Mustafa Ustundagand Remzi Varol, Comparison of a commercial powder and a powder produced from Ti-6Al-4V chips and their effects on compacts sintered by the sinter-HIP method, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 26(2019), No. 7, pp. 878-888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1787-8
Cite this article as:
Mustafa Ustundagand Remzi Varol, Comparison of a commercial powder and a powder produced from Ti-6Al-4V chips and their effects on compacts sintered by the sinter-HIP method, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 26(2019), No. 7, pp. 878-888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1787-8
Research Article

Comparison of a commercial powder and a powder produced from Ti-6Al-4V chips and their effects on compacts sintered by the sinter-HIP method

+ Author Affiliations
  • Corresponding author:

    Mustafa Ustundag    E-mail: mustafaustundag@sdu.edu.tr

  • Received: 19 September 2018Revised: 22 January 2019Accepted: 12 February 2019
  • The present paper is related to the conversion of Ti-6Al-4V chips into powder and investigates the usability of the produced powder in powder metallurgy applications. In this regard, a disc-milling process was applied to Ti-6Al-4V chips and the obtained powder was subsequently compacted. The compacted samples were sintered by the sinter hot isostatic pressing (sinter-HIP) method at 1200℃ under high vacuum, their mechanical properties and microstructure were investigated and compared with those of commercial powder compacts subjected to the same preparation processes. The results showed that the produced powder exhibits greater flowability and higher apparent density than the commercial powder. However, the sintered products prepared from the commercial powder exhibited a higher relative density, lower porosity, and, as a result, greater flexural strength compared with the sintered compacts prepared from the produced powder. In addition, transgranular fracture was greater in the sintered products of the commercial powder. The microstructural studies revealed that the sintered products made from both the commercial and the produced powders consisted of α-and β-phase but contained more α-phase. All of the examined properties were found to be substantially affected by the particle size of the powders.
  • loading
  • [1]
    H.T. Wang, Z.Z. Fang, and P. Sun, A critical review of mechanical properties of powder metallurgy titanium, Int. J. Powder Metall., 46(2010), No. 5, p. 45.
    [2]
    N. Khanna and J.P. Davim, Design-of-experiments application in machining titanium alloys for aerospace structural components, Measurement, 61(2015), p. 280.
    [3]
    C. Veiga, J.P. Davim, and A.J.R. Loureiro, Properties and applications of titanium alloys:a brief review, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci., 32(2012), p. 133.
    [4]
    C. Giordano, E. Saino, L. Rimondini, M.P. Pedeferri, L. Visai, A. Cigada, and R. Chiesa, Electrochemically induced anatase inhibits bacterial colonization on Titanium Grade 2 and Ti6Al4V alloy for dental and orthopedic devices, Colloids Surf. B, 88(2011), No.2, p. 648.
    [5]
    B. Rotmann, C. Lochbichler, and B. Friedrich, Challenges in titanium recycling-Do we need a new specification for secondary alloys?,[in] Proceedings of 6th European Metallurgical Conference (EMC 2011), Düsseldorf, 2011, p. 1465.
    [6]
    E.P. Lautenschlager and P. Monaghan, Titanium and titanium alloys as dental materials, Int. Dent. J., 43(1993), No. 3, p. 245.
    [7]
    M.J. Jackson and W. Ahmed, Surface Engineered Surgical Tools and Medical Devices, Springer Science + Business Media, New York, 2007, p. 533.
    [8]
    Z.Z. Fang, J.D. Paramore, P. Sun, K.S.R. Chandran, Y. Zhang, Y. Xia, F. Cao, M. Koopman, and M. Free, Powder metallurgy of titanium-past, present, and future, Int. Mater. Rev., 63(2018), No. 7. p. 407.
    [9]
    E.W. Lui, S. Palanisamy, M.S. Dargusch, and K. Xia, Effects of chip conditions on the solid state recycling of Ti-6Al-4V machining chips, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 238(2016), p. 297.
    [10]
    D.T. McDonald, E.W. Lui, S. Palanisamy, M.S. Dargusch, and K. Xia, Achieving superior strength and ductility in Ti-6Al-4V recycled from machining chips by equal channel angular pressing, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 45(2014), No. 9, p. 4089.
    [11]
    T. Dikici and M. Sutcu, Effects of disc milling parameters on the physical properties and microstructural characteristics of Ti6Al4V powders, J. Alloys Compd., 723(2017), p. 395.
    [12]
    K.A. Nazari, A. Nouri, and T. Hilditch, Compressibility of a Ti-based alloy with varying amounts of surfactant prepared by high-energy ball milling, Powder Technol., 279(2015), p. 33.
    [13]
    S.R. Shial, M. Masanta, and D. Chaira, Recycling of waste Ti machining chips by planetary milling:Generation of Ti powder and development of in situ TiC reinforced Ti-TiC composite powder mixture, Powder Technol., 329(2018), p. 232.
    [14]
    A.M. Soufiani, F. Karimzadeh, M.H. Enayati, and A.M. Soufiani, The effect of type of atmospheric gas on milling behavior of nanostructured Ti6Al4V alloy, Adv. Powder Technol., 23(2012), No. 2, p. 264.
    [15]
    A. Canakci and T. Varol, A novel method for the production of metal powders without conventional atomization process, J. Cleaner Prod., 99(2015), p. 312.
    [16]
