Search2022 Vol. 29, No. 11
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2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
1947-1953.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2526-0
Abstract:
Silicon suboxide (SiOx, 0 < x < 2) is recognized as one of the next-generation anode materials for high-energy-density lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity and abundant resource. However, the severe mechanical instability arising from large volume variation upon charge/discharge cycles frustrates its electrochemical performance. Here we propose a well-designed sandwich-like structure with sandwiched SiOx nanoparticles between graphene sheets and amorphous carbon-coating layer so as to improve the structural stability of SiOx anode materials during cycling. Graphene sheets and carbon layer together construct a three-dimensional conductive network around SiOx particles, which not only improves the electrode reactions kinetics, but also homogenizes local current density and thus volume variation on SiOx surface. Moreover, Si–O–C bonds between SiOx and graphene endow the strong particle adhesion on graphene sheets, which prevents SiOx peeling from graphene sheets. Owing to the synergetic effects of the structural advantages, the C/SiOx@graphene material exhibits an excellent cyclic performance such as 890 mAh/g at 0.1 C rate and 73.7% capacity retention after 100 cycles. In addition, it also delivers superior rate capability with a capacity recovery of 886 mAh/g (93.7% recovery rate) after 35 cycles of ascending steps at current range of 0.1–5 C and finally back to 0.1 C. This study provides a novel strategy to improve the structural stability of high-capacity anode materials for lithium/sodium ion batteries.
Silicon suboxide (SiOx, 0 < x < 2) is recognized as one of the next-generation anode materials for high-energy-density lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity and abundant resource. However, the severe mechanical instability arising from large volume variation upon charge/discharge cycles frustrates its electrochemical performance. Here we propose a well-designed sandwich-like structure with sandwiched SiOx nanoparticles between graphene sheets and amorphous carbon-coating layer so as to improve the structural stability of SiOx anode materials during cycling. Graphene sheets and carbon layer together construct a three-dimensional conductive network around SiOx particles, which not only improves the electrode reactions kinetics, but also homogenizes local current density and thus volume variation on SiOx surface. Moreover, Si–O–C bonds between SiOx and graphene endow the strong particle adhesion on graphene sheets, which prevents SiOx peeling from graphene sheets. Owing to the synergetic effects of the structural advantages, the C/SiOx@graphene material exhibits an excellent cyclic performance such as 890 mAh/g at 0.1 C rate and 73.7% capacity retention after 100 cycles. In addition, it also delivers superior rate capability with a capacity recovery of 886 mAh/g (93.7% recovery rate) after 35 cycles of ascending steps at current range of 0.1–5 C and finally back to 0.1 C. This study provides a novel strategy to improve the structural stability of high-capacity anode materials for lithium/sodium ion batteries.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
1954-1962.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2346-7
Abstract:
Rechargeable aqueous magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) show great promise for low-cost, high-safety, and high-performance energy storage applications. Although manganese dioxide (MnO2) is considered as a potential electrode material for aqueous MIBs, the low electrical conductivity and unsatisfactory cycling performance greatly hinder the practical application of MnO2 electrode. To overcome these problems, herein, a novel Mg-intercalation engineering approach for MnO2 electrode to be used in aqueous MIBs is presented, wherein the structural regulation and electrochemical performance of the Mg-intercalation MnO2 (denoted as MMO) electrode were thoroughly investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and in-situ Raman investigation. The results demonstrate that the Mg intercalation is essential to adjusting the charge/ion state and electronic band gap of MMO electrode, as well as the highly reversible phase transition of the MMO electrode during the charging–discharging process. Because of these remarkable characteristics, the MMO electrode can be capable of delivering a significant specific capacity of ~419.8 mAh·g−1, while exhibiting a good cycling capability over 1000 cycles in 1 M aqueous MgCl2 electrolyte. On the basis of such MMO electrode, we have successfully developed a soft-packaging aqueous MIB with excellent electrochemical properties, revealing its huge application potential as the efficient energy storage devices.
