José Luis Cabezas-Villa, José Lemus-Ruiz, Didier Bouvard, Omar Jiménez, Héctor Javier Vergara-Hernández, and Luis Olmos, Sintering study of Ti6Al4V powders with different particle sizes and their mechanical properties, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 25(2018), No. 12, pp. 1389-1401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-018-1693-5
Cite this article as:
José Luis Cabezas-Villa, José Lemus-Ruiz, Didier Bouvard, Omar Jiménez, Héctor Javier Vergara-Hernández, and Luis Olmos, Sintering study of Ti6Al4V powders with different particle sizes and their mechanical properties, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 25(2018), No. 12, pp. 1389-1401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-018-1693-5
Research Article

Sintering study of Ti6Al4V powders with different particle sizes and their mechanical properties

+ Author Affiliations
  • Corresponding author:

    Luis Olmos    E-mail: luisra24@gmail.com

  • Received: 6 March 2018Revised: 19 June 2018Accepted: 21 June 2018
  • Ti6Al4V powders with three different particle size distributions (0-20, 20-45, and 45-75 μm) were used to evaluate the effect of the particle size distribution on the solid-state sintering and their mechanical properties. The sintering kinetics was determined by dilatometry at temperatures from 900 to 1260℃. The mechanical properties of the sintered samples were evaluated by microhardness and compression tests. The sintering kinetics indicated that the predominant mechanism depends on the relative density irrespective of the particle size used. The mechanical properties of the sintered samples are adversely affected by increasing pore volume fraction. The elastic Young's modulus and yield stress follow a power law function of the relative density. The fracture behavior after compression is linked to the neck size developed during sintering, exhibiting two different mechanisms of failure:interparticle neck breaking and intergranular cracking in samples with relative densities below and above of 90%, respectively. The main conclusion is that relative density is responsible for the kinetics, mechanical properties, and failure behavior of Ti6Al4V powders.
  • loading
  • [1]
    C. Leyens and M. Peters, Titanium and Titanium Alloys:Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003, p. 1.
    [2]
    I. Montealegre-Meléndez, E. Neubauer, and H. Danninger, Effect of starting powder grade on sintering and properties of PM titanium metal matrix composites, Powder Metall., 52(2009), No. 4, p. 322.
    [3]
    E. Benavente-Martínez, F. Devesa, and V. Amigó, Caracterización mecánica de aleaciones Ti-Nb mediante ensayos de flexión biaxial, Rev. Metal., 46(2010), p. 19.
    [4]
    D. Banerjee and J.C. Williams, Perspectives on titanium science and technology, Acta Mater., 61(2013), No. 3, p. 844.
    [5]
    L. Reig, V. Amigó, D.J. Busquets, and J.A. Calero, Development of porous Ti6Al4V samples by microsphere sintering, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 212(2012), No. 1, p. 3.
    [6]
    D.M. Brunette, P. Tengvall, M. Textor, and P. Thomsen, Titanium in Medicine:Material Science, Surface Science, Engineering, Biological Responses and Medical Applications, Springer Science and Business Media, New York, 2013, p. 1.
    [7]
    M. Yan and P. Yu, An Overview of Densification, Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V-Comparison Among Selective Laser Melting, Electron Beam Melting, Laser Metal Ddeposition and Selective Laser Sintering, and with Conventional Powder, Sintering Techniques of Materials, InTech, London, 2015, p. 77.
    [8]
    Z.Q. Yan, F. Chen, Y.X. Cai, and Y.N. Jian, Influence of particle size on property of Ti-6Al-4V alloy prepared by high-velocity compaction, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 23(2013), No. 2, p. 361.
    [9]
    Y.J. Yan, G.L. Nash, and P. Nash, Effect of density and pore morphology on fatigue properties of sintered Ti-6Al-4V, Int. J. Fatigue, 55(2013), p. 81.
    [10]
    H.P. Ng, C. Haase, R. Lapovok, and Y. Estrin, Improving sinterability of Ti-6Al-4V from blended elemental powders through equal channel angular pressing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 565(2013), p. 396.
    [11]
    Y. Torres, J.A. Rodríguez, S. Arias, M. Echeverry, S. Robledo, V. Amigo, and J.J. Pavón, Processing, characterization and biological testing of porous titanium obtained by space-holder technique, J. Mater. Sci., 47(2012), No. 18, p. 6565.
