Microwave sintering effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-51at%Ni shape memory alloys

Mustafa K. Ibrahim; E. Hamzah; Safaa N. Saud; E. N. E. Abu Bakar; A. Bahador

doi:10.1007/s12613-017-1406-5

Volume 24 Issue 3

Mar. 2017

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials > 2017 > 24(3): 280-288

Mustafa K. Ibrahim, E. Hamzah, Safaa N. Saud, E. N. E. Abu Bakar, and A. Bahador, Microwave sintering effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-51at%Ni shape memory alloys, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 24(2017), No. 3, pp. 280-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-017-1406-5

Cite this article as:

Mustafa K. Ibrahim, E. Hamzah, Safaa N. Saud, E. N. E. Abu Bakar, and A. Bahador, Microwave sintering effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-51at%Ni shape memory alloys, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 24(2017), No. 3, pp. 280-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-017-1406-5

Citation:

PDF( 881 KB)

Research Article

Microwave sintering effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-51at%Ni shape memory alloys

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding author:
E. Hamzah E-mail: esah@fkm.utm.my
Received: 25 June 2016; Revised: 29 November 2016; Accepted: 7 December 2016

Abstract

Abstract

Ti-51at%Ni shape memory alloys (SMAs) were successfully produced via a powder metallurgy and microwave sintering technique. The influence of sintering parameters on porosity reduction, microstructure, phase transformation temperatures, and mechanical properties were investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), compression tests, and microhardness tests. Varying the microwave temperature and holding time was found to strongly affect the density of porosity, presence of precipitates, transformation temperatures, and mechanical properties. The lowest density and smallest pore size were observed in the Ti-51at%Ni samples sintered at 900℃ for 5 min or at 900℃ for 30 min. The predominant martensite phases of β2 and β19' were observed in the microstructure of Ti-51at%Ni, and their existence varied in accordance with the sintering temperature and the holding time. In the DSC thermograms, multi-transformation peaks were observed during heating, whereas a single peak was observed during cooling; these peaks correspond to the presence of the β2, R, and β19' phases. The maximum strength and strain among the Ti-51at%Ni SMAs were 1376 MPa and 29%, respectively, for the sample sintered at 900℃ for 30 min because of this sample's minimal porosity.
- titanium nickel alloys;
- shape memory effect;
- powder metallurgy (PM);
- microwave heating;
- sintering;
- microstructure;
- mechanical properties

FullText(HTML)

Supplements(0)

References(42)