Rechargeable aqueous magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) show great promise for low-cost, high-safety, and high-performance energy storage applications. Although manganese dioxide (MnO2) is considered as a potential electrode material for aqueous MIBs, the low electrical conductivity and unsatisfactory cycling performance greatly hinder the practical application of MnO2 electrode. To overcome these problems, herein, a novel Mg-intercalation engineering approach for MnO2 electrode to be used in aqueous MIBs is presented, wherein the structural regulation and electrochemical performance of the Mg-intercalation MnO2 (denoted as MMO) electrode were thoroughly investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and in-situ Raman investigation. The results demonstrate that the Mg intercalation is essential to adjusting the charge/ion state and electronic band gap of MMO electrode, as well as the highly reversible phase transition of the MMO electrode during the charging–discharging process. Because of these remarkable characteristics, the MMO electrode can be capable of delivering a significant specific capacity of ~419.8 mAh·g−1, while exhibiting a good cycling capability over 1000 cycles in 1 M aqueous MgCl2 electrolyte. On the basis of such MMO electrode, we have successfully developed a soft-packaging aqueous MIB with excellent electrochemical properties, revealing its huge application potential as the efficient energy storage devices.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
1963-1970.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2382-3
Abstract:
Efficiency enhancement of Cs0.1(CH3NH3)0.9PbI3 solar cell devices was performed by using iso-butyl ammonium iodide (IBA) passivated on Cs0.1(CH3NH3)0.9PbI3 films. The n–i–p structure of perovskite solar cell devices was fabricated with the structure of FTO/SnO2/Cs0.1(CH3NH3)0.9PbI3 (FTO, i.e., fluorine doped tin oxide) and IBA/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag. The effect of different weights of IBA passivated on Cs-doped perovskite solar cells (PSCs) was systematically investigated and compared with non-passivated devices. It was found that the 5-mg IBA-passivated devices exhibited a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.49% higher than 12.64% of non-IBA-passivated devices. The improvement of photovoltaic parameters of the 5-mg IBA-passivated device can be clearly observed compared to the Cs-doped device. The better performance of the IBA-passivated device can be confirmed by the reduction of PbI2 phase in the crystal structure, lower charge recombination rate, lower charge transfer resistance, and improved contact angle of perovskite films. Therefore, IBA passivation on Cs0.1(CH3NH)0.9PbI3 is a promising technique to improve the efficiency of Cs-doped perovskite solar cells.
Efficiency enhancement of Cs0.1(CH3NH3)0.9PbI3 solar cell devices was performed by using iso-butyl ammonium iodide (IBA) passivated on Cs0.1(CH3NH3)0.9PbI3 films. The n–i–p structure of perovskite solar cell devices was fabricated with the structure of FTO/SnO2/Cs0.1(CH3NH3)0.9PbI3 (FTO, i.e., fluorine doped tin oxide) and IBA/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag. The effect of different weights of IBA passivated on Cs-doped perovskite solar cells (PSCs) was systematically investigated and compared with non-passivated devices. It was found that the 5-mg IBA-passivated devices exhibited a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.49% higher than 12.64% of non-IBA-passivated devices. The improvement of photovoltaic parameters of the 5-mg IBA-passivated device can be clearly observed compared to the Cs-doped device. The better performance of the IBA-passivated device can be confirmed by the reduction of PbI2 phase in the crystal structure, lower charge recombination rate, lower charge transfer resistance, and improved contact angle of perovskite films. Therefore, IBA passivation on Cs0.1(CH3NH)0.9PbI3 is a promising technique to improve the efficiency of Cs-doped perovskite solar cells.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
1971-1980.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2481-9
Abstract:
A Z-scheme heterostructure of Mo, W co-doped BiVO4 (Mo,W:BVO/BiOCl@C) was fabricated by a simple solid solution drying and calcination (SSDC) method. The heterostructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc. Under visible light irradiation, Mo,W:BVO/BiOCl@C heterostructure exhibits excellent photoelectrochemical capability compared with other as-prepared samples. The photocurrent density and the incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) are about 5.4 and 9.0 times higher than those of pure BiVO4, respectively. The enhancement of the photoelectrochemical performance can be attributed to the construct of Z-scheme system, which is deduced from the radical trapping experiments. The Mo,W:BVO/BiOCl@C Z-scheme heterojunction enhances the visible-light absorption and reduces the recombination rate of charge carriers. This work provides an effective strategy to construct Z-scheme photoelectrodes for the application of photoelectrochemical water splitting.
