrations were 50 mg/L. The surface of the biosorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to investigate the changes in the surface functional groups. The functional groups changed according to the surface treatment, resulting in an effective biosorbent. The kinetics of the metals adsorption revealed that the reactions are pseudo-second order, and the adsorption isotherm well followed the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities predicted by the Langmuir model were 75.19 mg/g and 57.77 mg/g for cadmium and nickel, respectively. The fabricated biosorbent was regenerated using NaCl multiple times, with 2.1% for Cd and 4.0% for Ni in adsorption capacity after three regeneration cycles. The proposed biosorbent can be a good alternative to resin or other chemical adsorbents for heavy-metal recovery in metallurgical processing or municipal water treatment.
An environmentally friendly organic biosorbent was fabricated using hay by succinylation. Metallic cation adsorption tests were performed using synthetic nickel(Ⅱ) and cadmium(Ⅱ) solutions to simulate heavy-metal recovery from aqueous solution. The adsorption efficiency was greater than 98% for both cadmium and nickel ions when the biosorbent concentration was 5.0 g/L and the initial metal concentrations were 50 mg/L. The surface of the biosorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to investigate the changes in the surface functional groups. The functional groups changed according to the surface treatment, resulting in an effective biosorbent. The kinetics of the metals adsorption revealed that the reactions are pseudo-second order, and the adsorption isotherm well followed the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities predicted by the Langmuir model were 75.19 mg/g and 57.77 mg/g for cadmium and nickel, respectively. The fabricated biosorbent was regenerated using NaCl multiple times, with 2.1% for Cd and 4.0% for Ni in adsorption capacity after three regeneration cycles. The proposed biosorbent can be a good alternative to resin or other chemical adsorbents for heavy-metal recovery in metallurgical processing or municipal water treatment.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1247-1257.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1846-1
Abstract:
The gasification characteristics and gasification kinetics of coke in complex CO2/CO/H2/H2O/N2 systems similar to the gas system of industrial blast furnace (BF) were studied by the method of isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The experimental gas compositions and the corresponding temperature were chosen according to data reported for industrial BFs. The gasification behavior of coke was described by the Random Pore Model (RPM), Volumetric Model (VM), and Grain Model (GM). Results showed that the gas composition of the coke gasification zone in BF changes slightly and that the temperature is the most important factor affecting coke gasification. The lower activation energy of coke samples (Coke Reaction Index (CRI) > 50) is due to the high Fe2O3 in the ash, lower degree of graphitization, and larger pore structure. In addition, the choice of kinetic model does not differ substantially in describing the gasification mechanism of coke in a BF.
The gasification characteristics and gasification kinetics of coke in complex CO2/CO/H2/H2O/N2 systems similar to the gas system of industrial blast furnace (BF) were studied by the method of isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The experimental gas compositions and the corresponding temperature were chosen according to data reported for industrial BFs. The gasification behavior of coke was described by the Random Pore Model (RPM), Volumetric Model (VM), and Grain Model (GM). Results showed that the gas composition of the coke gasification zone in BF changes slightly and that the temperature is the most important factor affecting coke gasification. The lower activation energy of coke samples (Coke Reaction Index (CRI) > 50) is due to the high Fe2O3 in the ash, lower degree of graphitization, and larger pore structure. In addition, the choice of kinetic model does not differ substantially in describing the gasification mechanism of coke in a BF.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1258-1265.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1867-9
Abstract:
In this study, antimony production from a stibnite concentrate (Sb2S3) was performed in one step using a molten salt electrolysis method and borax as an electrolyte. Electrochemical reduction of the stibnite concentrate was performed at 800℃ under galvanostatic conditions and explained in detail by the reactions and intermediate compounds formed in the borax. The effects of current density (100-800 mA·cm-2) and electrolysis time (10-40 min) on cathodic current efficiency and antimony yields were systematically investigated. During the highest current efficiency, which was obtained at 600 mA·cm-2, direct metal production was possible with 62% cathodic current efficiency and approximately 6 kWh/kg energy consumption. At the end of the 40-min electrolysis duration at 600 mA·cm-2 current density, antimony reduction reached 30.7 g and 99% of the antimony fed to the cell was obtained as metal.