    [12]
    L. Yan, H.Y. Zhang, T. Wang, X.L. Huang, Y.Y. Li, J.S. Wu, and H.B. Chen, High-strength Ti-6Al-4V with ultrafine-grained structure fabricated by high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 585(2013), p. 408.
    [13]
    L. Xu, R.P. Guo, C.G. Bai, J.F. Lei, and R. Yang, Effect of isostatic pressing conditions and cooling rate on microstructure and properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy from atomized powder, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 30(2014), No. 12, p. 1289.
    [14]
    V. Amigó, M.D. Salvador, F. Romero, C. Solves, and J.F. Moreno, Microestructural evolution of Ti-6Al-4V during the sintering of microspheres of Ti for orthopedic implants, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 141(2003), No. 1, p. 117.
    [15]
    L.E. Murr, E.V. Esquivel, S.A. Quinones, S.M. Gaytan, M.I. Lopez, E.Y. Martinez, F. Medina, D.H. Hernandez, E. Martinez, J.L. Martinez, S.W. Stafford, D.K. Brown, T. Hoppe, W. Meyers, U. Lindhe, and R.B. Wicker, Microstructures and mechanical properties of electron beam-rapid manufactured Ti-6Al-4V biomedical prototypes compared to wrought Ti-6Al-4V, Mater. Charact., 60(2009), No. 2, p. 96.
    [16]
    N.W. Hrabe, P. Heinl, B. Flinn, C. Körner, and R.K. Bordia, Compression-compression fatigue of selective electron beam melted cellular titanium (Ti-6Al-4V), J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B, 99(2011), No. 2, p. 313.
    [17]
    L. Bolzoni, T. Weissgaerber, B. Kieback, E.M. Ruiz-Navas, and E. Gordo, Mechanical behavior of pressed and sintered CP Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy obtained from master alloy addition powder, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 20(2013), p. 149.
    [18]
    R.M. German, Sintering Theory and Practice, John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA, 1996, p. 100.
    [19]
    H. Bayat, M. Rastgo, M.M. Zadeh, and H. Vereecken, Particle size distribution models, their characteristics and fitting capability, J. Hydrol., 529(2015), p. 872.
    [20]
    S.S. Razavi-Tousi, R. Yazdani-Rad, and S.A. Manafi, Effect of volume fraction and particle size of alumina reinforcement on compaction and densification behavior of Al-Al2O3 nanocomposites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 528(2011), No. 3, p. 1105.
    [21]
    W. Chen, Y. Yamamoto, W.H. Peter, M.B. Clark, S.D. Nunn, J.O. Kiggans, T.R. Muth, C.A. Blue, J.C. Williams, and K. Akhtar, The investigation of die-pressing and sintering behavior of ITP CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V powders, J. Alloys Compd., 541(2012), p. 440.
    [22]
    R. Lapovok, D. Tomus, and B.C. Muddle, Low-temperature compaction of Ti-6Al-4V powder equal channel angular extrusion with back pressure, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 490(2008), No. 1-2, p. 171.
    [23]
    X.Y. Xu and P. Nash, Sintering mechanisms of Armstrong prealloyed Ti-6Al-4V powders, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 607(2014), p. 409.
    [24]
    O.M. Ivasishin, D.G. Savvakin, F. Froes, V.C. Mokson, and K.A. Bondareva, Synthesis of alloy Ti-6Al-4V with low residual porosity by a powder metallurgy method, Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 41(2002), No. 7-8, p. 382.
    [25]
    D.F. Khan, H.Q. Yin, H. Li, X.H. Qu, M. Khan, S. Ali, and M.Z. Iqbal, Compaction of Ti-6Al-4V powder using high velocity compaction technique, Mater. Des., 50(2013), p. 479.
    [26]
    M. P. I. Federation, Standard Test Methods for Metal Powders and Powder Metallurgy Products, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, 2002, p. 1.
    [27]
    M. Dewidar, Microstructure and mechanical properties of biocompatible high density Ti-6Al-4V/W produced by high frequency induction heating sintering, Mater. Des., 31(2010), No. 8, p. 3964.
    [28]
    X.Y. Cheng, S.J. Li, L.E. Murr, Z.B. Zhang, Y.L. Hao, R. Yang, F. Medina, and R.B. Wicker, Compression deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with cellular structures fabricated by electron beam melting, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 16(2012), p. 153.
    [29]
    L. Bolzoni, E.M. Ruiz-Navas, and E. Gordo. Feasibility study of the production of biomedical Ti-6Al-4V alloy by powder metallurgy, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 49(2015), p. 400.
    [30]