A Z-scheme heterostructure of Mo, W co-doped BiVO4 (Mo,W:BVO/BiOCl@C) was fabricated by a simple solid solution drying and calcination (SSDC) method. The heterostructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc. Under visible light irradiation, Mo,W:BVO/BiOCl@C heterostructure exhibits excellent photoelectrochemical capability compared with other as-prepared samples. The photocurrent density and the incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) are about 5.4 and 9.0 times higher than those of pure BiVO4, respectively. The enhancement of the photoelectrochemical performance can be attributed to the construct of Z-scheme system, which is deduced from the radical trapping experiments. The Mo,W:BVO/BiOCl@C Z-scheme heterojunction enhances the visible-light absorption and reduces the recombination rate of charge carriers. This work provides an effective strategy to construct Z-scheme photoelectrodes for the application of photoelectrochemical water splitting.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
1981-1990.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2353-8
Abstract:
A low-alloyed Mg–2Zn–0.8Sr–0.2Ca matrix composite reinforced by TiC nano-particles was successfully prepared by semi-solid stirring under the assistance of ultrasonic, and then the as-cast composite was hot extruded. The results indicated that the volume fraction of dynamical recrystallization and the recrystallized grain size have a certain decline at lower extrusion temperature or rate. The finest grain size of ~0.30 µm is obtained in the sample extruded at 200°C and 0.1 mm/s. The as-extruded sample displays a strong basal texture intensity, and the basal texture intensity increases to 5.937 mud while the extrusion temperature increases from 200 to 240°C. The ultra-high mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength of 480.2 MPa, yield strength of 462 MPa) are obtained after extrusion at 200°C with a rate of 0.1 mm/s. Among all strengthening mechanisms for the present composite, the grain refinement contributes the most to the increase in strength. A mixture of cleavage facets and dimples were observed in the fracture surfaces of three as-extruded nanocomposites, which explain a mix of brittle-ductile fracture way of the samples.
A low-alloyed Mg–2Zn–0.8Sr–0.2Ca matrix composite reinforced by TiC nano-particles was successfully prepared by semi-solid stirring under the assistance of ultrasonic, and then the as-cast composite was hot extruded. The results indicated that the volume fraction of dynamical recrystallization and the recrystallized grain size have a certain decline at lower extrusion temperature or rate. The finest grain size of ~0.30 µm is obtained in the sample extruded at 200°C and 0.1 mm/s. The as-extruded sample displays a strong basal texture intensity, and the basal texture intensity increases to 5.937 mud while the extrusion temperature increases from 200 to 240°C. The ultra-high mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength of 480.2 MPa, yield strength of 462 MPa) are obtained after extrusion at 200°C with a rate of 0.1 mm/s. Among all strengthening mechanisms for the present composite, the grain refinement contributes the most to the increase in strength. A mixture of cleavage facets and dimples were observed in the fracture surfaces of three as-extruded nanocomposites, which explain a mix of brittle-ductile fracture way of the samples.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
1991-1999.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2413-8
Abstract:
Microarc oxidation (MAO) is an effective surface treatment method for Ti alloys to allow their application in extreme environments. Here, binary electrolytes consisting of different amounts of sodium phosphate and sodium silicate were designed for MAO. The surface morphology, composition, and properties of MAO coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy treated in 0.10 mol/L electrolyte were investigated to reveal the effect of\begin{document}${\rm PO}_4^{3-} $\end{document} ![]()
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Microarc oxidation (MAO) is an effective surface treatment method for Ti alloys to allow their application in extreme environments. Here, binary electrolytes consisting of different amounts of sodium phosphate and sodium silicate were designed for MAO. The surface morphology, composition, and properties of MAO coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy treated in 0.10 mol/L electrolyte were investigated to reveal the effect of
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
2000-2011.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2412-9
Abstract:
Silver-based alloys are significant light-load electrical contact materials (ECMs). The trade-off between mechanical properties and electrical conductivity is always an important issue for the development of silver-based ECMs. In this paper, we proposed an idea for the regulation of the mechanical properties and the electrical conductivity of Ag–11.40Cu–0.66Ni–0.05Ce (wt%) alloy using in-situ composite fiber-reinforcement. The alloy was processed using rolling, heat treatment, and heavy drawing, the strength and electrical conductivity were tested at different deformation stages, and the microstructures during deformation were observed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the method proposed in this paper can achieve the preparation of in-situ composite fiber-reinforced Ag–Cu–Ni–Ce alloys. After the heavy deformation drawing, the room temperature Vickers hardness of the as-cast alloy increased from HV 81.6 to HV 169.3, and the electrical conductivity improved from 74.3% IACS (IACS, i.e., international annealed copper standard) to 78.6% IACS. As the deformation increases, the alloy strength displays two different strengthening mechanisms, and the electrical conductivity has three stages of change. This research provides a new idea for the comprehensive performance control of high-performance silver-based ECMs.