    S.H. Hong, D.W. Lee, and B.K. Kim, Manufacturing of aluminum flake powder from foil scrap by dry ball milling process, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 100(2000), No. 1-3, p. 105.
    [17]
    H.P. Tang, M. Qian, N. Liu, X.Z. Zhang, G.Y. Yang, and J. Wang, Effect of powder reuse times on additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V by selective electron beam melting, JOM, 67(2015), No. 3, p. 555.
    [18]
    X.K. Zhou, Z.F. Xu, K. Wang, G.J. Li, T. Liu, Q. Wang, and J.C. He, One-step sinter-HIP method for preparation of functionally graded cemented carbide with ultrafine grains, Ceram. Int., 42(2016), No. 4, p. 5362.
    [19]
    C.B. Wei, X.Y. Song, J. Fu, X.M. Liu, Y. Gao, H.B. Wang, and S.X. Zhao, Microstructure and properties of ultrafine cemented carbides-Differences in spark plasma sintering and sinter-HIP, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 552(2012), p. 427.
    [20]
    Z.Z. Fang, X. Wang, T. Ryu, K.S. Hwang, and H.Y. Sohn, Synthesis, sintering, and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cemented tungsten carbide-A review, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 27(2009), No. 2, p. 288.
    [21]
    W.B. James and H. Corporation, Powder metallurgy methods and applications, ASM Handbook, 7(2015), p. 13.
    [22]
    Metal Powder Industries Federation, Standard Test Methods for Metal Powders & PM Products, Standard 03:Determination of Flow Rate of Free-Flowing Metal Powders Using the Hall Apparatus, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, 2016.
    [23]
    Metal Powder Industries Federation, Standard Test Methods for Metal Powders & PM Products, Standard 04:Determination of Apparent Density of Free-Flowing Metal Powders Using the Hall Apparatus, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, 2016.
    [24]
    Metal Powder Industries Federation, Standard Test Methods for Metal Powders & PM Products, Standard 41:Determination of Transverse Rupture Strength of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Materials, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, 2016.
    [25]
    Metal Powder Industries Federation, Standard Test Methods for Metal Powders & PM Products, Standard 42:Determination of Density of Compacted or Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, 2016.
    [26]
    X. Goso and A. Kale, Production of titanium metal powder by the HDH process, J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 111(2011), No. 3, p. 203.
    [27]
    R.M. German, Powder Metallurgy Science, Metal Powder Industry Federation, Princeton, New Jersey, 1994.
    [28]
    F. Fulchini, U. Zafar, C. Hare, M. Ghadiri, H. Tantawy, H. Ahmadian, and M. Poletto, Relationship between surface area coverage of flow-aids and flowability of cohesive particles, Powder Technol., 322(2017), p. 417.
    [29]
    R.M. German, Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials Processing:the Processes, Materials, Products, Properties and Applications, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, New Jersey, 2005.
    [30]
    X.Y. Xu, Mechanical Properties and Sintering Mechanisms of Powder Metallurgy Ti6Al4V[Dissertation], College of Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, 2013.
    [31]
    S. Chikosha, T.C. Shabalala, and H.K. Chikwanda, Effect of particle morphology and size on roll compaction of Ti-based powders, Powder Technol., 264(2014), p. 310.
    [32]
    X.Y. Xu and P. Nash, Sintering mechanisms of armstrong prealloyed Ti-6Al-4V powders, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 607(2014), p. 409.
    [33]
    X.Y. Xu, P. Nash, and D. Mangabhai, Characterization and sintering of Armstrong process titanium powder, JOM, 69(2017), No. 4, p. 770.
    [34]
    G.S. Upadhyaya, Powder Metallurgy Technology, Cambridge International Science Publishing, Cambridge, 2002.
    [35]
    J.M. Ting and R.Y. Lin, Effect of particle size distribution on sintering, J. Mater. Sci., 29(1994), No. 7, p. 1867.
    [36]
    J. Echeberria, J. Tarazona, J.Y. He, T. Butler, and F. Castro, Sinter-HIP of α-alumina powders with sub-micron grain sizes, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 22(2002), No.11, p. 1801.
    [37]
    Y.S Kwon, Y.X. Wu, P. Suri, and R.M. German, Simulation of the sintering densification and shrinkage behavior of powder-injection-molded 17-4 PH stainless steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 35(2004), No. 1, p. 257.
    [38]
    B. Yalçın, Investigation for the Basis Properties of the Titanium Alloy Implants Produced with Powder Metallurgy Method[Dissertation], Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, 2007.
    [39]
    J. Sieniawski, W. Ziaja, K. Kubiak, and M. Motyka, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Strength Two-Phase Titanium Alloys,[in] J. Sieniawski and W. Ziaja eds., Titanium alloys-Advances in Properties Control, InTech, Croatia, 2013, p. 74.
    [40]
    F.J. Gil, M.P. Ginebra, J.M. Manero, and J.A. Planell, Formation of α-Widmanstätten structure:effects of grain size and cooling rate on the Widmanstätten morphologies and on the mechanical properties in Ti6Al4V alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 329(2001), No. 1-2, p. 142.
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Share Article

    Article Metrics

    Article Views(584) PDF Downloads(19) Cited by()
    Proportional views

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return