In this study, antimony production from a stibnite concentrate (Sb2S3) was performed in one step using a molten salt electrolysis method and borax as an electrolyte. Electrochemical reduction of the stibnite concentrate was performed at 800℃ under galvanostatic conditions and explained in detail by the reactions and intermediate compounds formed in the borax. The effects of current density (100-800 mA·cm-2) and electrolysis time (10-40 min) on cathodic current efficiency and antimony yields were systematically investigated. During the highest current efficiency, which was obtained at 600 mA·cm-2, direct metal production was possible with 62% cathodic current efficiency and approximately 6 kWh/kg energy consumption. At the end of the 40-min electrolysis duration at 600 mA·cm-2 current density, antimony reduction reached 30.7 g and 99% of the antimony fed to the cell was obtained as metal.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1266-1273.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1841-6
Abstract:
In this work, the microstructure and the strain partitioning of lean duplex stainless steel 2101 (LDX 2101) during different hot-rolling processes are investigated by optical microscopy and electron-backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the LDX 2101 exhibits poor thermoplasticity at high temperature. The four-pass hot-rolled plates show fewer edge-cracking defects and superior thermoplasticity compared with the two-pass hot-rolled plates prepared at different temperature. The phase boundary is the weakest site in the LDX 2101. The cracks are initiated and propagated along the phase boundaries during the hot-rolling process. According to the EBSD analysis, the increase of the hot-rolling pass can dramatically improve the strain distribution in ferrite and austenite phases and promote the strain transmission in the constituent phases, thereby improving the coordinated deformation ability of the two phases. This effect further increases the thermoplasticity and reduces the formation of edge cracks in LDX 2101.
In this work, the microstructure and the strain partitioning of lean duplex stainless steel 2101 (LDX 2101) during different hot-rolling processes are investigated by optical microscopy and electron-backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the LDX 2101 exhibits poor thermoplasticity at high temperature. The four-pass hot-rolled plates show fewer edge-cracking defects and superior thermoplasticity compared with the two-pass hot-rolled plates prepared at different temperature. The phase boundary is the weakest site in the LDX 2101. The cracks are initiated and propagated along the phase boundaries during the hot-rolling process. According to the EBSD analysis, the increase of the hot-rolling pass can dramatically improve the strain distribution in ferrite and austenite phases and promote the strain transmission in the constituent phases, thereby improving the coordinated deformation ability of the two phases. This effect further increases the thermoplasticity and reduces the formation of edge cracks in LDX 2101.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1274-1284.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1860-3
Abstract:
The microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of extruded low-alloyed Mg-xZn-0.2Ca (x=0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0) alloys were investigated in this study. Findings from scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results indicate that the amount of ternary Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase, as the only secondary phase in 1.0Zn, 2.0Zn, and 3.0Zn alloys, gradually increases with the addition of Zn, while the Mg2Ca phase was observed in the Mg-0.2Ca alloy only. Zn has a strong effect on the orientation and intensity of textures, which also influence mechanical behaviors, as revealed by electron back-scatter diffraction. Among all the alloys, the Mg-2.0Zn-0.2Ca alloy obtains the maximum tensile strength (278 MPa) and yield strength (230 MPa). Moreover, Zn addition has an evident influence on the corrosion properties of Mg-xZn-0.2Ca alloy, and Mg-1.0Zn-0.2Ca alloy exhibits the minimum corrosion rate. This paper provides a novel low-alloyed magnesium alloy as a potential biodegradable material.
The microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of extruded low-alloyed Mg-xZn-0.2Ca (x=0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0) alloys were investigated in this study. Findings from scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results indicate that the amount of ternary Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase, as the only secondary phase in 1.0Zn, 2.0Zn, and 3.0Zn alloys, gradually increases with the addition of Zn, while the Mg2Ca phase was observed in the Mg-0.2Ca alloy only. Zn has a strong effect on the orientation and intensity of textures, which also influence mechanical behaviors, as revealed by electron back-scatter diffraction. Among all the alloys, the Mg-2.0Zn-0.2Ca alloy obtains the maximum tensile strength (278 MPa) and yield strength (230 MPa). Moreover, Zn addition has an evident influence on the corrosion properties of Mg-xZn-0.2Ca alloy, and Mg-1.0Zn-0.2Ca alloy exhibits the minimum corrosion rate. This paper provides a novel low-alloyed magnesium alloy as a potential biodegradable material.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1285-1298.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1834-5
Abstract:
Joining Mg to Al is challenging because of the deterioration of mechanical properties caused by the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the Mg/Al interface. This study aims to improve the mechanical properties of welded samples by preventing the fracture location at the Mg/Al interface. Friction stir welding was performed to join Mg to Al at different rotational and travel speeds. The microstructure of the welded samples showed the IMCs layers containing Al12Mg17 (γ) and Al3Mg2 (β) at the welding zone with a thickness (< 3.5 µm). Mechanical properties were mainly affected by the thickness of the IMCs, which was governed by welding parameters. The highest tensile strength was obtained at 600 r/min and 40 mm/min with a welding efficiency of 80%. The specimens could fracture along the boundary at the thermo-mechanically affected zone in the Mg side of the welded joint.