Silver-based alloys are significant light-load electrical contact materials (ECMs). The trade-off between mechanical properties and electrical conductivity is always an important issue for the development of silver-based ECMs. In this paper, we proposed an idea for the regulation of the mechanical properties and the electrical conductivity of Ag–11.40Cu–0.66Ni–0.05Ce (wt%) alloy using in-situ composite fiber-reinforcement. The alloy was processed using rolling, heat treatment, and heavy drawing, the strength and electrical conductivity were tested at different deformation stages, and the microstructures during deformation were observed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the method proposed in this paper can achieve the preparation of in-situ composite fiber-reinforced Ag–Cu–Ni–Ce alloys. After the heavy deformation drawing, the room temperature Vickers hardness of the as-cast alloy increased from HV 81.6 to HV 169.3, and the electrical conductivity improved from 74.3% IACS (IACS, i.e., international annealed copper standard) to 78.6% IACS. As the deformation increases, the alloy strength displays two different strengthening mechanisms, and the electrical conductivity has three stages of change. This research provides a new idea for the comprehensive performance control of high-performance silver-based ECMs.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
2012-2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2462-z
Abstract:
The oxide dispersion strengthened Mo alloys (ODS-Mo) prepared by traditional ball milling and subsequent sintering technique generally possess comparatively coarse Mo grains and large oxide particles at Mo grain boundaries (GBs), which obviously suppress the corresponding strengthening effect of oxide addition. In this work, the Y2O3 and TiC particles were simultaneously doped into Mo alloys using ball-milling and subsequent low temperature sintering. Accompanied by TiC addition, the Mo–Y2O3 grains are sharply refined from 3.12 to 1.36 μm. In particular, Y2O3 and TiC can form smaller Y–Ti–O–C quaternary phase particles (~230 nm) at Mo GBs compared to single Y2O3 particles (~420 nm), so as to these new formed Y–Ti–O–C particles can more effectively pin and hinder GBs movement. In addition to Y–Ti–O–C particles at GBs, Y2O3, TiOx, and TiCx nanoparticles (<100 nm) also exist within Mo grains, which is significantly different from traditional ODS-Mo. The appearance of TiOx phase indicates that some active Ti within TiC can adsorb oxygen impurities of Mo matrix to form a new strengthening phase, thus strengthening and purifying Mo matrix. Furthermore, the pure Mo, Mo–Y2O3, and Mo–Y2O3–TiC alloys have similar relative densities (97.4%–98.0%). More importantly, the Mo–Y2O3–TiC alloys exhibit higher hardness (HV0.2 (425 ± 25)) compared to Mo–Y2O3 alloys (HV0.2 (370 ± 25)). This work could provide a relevant strategy for the preparation of ultrafine Mo alloys by facile ball-milling.
The oxide dispersion strengthened Mo alloys (ODS-Mo) prepared by traditional ball milling and subsequent sintering technique generally possess comparatively coarse Mo grains and large oxide particles at Mo grain boundaries (GBs), which obviously suppress the corresponding strengthening effect of oxide addition. In this work, the Y2O3 and TiC particles were simultaneously doped into Mo alloys using ball-milling and subsequent low temperature sintering. Accompanied by TiC addition, the Mo–Y2O3 grains are sharply refined from 3.12 to 1.36 μm. In particular, Y2O3 and TiC can form smaller Y–Ti–O–C quaternary phase particles (~230 nm) at Mo GBs compared to single Y2O3 particles (~420 nm), so as to these new formed Y–Ti–O–C particles can more effectively pin and hinder GBs movement. In addition to Y–Ti–O–C particles at GBs, Y2O3, TiOx, and TiCx nanoparticles (<100 nm) also exist within Mo grains, which is significantly different from traditional ODS-Mo. The appearance of TiOx phase indicates that some active Ti within TiC can adsorb oxygen impurities of Mo matrix to form a new strengthening phase, thus strengthening and purifying Mo matrix. Furthermore, the pure Mo, Mo–Y2O3, and Mo–Y2O3–TiC alloys have similar relative densities (97.4%–98.0%). More importantly, the Mo–Y2O3–TiC alloys exhibit higher hardness (HV0.2 (425 ± 25)) compared to Mo–Y2O3 alloys (HV0.2 (370 ± 25)). This work could provide a relevant strategy for the preparation of ultrafine Mo alloys by facile ball-milling.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
