Hamid Sazegaran and Milad Hojati, Effects of copper content on microstructure and mechanical properties of open-cell steel foams, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 26(2019), No. 5, pp. 588-596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1767-z
Cite this article as:
Hamid Sazegaran and Milad Hojati, Effects of copper content on microstructure and mechanical properties of open-cell steel foams, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 26(2019), No. 5, pp. 588-596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1767-z
Research Article

Effects of copper content on microstructure and mechanical properties of open-cell steel foams

+ Author Affiliations
  • Corresponding author:

    Hamid Sazegaran    E-mail: h.sazegaran@qiet.ac.ir

  • Received: 10 February 2018Revised: 20 November 2018Accepted: 22 November 2018
  • The effects of copper content on the microstructural and mechanical properties of steel foams are investigated. Spherical urea granules, used as a water-leachable space holder, were coated with a mixture of iron, ultrafine carbon, and different amounts of copper powders. After the mixture was compacted and the space holder was removed by leaching, a sintering process was performed under an atmosphere of thermally dissociated ammonia. Microstructural evaluations of the cell walls were carried out using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In addition, compression tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the manufactured steel foams. The results showed that the total porosity decreases from 77.2% to 71.9% with increasing copper content in the steel foams. In the foams' microstructure, copper islands are mostly distributed in pearlite and intergranular carbide phases are formed in the grain boundaries. When the copper content was increased from 0 to 4wt%, the elastic modulus, plateau stress, fracture stress, and fracture strain of manufactured steel foams improved 4.5, 6, 6.4, and 2.5 times, respectively.
  • loading
  • [1]
    J. Banhart, Manufacture, characterization and application of cellular metals and metal foams, Prog. Mater. Sci., 46(2001), No. 6, p. 559.
    [2]
    M.F. Ashby, A.G. Evans, N.A. Fleck, L.J. Gibson, J.W. Hutchinson, and H.N.G. Wadley, Metal Foams:A Design Guide, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000, p. 21.
    [3]
    H.P. Degischer and B. Kriszt, Handbook of Cellular Metals:Production, Processing and Applications, Weinheim:Wiley-VCH/Verlag GmbH, 2002, p. 67.
    [4]
    J. Baumeister, J. Banhart, and M. Weber, Aluminum foams for transport industry, Mater. Des., 18(1997), No. 4-6, p. 217.
    [5]
    K. Boomsma, D. Poulikakos, and F. Zwick, Metal foams as compact high performance heat exchangers, Mech. Mater., 35(2003), No. 12, p. 1161.
    [6]
    H.W. Song, Z.J. Fan, G. Yu, Q.C. Wang, and A. Tobota, Partition energy absorption of axially crushed aluminum foam-filled hat sections, Int. J. Solids. Struct., 42(2005), No. 9-10, p. 2575.
    [7]
    C. Motz and R. Pippan, Deformation behaviour of closed-cell aluminium foams in tension, Acta. Mater., 49(2001), No. 13, p. 2463.
    [8]
    S.V. Raj, L.J. Ghosn, B.A. Lerch, M. Hebsur, L.M. Cosgriff, and J. Fedor, Mechanical properties of 17-4PH stainless steel foam panels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 456(2007), No. 1-2, p. 305.
    [9]
    J.Y. Seo, K.Y. Lee, and D.S. Shim, Effects of process parameters on properties of porous foams formed by laser-assisted melting of steel powder (AISI P21)/foaming agent (ZrH2) mixture, Opt. Laser. Technol., 98(2018), p. 326.
    [10]
    B.H. Smith, S. Szyniszewski, J.F. Hajjar, B.W. Schafer, and S.R. Arwade, Steel foam for structures:A review of applications, manufacturing and material properties, J. Constr. Steel. Res., 71(2012), p. 1.
    [11]
    C. Park and S.R. Nutt, Effects of process parameters on steel foam synthesis, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 297(2001), No. 1-2, p. 62.
    [12]
    C. Park and S.R. Nutt, PM synthesis and properties of steel foams, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 288(2000), No. 1, p. 111.
    [13]
    M.H. Golabgir, R. Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi, O. Torabi, H. Tajizadegan, and A. Jamshidi, Fabrication and evaluation of oxidation resistance performance of open-celled Fe (Al) foam by space-holder technique, Adv. Powder Technol., 25(2014), No. 3, p. 960.
    [14]
    N. Bekoz and E. Oktay, Effects of carbamide shape and content on processing and properties of steel foams, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 212(2012), No. 10, p. 2109.
    [15]
    N. Bekoz and E. Oktay, Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of low alloy steel foams, Mater. Des., 51(2013), p. 212.
    [16]
    M. Mirzaei and M.H, Paydar, A novel process for manufacturing porous 316L stainless steel with uniform pore distribution, Mater. Des., 121(2017), p. 442.
    [17]
    S. Guarino, M. Barletta, S. Pezzola, and S. Vesco, Manufacturing of steel foams by Slip Reaction Foam Sintering (SRFS), Mater. Des., 40(2012), p. 268.
    [18]
    M. Sharma, G.K. Gupta, O.P. Modi, B.K. Prasad, and A.K. Gupta, Titanium foam through powder metallurgy route using acicular urea particles as space holder, Mater. Lett., 65(2011), No. 21-22, p. 3199.
    [19]
    T. Shimizu, K. Matsuzaki, H. Nagai, and N. Kanetake, Production of high porosity metal foams using EPS beads as space holders, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 558(2012), p. 343.