    J. Chávez, L. Olmos, O. Jiménez, D. Bouvard, E. Rodríguez, and M. Florers, Sintering behaviour and mechanical characterisation of Ti64/xTiN composites and bilayer components, Powder Metall., 60(2017), No. 4, p. 257.
    [31]
    B.B. Panigrahi, M.M. Godkhindi, K. Das, P.G. Mukunda, and P. Ramakrishnan, Sintering kinetics of micrometric titanium powder, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 396(2005), No. 1-2, p. 255.
    [32]
    Y. Kim, Y.B. Song, S.H. Lee, and Y.S. Kwon, Characterization of the hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of Ti-6Al-4V sintered performs using materials modeling techniques, J. Alloys Compd., 676(2016), p. 15.
    [33]
    J. Wang and R. Raj, Estimate of the activation energies for boundary diffusion from rate-controlled sintering of pure alumina, and alumina doped with zirconia or Titania, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 73(1990), No. 5, p. 1172.
    [34]
    Y. Mishin and C. Herzig, Diffusion in the Ti-Al system, Acta Mater., 48(2000), No. 3, p. 589.
    [35]
    A.E. Pontau and D. Lazarus, Diffusion of titanium and niobium in bcc Ti-Nb alloys, Phys. Rev. B:Condens. Matter, 19(1979), No. 8, p. 4027.
    [36]
    M. Köppers, C. Herzig, M. Friesel, and Y. Mishin, Intrinsic self-diffusion and substitutional Al diffusion in α-Ti, Acta Mater., 45(1997), No. 10, p. 4181.
    [37]
    G. Neumann, V. Tölle, and C. Tuijn, On the impurity diffusion in β-Ti, Physica B, 296(2001), No. 4, p. 334.
    [38]
    I.M. Robertson and G.B. Schaffer, Some effects of particle size on the sintering of titanium and a master sintering curve model, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 40(2009), No. 8, p. 1968.
    [39]
    C. Herzig, T. Wilger, T. Przeorski, F. Hisker, and S. Divinski, Titanium tracer diffusion in grain boundaries of α-Ti, α2-Ti3Al, and γ-TiAl and in α2/γ interphase boundaries, Intermetallics, 9(2001), No. 5, p. 431.
    [40]
    F.B. Swinkels and M.F. Ashby, A second report on sintering diagrams, Acta Metal., 29(1981), No. 2, p. 259.
    [41]
    S.J.L. Kang and Y.I. Jung, Sintering kinetics at final stage sintering:model calculation and map construction, Acta Mater., 52(2004), No. 15, p. 4573.
    [42]
    R.M. German, The sintering of 304L stainless steel powder. Metall. Trans. A, 7(1976), No. 12, p. 1879.
    [43]
    Y. Torres, S. Lascano, J. Bris, J. Pavón, and J.A. Rodriguez, Development of porous titanium for biomedical applications:A comparison between loose sintering and space-holder techniques, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 37(2014), p. 148.
    [44]
    J. Kováčik, The tensile behavior of porous metals made by GASAR process, Acta Mater., 46(1998), No. 15, p. 5413.
    [45]
    J. Kováčik, Correlation between Young's modulus and porosity in porous materials, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 18(1999), No. 13, p. 1007.
    [46]
    L.J. Gibson and M.F. Ashby, Cellular Solids:Structure and Properties, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, p. 52.
    [47]
    C. Simoneau, V. Brailovski, and P. Terriault, Design, manufacture and tensile properties of stochastic porous metallic structures, Mech. Mater., 94(2016), p. 26.
    [48]
    L.F. Nielsen, Elasticity and damping of porous materials and impregnated materials, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 67(1984), No. 2, p. 93.
    [49]
    R.M. German, Sintering:From Empirical Observations to Scientific Principles, Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, 2014, p. 141.
    [50]
    A. Taşdemirci, A. Hızal, M. Altındiş, I.W. Hall, and M. Gü den, The effect of strain rate on the compressive deformation behavior of a sintered Ti6Al4V powder compact, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 474(2008), No. 1-2, p. 335.
    [51]
    M.E. Dizlek, M. Guden, U. Turkan, and A. Tasdemirci, Processing compression testing of Ti6Al4V foams for biomedical applications, J. Mater. Sci., 44(2009), No. 6, p. 1512.
    [52]
    D. Eylon, F.H. Froes, D.G. Heggie, P.A. Blenkinsop, and R.W. Gardiner, Influence of thermomechanical processing on low cycle fatigue of prealloyed Ti-6Al-4V powder compacts, Metall. Trans. A, 14(1983), No. 12, p. 2497.
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Share Article

    Article Metrics

    Article Views(692) PDF Downloads(36) Cited by()
    Proportional views

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return