2020-2031.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2336-9
Abstract:
The thermal conductivity of diamond particles reinforced copper matrix composite as an attractive thermal management material is significantly lowered by the non-wetting heterointerface. The paper investigates the heat transport behavior between a 200-nm Cu layer and a single-crystalline diamond substrate inserted by a chromium (Cr) interlayer having a series of thicknesses from 150 nm down to 5 nm. The purpose is to detect the impact of the modifying interlayer thickness on the interfacial thermal conductance (h) between Cu and diamond. The time-domain thermoreflectance measurements suggest that the introduction of Cr interlayer dramatically improves the h between Cu and diamond owing to the enhanced interfacial adhesion and bridged dissimilar phonon states between Cu and diamond. The h value exhibits a decreasing trend as the Cr interlayer becomes thicker because of the increase in thermal resistance of Cr interlayer. The high h values are observed for the Cr interlayer thicknesses below 21 nm since phononic transport channel dominates the thermal conduction in the ultrathin Cr layer. The findings provide a way to tune the thermal conduction across the metal/nonmetal heterogeneous interface, which plays a pivotal role in designing materials and devices for thermal management applications.
The thermal conductivity of diamond particles reinforced copper matrix composite as an attractive thermal management material is significantly lowered by the non-wetting heterointerface. The paper investigates the heat transport behavior between a 200-nm Cu layer and a single-crystalline diamond substrate inserted by a chromium (Cr) interlayer having a series of thicknesses from 150 nm down to 5 nm. The purpose is to detect the impact of the modifying interlayer thickness on the interfacial thermal conductance (h) between Cu and diamond. The time-domain thermoreflectance measurements suggest that the introduction of Cr interlayer dramatically improves the h between Cu and diamond owing to the enhanced interfacial adhesion and bridged dissimilar phonon states between Cu and diamond. The h value exhibits a decreasing trend as the Cr interlayer becomes thicker because of the increase in thermal resistance of Cr interlayer. The high h values are observed for the Cr interlayer thicknesses below 21 nm since phononic transport channel dominates the thermal conduction in the ultrathin Cr layer. The findings provide a way to tune the thermal conduction across the metal/nonmetal heterogeneous interface, which plays a pivotal role in designing materials and devices for thermal management applications.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
2032-2040.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2420-9
Abstract:
The Fe49.7Cr18Mn1.9Mo7.4W1.6B15.2C3.8Si2 amorphous coating was deposited on T91 steel substrate by using the high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray technique to enhance the corrosion resistance of T91 stainless steel in liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE). The corrosion behavior of the T91 steel and coating exposed to oxygen-saturated LBE at 400°C for 500 h was investigated. Results showed that the T91 substrate was severely corroded and covered by a homogeneously distributed dual-layer oxide on the interface contacted to LBE, consisting of an outer magnetite layer and an inner Fe–Cr spinel layer. Meanwhile, the amorphous coating with a high glass transition temperature (Tg = 550°C) and crystallization temperature (Tx = 600°C) exhibited dramatically enhanced thermal stability and corrosion resistance. No visible LBE penetration was observed, although small amounts of Fe3O4, Cr2O3, and PbO were found on the coating surface. In addition, the amorphicity and interface bonding of the coating layer remained unchanged after the LBE corrosion. The Fe-based amorphous coating can act as a stable barrier layer in liquid LBE and have great application potential for long-term service in LBE-cooled fast reactors.