Joining Mg to Al is challenging because of the deterioration of mechanical properties caused by the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the Mg/Al interface. This study aims to improve the mechanical properties of welded samples by preventing the fracture location at the Mg/Al interface. Friction stir welding was performed to join Mg to Al at different rotational and travel speeds. The microstructure of the welded samples showed the IMCs layers containing Al12Mg17 (γ) and Al3Mg2 (β) at the welding zone with a thickness (< 3.5 µm). Mechanical properties were mainly affected by the thickness of the IMCs, which was governed by welding parameters. The highest tensile strength was obtained at 600 r/min and 40 mm/min with a welding efficiency of 80%. The specimens could fracture along the boundary at the thermo-mechanically affected zone in the Mg side of the welded joint.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1299-1310.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1833-6
Abstract:
The present paper aims to investigate the influence of the current density in the electroplating process on the microstructure, crystal texture transformations, and corrosion behavior of Ni/Co-pumice multilayer nanocomposite coatings. The Ni/Co-pumice composite coatings were prepared by deposition of Ni, followed by the simultaneous deposition of pumice nanoparticles (NPs) in a Co matrix via an electroplating process at various current densities. Afterward, the morphology, size, topography, and crystal texture of the obtained samples were investigated. Furthermore, electrochemical methods were used to investigate the corrosion behavior of the produced coatings in a solution of 3.5wt% NaCl. The results indicated that increasing the plating current density changed the mechanism of coating growth from the cell state to the column state, increased the coating thickness, roughness, and texture coefficient (TC) of the Co (203) plane, and reduced the amount of pumice NPs incorporated into the Ni/Co-pumice composite. The electrochemical results also indicated that increasing the current density enhanced the corrosion resistance of the Ni/Co-pumice composite.
The present paper aims to investigate the influence of the current density in the electroplating process on the microstructure, crystal texture transformations, and corrosion behavior of Ni/Co-pumice multilayer nanocomposite coatings. The Ni/Co-pumice composite coatings were prepared by deposition of Ni, followed by the simultaneous deposition of pumice nanoparticles (NPs) in a Co matrix via an electroplating process at various current densities. Afterward, the morphology, size, topography, and crystal texture of the obtained samples were investigated. Furthermore, electrochemical methods were used to investigate the corrosion behavior of the produced coatings in a solution of 3.5wt% NaCl. The results indicated that increasing the plating current density changed the mechanism of coating growth from the cell state to the column state, increased the coating thickness, roughness, and texture coefficient (TC) of the Co (203) plane, and reduced the amount of pumice NPs incorporated into the Ni/Co-pumice composite. The electrochemical results also indicated that increasing the current density enhanced the corrosion resistance of the Ni/Co-pumice composite.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1311-1321.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1836-3
Abstract:
NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) was developed using the spark-plasma sintering (SPS) process with different average particle size (45 µm and 10 µm) under various temperature. The influence of particle size and temperature on the density, microstructure, and corrosion behavior of the NiTi in simulated body fluid was examined. The porosity decreased with increasing sintering temperature and decreasing particle size, which resulted in an increase in density of the alloy. Increasing the sintering temperature led to the formation of Ni- and Ti-rich intermetallic such as Ni3Ti and NiTi2. The formation of these secondary phases influenced the corrosion behavior of NiTi by changing its chemical composition. The planar structure of NiTi was transformed into a dendritic structure at 900℃, which resulted in the formation of uniform oxide and phosphate layers on the entire surface. A high corrosion potential and low corrosion current density were achieved with NiTi prepared with 10 µm particles at 900℃, which exhibited superior corrosion resistance.
NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) was developed using the spark-plasma sintering (SPS) process with different average particle size (45 µm and 10 µm) under various temperature. The influence of particle size and temperature on the density, microstructure, and corrosion behavior of the NiTi in simulated body fluid was examined. The porosity decreased with increasing sintering temperature and decreasing particle size, which resulted in an increase in density of the alloy. Increasing the sintering temperature led to the formation of Ni- and Ti-rich intermetallic such as Ni3Ti and NiTi2. The formation of these secondary phases influenced the corrosion behavior of NiTi by changing its chemical composition. The planar structure of NiTi was transformed into a dendritic structure at 900℃, which resulted in the formation of uniform oxide and phosphate layers on the entire surface. A high corrosion potential and low corrosion current density were achieved with NiTi prepared with 10 µm particles at 900℃, which exhibited superior corrosion resistance.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1322-1328.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1835-4
Abstract:
Low-dimensional nanomaterials such as graphene can be used as a reinforcing agent in building materials to enhance the strength and durability. Common building materials burnt red soil bricks and fly ash bricks were reinforced with various amounts of graphene, and the effect of graphene on the strength of these newly developed nanocomposites was studied. The fly ash brick nanocomposite samples were cured as per their standard curing time, and the burnt red soil brick nanocomposite samples were merely dried in the sun instead of being subjected to the traditional heat treatment for days to achieve sufficient strength. The water absorption ability of the fly ash bricks was also discussed. The compressive strength of all of the graphene-reinforced nanocomposite samples was tested, along with that of some standard (without graphene) composite samples with the same dimensions, to evaluate the effects of the addition of various amounts of graphene on the compressive strength of the bricks.
Low-dimensional nanomaterials such as graphene can be used as a reinforcing agent in building materials to enhance the strength and durability. Common building materials burnt red soil bricks and fly ash bricks were reinforced with various amounts of graphene, and the effect of graphene on the strength of these newly developed nanocomposites was studied. The fly ash brick nanocomposite samples were cured as per their standard curing time, and the burnt red soil brick nanocomposite samples were merely dried in the sun instead of being subjected to the traditional heat treatment for days to achieve sufficient strength. The water absorption ability of the fly ash bricks was also discussed. The compressive strength of all of the graphene-reinforced nanocomposite samples was tested, along with that of some standard (without graphene) composite samples with the same dimensions, to evaluate the effects of the addition of various amounts of graphene on the compressive strength of the bricks.
2019, vol. 26, no. 10, pp.
1329-1336.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1811-z
Abstract:
This paper reports a study on the reconstruction of broken Si-O-Si bonds in iron ore tailings (IOTs) in concrete. Limestone and IOTs were used to investigate the influence of different types of coarse aggregates on the compressive strengths of concrete samples. The differences in interfacial transition zones (ITZs) between aggregate and paste were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) were used to study microscopic changes in limestone and IOTs powders in a simple alkaline environment that simulated cement. The results show that the compressive strengths of IOTs concrete or paste are higher than those of limestone concrete or paste under identical conditions. The Ca/Si atom ratios in the ITZs of IOTs concrete samples are lower than those of limestone concrete; the diffraction peak of the calcium silicate phase at 2θ=29.5°, as well as the bands of Si-O bonds shifting to lower wavenumbers, indicates reconstruction of the broken Si-O-Si bonds on the surfaces of IOTs with Ca(OH)2.
This paper reports a study on the reconstruction of broken Si-O-Si bonds in iron ore tailings (IOTs) in concrete. Limestone and IOTs were used to investigate the influence of different types of coarse aggregates on the compressive strengths of concrete samples. The differences in interfacial transition zones (ITZs) between aggregate and paste were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) were used to study microscopic changes in limestone and IOTs powders in a simple alkaline environment that simulated cement. The results show that the compressive strengths of IOTs concrete or paste are higher than those of limestone concrete or paste under identical conditions. The Ca/Si atom ratios in the ITZs of IOTs concrete samples are lower than those of limestone concrete; the diffraction peak of the calcium silicate phase at 2θ=29.5°, as well as the bands of Si-O bonds shifting to lower wavenumbers, indicates reconstruction of the broken Si-O-Si bonds on the surfaces of IOTs with Ca(OH)2.
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