References

[1]	M.F. Semlitsch, H. Weber, R.M. Streicher, and R. Schön, Joint replacement components made of hot-forged and surface-treated Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, Biomaterials, 13(1992), No. 11, p. 781.
[2]	Y. Guo, K. Georgarakis, Y. Yokoyama, and A. Yavari, On the mechanical properties of TiNb based alloys, J. Alloys Compd., 571(2013), p. 25.
[3]	N.B. Morgan, Medical shape memory alloy applications:the market and its products, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 378(2004), No. 1-2, p. 16.
[4]	T. Duerig, A. Pelton, and D. Stöckel, An overview of nitinol medical applications, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 273(1999), p. 149.
[5]	A. Pelton, D. Stockel, and T. Duerig, Medical uses of nitinol,[in] Proceedings of the Materials Science Forum, Kanazawa, 2000, p. 63.
[6]	W.G. Ma, H.R. Qi, Z.X. Feng, X.Q. Wang, Q. Shi, L. Chen, and G. Yang, Characterization of TiNi alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering, Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 7(2016), No. 45.
[7]	J.C. Hey and A.P. Jardine, Shape memory TiNi synthesis from elemental powders, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 188(1994), No. 1-2, p. 291.
[8]	K. Weinert and V. Petzoldt, Machining of NiTi based shape memory alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 378(2004), No. 1-2, p. 180.
[9]	S.L. Wu, X.M. Liu, P.K. Chu, C.Y. Chung, C.L. Chu, and K.W.K. Yeung, Phase transformation behavior of porous NiTi alloys fabricated by capsule-free hot isostatic pressing, J. Alloys Compd., 449(2008), No. 1-2, p. 139.
[10]	Y.W. Kim, Y.J. Lee, and T.H. Nam, Shape memory characteristics of Ti-Ni-Mo alloys sintered by sparks plasma sintering, J. Alloys Compd., 577(2013), No. 1, p. S205.
[11]	W.G. Ma, H.R. Qi, X.Q. Wang, Q.N. Shi, L.W. Chen, and J. Cheng, Effect of high energy ball milling time and annealing temperature on the preparation of TiNi alloy powder, Mater. Sci. Technol., 5(2015).
[12]	A. Terayama, H. Kyogoku, and S. Komatsu, Shape memory characteristics of Ti-Ni alloy using mechanically-alloyed powder,[in] Proceedings of the Materials Science Forum, Switzerland, 2007, p. 3313.
[13]	Y. Zhao, M. Taya, Y.S. Kang, and A. Kawasaki, Compression behavior of porous NiTi shape memory alloy, Acta Mater., 53(2005), No. 2, p. 337.
[14]	B. Bertheville, M. Neudenberger, and J.E. Bidaux, Powder sintering and shape-memory behaviour of NiTi compacts synthesized from Ni and TiH₂, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 384(2004), No. 1-2, p. 143.
[15]	B.Y. Li, L.J. Rong, and Y.Y. Li, Porous NiTi alloy prepared from elemental powder sintering, J. Mater. Res., 13(1998), No. 10, p. 2847.
[16]	C. Zanotti, P. Giuliani, A. Terrosu, S. Gennari, and F. Maglia, Porous Ni-Ti ignition and combustion synthesis, Intermetallics, 15(2007), No. 3, p. 404.
[17]	B.Y. Li, L.J. Rong, Y.Y. Li, and V.E. Gjunter, A recent development in producing porous Ni-Ti shape memory alloys, Intermetallics, 8(2000), No. 8, p. 881.
[18]	E. Aust, W. Limberg, R. Gerling, B. Oger, and T. Ebel, Advanced TiAl6Nb7 bone screw implant fabricated by metal injection moulding, Adv. Eng. Mater., 8(2006), No. 5, p. 365.
[19]	J.M. Benson and H.K. Chikwanda, The challenges of titanium metal injection moulding, J. New Gener. Sci., 7(2009), No. 3, p. 1.
[20]	J.L. Xu, L.Z. Bao, A.H. Liu, X.J. Jin, Y.X. Tong, J.M. Luo, Z.C. Zhong, and Y.F. Zheng, Microstructure, mechanical properties and superelasticity of biomedical porous NiTi alloy prepared by microwave sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 46(2015), p. 387.
[21]	C.Y. Tang, L.N. Zhang, C.T. Wong, K.C. Chan, and T.M. Yue, Fabrication and characteristics of porous NiTi shape memory alloy synthesized by microwave sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 528(2011), No. 18, p. 6006.
[22]	C.Y. Tang, C.T. Wong, L.N. Zhang, M.T. Choy, T.W. Chow, K.C. Chan, T.M. Yue, and Q. Chen, In situ formation of Ti alloy/TiC porous composites by rapid microwave sintering of Ti6Al4V/MWCNTs powder, J. Alloys Compd., 557(2013), p. 67.