The Fe49.7Cr18Mn1.9Mo7.4W1.6B15.2C3.8Si2 amorphous coating was deposited on T91 steel substrate by using the high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray technique to enhance the corrosion resistance of T91 stainless steel in liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE). The corrosion behavior of the T91 steel and coating exposed to oxygen-saturated LBE at 400°C for 500 h was investigated. Results showed that the T91 substrate was severely corroded and covered by a homogeneously distributed dual-layer oxide on the interface contacted to LBE, consisting of an outer magnetite layer and an inner Fe–Cr spinel layer. Meanwhile, the amorphous coating with a high glass transition temperature (Tg = 550°C) and crystallization temperature (Tx = 600°C) exhibited dramatically enhanced thermal stability and corrosion resistance. No visible LBE penetration was observed, although small amounts of Fe3O4, Cr2O3, and PbO were found on the coating surface. In addition, the amorphicity and interface bonding of the coating layer remained unchanged after the LBE corrosion. The Fe-based amorphous coating can act as a stable barrier layer in liquid LBE and have great application potential for long-term service in LBE-cooled fast reactors.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
2041-2052.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2383-2
Abstract:
The atmospheric corrosion behavior of new-type weathering steels (WSs) was comparatively studied, and the effects of Nb and Sb during corrosion were clarified in detail through field exposure and characterization. The results showed that the addition of Nb and Sb played positive roles in corrosion resistance, but there was a clear difference between these two elements. Nb addition slightly improved the rust property of conventional WS but could not inhibit the electrochemical process. In contrast, Sb addition significantly improved the corrosion resistance from the aspects of electrochemistry and rust layer. Compared with only 0.06wt% Nb, the combination of 0.05wt% Sb and 0.06wt% Nb could better optimize the rust structure, accelerate the formation of a high proportion of dense and protective α-FeOOH, repel the invasion of Cl−, and retard the localized acidification at the bottom of the pit.
The atmospheric corrosion behavior of new-type weathering steels (WSs) was comparatively studied, and the effects of Nb and Sb during corrosion were clarified in detail through field exposure and characterization. The results showed that the addition of Nb and Sb played positive roles in corrosion resistance, but there was a clear difference between these two elements. Nb addition slightly improved the rust property of conventional WS but could not inhibit the electrochemical process. In contrast, Sb addition significantly improved the corrosion resistance from the aspects of electrochemistry and rust layer. Compared with only 0.06wt% Nb, the combination of 0.05wt% Sb and 0.06wt% Nb could better optimize the rust structure, accelerate the formation of a high proportion of dense and protective α-FeOOH, repel the invasion of Cl−, and retard the localized acidification at the bottom of the pit.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
2053-2063.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2291-5
Abstract:
Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are suffering from various localized corrosion attacks such as pitting, selective dissolution, crevice corrosion during their service period. It is of great value to quantitatively analyze and grasp the micro-electrochemical corrosion behavior and related mechanism for DSSs on the micrometer or even smaller scales. In this work, scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements were performed to reveal the difference between the austenite phase and ferrite phase in microregion of DSS 2205. Then traditional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) tests were employed for micro-electrochemical characterization of DSS 2205 with different proportion phases in ϕ40 and ϕ10 μm micro holes. Both of them can only be utilized for qualitative or semi-quantitative micro-electrochemical characterization of DSS 2205. Coulostatic perturbation method was employed for quantitative micro-electrochemical characterization of DSS 2205. What is more, the applicable conditions of coulostatic perturbation were analyzed in depth by establishing a detailed electrochemical interface circuit. A series of microregion coulostatic perturbations for DSS 2205 with different proportion phases in ϕ10 μm micro holes showed that as the austenite proportion increases, the corresponding polarization resistance of microregion increases linearly.
Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are suffering from various localized corrosion attacks such as pitting, selective dissolution, crevice corrosion during their service period. It is of great value to quantitatively analyze and grasp the micro-electrochemical corrosion behavior and related mechanism for DSSs on the micrometer or even smaller scales. In this work, scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements were performed to reveal the difference between the austenite phase and ferrite phase in microregion of DSS 2205. Then traditional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) tests were employed for micro-electrochemical characterization of DSS 2205 with different proportion phases in ϕ40 and ϕ10 μm micro holes. Both of them can only be utilized for qualitative or semi-quantitative micro-electrochemical characterization of DSS 2205. Coulostatic perturbation method was employed for quantitative micro-electrochemical characterization of DSS 2205. What is more, the applicable conditions of coulostatic perturbation were analyzed in depth by establishing a detailed electrochemical interface circuit. A series of microregion coulostatic perturbations for DSS 2205 with different proportion phases in ϕ10 μm micro holes showed that as the austenite proportion increases, the corresponding polarization resistance of microregion increases linearly.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