    [20]
    J. Kadkhodapour, H. Montazerian, M. Samadi, S. Schmauder, and A.A. Mehrizi, Plastic deformation and compressive mechanical properties of hollow sphere aluminum foams produced by space holder technique, Mater. Des., 83(2015), p. 352.
    [21]
    E.E. Aşik andŞ. Bor, Fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V foams processed by magnesium space holder technique, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 621(2015), p. 157.
    [22]
    G.Z. Jia, Y. Hou, C.X. Chen, J.L. Niu, H. Zhang, H. Huang, M.P. Xiong, and G.Y. Yuan, Precise fabrication of open porous Mg scaffolds using NaCl templates:Relationship between space holder particles, pore characteristics and mechanical behavior, Mater. Des., 140(2018), p. 106.
    [23]
    B. Xie, Y.Z. Fan, T.Z. Mu, and B. Deng, Fabrication and energy absorption properties of titanium foam with CaCl2 as a space holder, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 708(2017), p. 419.
    [24]
    N. Takata, K. Uematsu, and M. Kobashi, Compressive properties of porous Ti-Al alloys fabricated by reaction synthesis using a space holder powder, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 697(2017), p. 66.
    [25]
    A. Noorsyakirah, M. Mazlan, O.M. Afian, M.A. Aswad, S.M. Jabir, M.Z. Nurazilah, N.H.M. Afiq, M. Bakar, A.J.M. Nizam, O.A. Zahid, and M.H.M. Bakri, Application of potassium carbonate as space holder for metal injection molding process of open pore copper foam, Procedia. Chem., 19(2016), p. 552.
    [26]
    B. Jiang, N.Q. Zhao, C.S. Shi, and J.J. Li, Processing of open cell aluminum foams with tailored porous morphology, Scripta Mater., 53(2005), No. 6, p. 781.
    [27]
    A. Mansourighasri, N. Muhamad, and A.B. Sulong, Processing titanium foams using tapioca starch as a space holder, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 212(2012), No. 1, p. 83.
    [28]
    H.I. Bakan, A novel water leaching and sintering process for manufacturing highly porous stainless steel, Scripta Mater., 55(2006), No. 2, p. 203.
    [29]
    M. Bram, C. Stiller, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, and H. Baur, High porosity titanium, stainless steel and superalloy parts, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2(2000), No. 4, p. 196.
    [30]
    H.Ö. Gülsoy and R.M. German, Sintered foams from precipitation hardened stainless steel powder, Powder Metall., 51(2008), No. 4, p. 350.
    [31]
    I. Mutlu and E. Oktay, Processing and properties of highly porous 17-4 PH stainless steel, Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 50(2011), No. 1-2, p. 73.
    [32]
    I. Mutlu and E. Oktay, Production and aging of highly porous 17-4 PH stainless steel, J. Porous Mater., 19(2011), No. 4, p. 433.
    [33]
    D.P. Mondal, H. Jain, S. Das, and A.K. Jha, Stainless steel foams made through powder metallurgy route using NH4HCO3 as space holder, Mater. Des., 88(2015), p. 430.
    [34]
    N. Bekoz and E. Oktay, High temperature mechanical properties of low alloy steel foams produced by powder metallurgy, Mater. Des., 53(2014), p. 482.
    [35]
    N. Michailidis, F. Stergioudi, A. Tsouknidas, and E. Pavlidou, Compressive response of Al foams produced via a powder sintering process based on a leachable space-holder material, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 528(2011), No. 3, p. 1662.
    [36]
    R.M. German, P. Suri, and S.J. Park, Review:liquid phase sintering, J. Mater. Sci., 44(2009), No. 1, p. 1.
    [37]
    M.W. Wu, W.Z. Cai, Z.J. Lin, and S.H. Chang, Liquid phase sintering mechanism and densification behavior of boron-alloyed Fe-Ni-Mo-C-B powder metallurgy steel, Mater. Des., 133(2017), p. 536.
    [38]
    A. Simchi, Effect of C and Cu addition on the densification and microstructure of iron powder in direct laser sintering process, Mater. Lett., 62(2008), No. 17-18, p. 2840.
    [39]
    I. Metinöz, I. Cristofolini, I. Pahl, A. DeNicolo, P. Marconi, and A. Molinari, Theoretical and experimental study of the contact fatigue behavior of a Mo-Cu steel produced by powder metallurgy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 614(2014), p. 81.
    [40]
    W.D. Wong-Ángel, L. Téllez-Jurado, J.F. Chávez-Alcalá, E. Chavira-Martínez, and V.F. Verduzco-Cedeño, Effect of copper on the mechanical properties of alloys formed by powder metallurgy, Mater. Des., 58(2014), p. 12.
    [41]
    U. Ramamurty and A. Paul, Variability in mechanical properties of a metal foam, Acta Mater., 52(2004), No. 4, p. 869.
    [42]
    Y.L. Mu, G.C. Yao, and H.J. Luo, Effect of cell shape anisotropy on the compressive behavior of closed-cell aluminum foams, Mater. Des., 31(2010), No. 3, p. 1567.
    [43]
    K. Essa, P. Jamshidi, J. Zou, M.M. Attallah, and H. Hassanin, Porosity control in 316L stainless steel using cold and hot isostatic pressing, Mater. Des., 138(2018), p. 21.
    [44]
    H. Bafti and A. Habibolahzadeh, Production of aluminum foam by spherical carbamide space holder technique-processing parameters, Mater. Des., 31(2010), No. 9, p. 4122.
    [45]
    Y.Y. Zhao, F.S. Han, and T. Fung, Optimisation of compaction and liquid-state sintering in sintering and dissolution process for manufacturing Al foams, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 364(2004), No. 1-2, p. 117.
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Share Article

    Article Metrics

    Article Views(489) PDF Downloads(14) Cited by()
    Proportional views

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return