[23]	M. Oghbaei and O. Mirzaee, Microwave versus conventional sintering:a review of fundamentals, advantages and applications, J. Alloys Compd., 494(2010), No. 1-2, p. 175.
[24]	S. Das, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, S. Datta, and D. Basu, Prospects of microwave processing:an overview, Bull. Mater. Sci., 32(2009), No. 1, p. 1.
[25]	W.L.E. Wong and M. Gupta, Using microwave energy to synthesize light weight/energy saving magnesium based materials:a review, Technologies, 3(2015), No. 1, p. 1.
[26]	W.L.E. Wong, Development of Advanced Materials Using Microwaves[Dissertation], National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2007.
[27]	N. Zhang, P.B. Khosrovabadi, J.H. Lindenhovius, and B.H. Kolster, TiNi shape memory alloys prepared by normal sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 150(1992), No. 2, p. 263.
[28]	S.L. Zhu, X.J. Yang, F. Hu, S.H. Deng, and Z.D. Cui, Processing of porous TiNi shape memory alloy from elemental powders by Ar-sintering, Mater. Lett., 58(2004), No. 19, p. 2369.
[29]	S. K. Sadrnezhaad and O. Lashkari, Property change during fixtured sintering of NiTi memory alloy, Mater. Manuf. Process., 21(2006), No. 1, p. 87.
[30]	A.M. Locci, R. Orrù, G. Cao, and Z. A. Munir, Field-activated pressure-assisted synthesis of NiTi, Intermetallics, 11(2003), No. 6, p. 555.
[31]	Y. Yang, Investigation of the Martensitic Transformation and the Deformation Mechanisms Occurring in the Superelastic Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy[Dissertation], INSA de Rennes, 2015.
[32]	S. Banumathy, K.S. Prasad, R.K. Mandal, and A.K. Singh, Effect of thermomechanical processing on evolution of various phases in Ti-Nb alloys, Bull. Mater. Sci., 34(2011), No. 7, p. 1421.
[33]	J. Laeng, Z.M. Xiu, X.X. Xu, X.D. Sun, H. Ru, and Y.N. Liu, Phase formation of Ni-Ti via solid state reaction, Phys. Scripta, 2007(2007), No. T129, p. 250.
[34]	L.M. Yang, A.K. Tieu, D. P. Dunne, S.W. Huang, H.J. Li, D. Wexler, and Z.Y. Jiang, Cavitation erosion resistance of NiTi thin films produced by filtered arc deposition, Wear,267(2009), No. 1-4, p. 233.
[35]	C.L. Chu, J.C. Chung, and P.K. Chu, Effects of heat treatment on characteristics of porous Ni-rich NiTi SMA prepared by SHS technique, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 16(2006), No. 1, p. 49.
[36]	M. Dovchinvanchig, C.W. Zhao, S.L. Zhao, X.K. Meng, Y.J. Jin, and Y.M. Xing, Effect of Nd addition on the microstructure and martensitic transformation of Ni-Ti shape memory alloys, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2014(2014).
[37]	J. Mentz, J. Frenzel, M.F.X. Wagner, K. Neuking, G. Eggeler, H.P. Buchkremer, and D. Stöver, Powder metallurgical processing of NiTi shape memory alloys with elevated transformation temperatures, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 491(2008), No. 1-2, p. 270.
[38]	B. Yuan, X.P. Zhang, C.Y. Chung, and M. Zhu, The effect of porosity on phase transformation behavior of porous Ti-50.8at%Ni shape memory alloys prepared by capsule-free hot isostatic pressing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 438(2006), p. 585.
[39]	P.C. Su and S. Wu, The four-step multiple stage transformation in deformed and annealed Ti49Ni51 shape memory alloy, Acta Mater., 52(2004), No. 5, p. 1117.
[40]	Z.F. Gao, Q.Y. Li, F. He, Y. Huang, and Y.Z. Wan, Mechanical modulation and bioactive surface modification of porous Ti-10Mo alloy for bone implants, Mater. Des., 42(2012), p. 13.
[41]	W.T. Becker and S. Lampman, Fracture appearance and mechanisms of deformation and fracture, ASM Handbook Volume 11:Failure Analysis and Prevention, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2002, p. 559.
[42]	S.A.P. Ii, A. Shyam, R.O. Ritchie, and W.W. Milligan, High frequency fatigue crack propagation behavior of a nickel-base turbine disk alloy, Int. J. Fatigue, 21(1999), No. 7, p. 725.