2064-2071.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2404-1
Abstract:
The iron core of a motor is mainly manufactured from rolled nonoriented silicon steel using a punching process that leads to deformation and texture evolution at the cutting edge. According to this process, circular samples of nonoriented silicon steel were prepared by punching using blunt punch tools. In this work, two positions along the rolling and transverse directions at the cutting edge were analyzed. The main mechanisms of deformation for both positions are dislocation slip and formation of shear bands. These two mechanisms lead to similar texture evolutions for both positions. The dislocation slip leads to the formation of the\begin{document}$ \left\{221\right\}\left\langle{uvw}\right\rangle $\end{document} ![]()
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The iron core of a motor is mainly manufactured from rolled nonoriented silicon steel using a punching process that leads to deformation and texture evolution at the cutting edge. According to this process, circular samples of nonoriented silicon steel were prepared by punching using blunt punch tools. In this work, two positions along the rolling and transverse directions at the cutting edge were analyzed. The main mechanisms of deformation for both positions are dislocation slip and formation of shear bands. These two mechanisms lead to similar texture evolutions for both positions. The dislocation slip leads to the formation of the
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
2072-2078.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2356-5
Abstract:
The effect of anodic polarization on the plastic deformation behavior and formability of FeSi6.5 steel at room temperature was experimentally investigated through uniaxial tensile and drawing of wire specimen in sulfuric acid solution with current densities of 0–40 mA/cm2. The formability of the FeSi6.5 steel was significantly improved after the anodic polarization. The plastic elongation of the specimen as an anode in the electrochemical environment was 4.4%–7%, but 2.7% in the air. The drawing force under the anodic polarization decreased by 12.5%–26% compared to that in deionized water. The softening is mainly attributed to the relief in work hardening caused by surface atomic dissolution. The work hardening mechanism of the FeSi6.5 steel wires under anodic polarization condition was analyzed using Hollomon equation and Voce relation combined with the Kocks–Mecking approach. These data support the view that the surface atom dissolution facilitates dislocation slip. FeSi6.5 steel wires were obtained using electrochemical cold drawing and presented a smooth surface and good ductility without crack after five-pass drawing with a total cross-section area reduction of 88%. The drawing with the assistance of anodic polarization is a promising technology for processing hard and brittle metal materials.
The effect of anodic polarization on the plastic deformation behavior and formability of FeSi6.5 steel at room temperature was experimentally investigated through uniaxial tensile and drawing of wire specimen in sulfuric acid solution with current densities of 0–40 mA/cm2. The formability of the FeSi6.5 steel was significantly improved after the anodic polarization. The plastic elongation of the specimen as an anode in the electrochemical environment was 4.4%–7%, but 2.7% in the air. The drawing force under the anodic polarization decreased by 12.5%–26% compared to that in deionized water. The softening is mainly attributed to the relief in work hardening caused by surface atomic dissolution. The work hardening mechanism of the FeSi6.5 steel wires under anodic polarization condition was analyzed using Hollomon equation and Voce relation combined with the Kocks–Mecking approach. These data support the view that the surface atom dissolution facilitates dislocation slip. FeSi6.5 steel wires were obtained using electrochemical cold drawing and presented a smooth surface and good ductility without crack after five-pass drawing with a total cross-section area reduction of 88%. The drawing with the assistance of anodic polarization is a promising technology for processing hard and brittle metal materials.
2022, vol. 29, no. 11, pp.
2079-2085.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2359-2
Abstract:
With the improvement of people’s living standards, a large number of petroleum products, daily necessities and decorations that can produce volatile organic compounds are used in decoration, which seriously affects the indoor air quality. Interior decoration materials have become a research hotspot in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to develop a kind of interior wall material with good indoor formaldehyde removal effect, easily using, and low cost. In this paper, combining different heat treatment temperatures of the glaze layer, tourmaline/diatomite-based interior wall tiles were prepared by ultrafine grinding, solid sintering, and low temperature calcination. The glaze layer under different heat treatment temperatures was characterized by thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. The influences of heat treatment temperature on the microscopic morphology and structure of the glaze layer were analyzed. Taking formaldehyde as the target degradation product, the effects of tourmaline/diatomite-based interior wall tiles on the removal of formaldehyde under different heat treatment temperatures of the glaze layer were investigated. The results showed that with the increase in heat treatment temperature, the original pores of diatomite decreased, the specific surface area decreased, and the structure of tourmaline changed. At 850°C, the surface structure of the material was slightly damaged, the strength was increased, and the removal effect of formaldehyde was better. In a 1 m3 environmental chamber, the formaldehyde removal rate reached 73.6% in 300 min. When the temperature was increased to 950°C and above, diatomite and the structure of tourmaline were destroyed, and the ability of the material to adsorb and degrade formaldehyde decreased.
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