The modulation of the discharge plateau of benzoquinone for sodium-ion batteries

Feng-hua Chen; Yi-wen Wu; Huan-hong Zhang; Zhan-tu Long; Xiao-xin Lin; Ming-zhe Chen; Qing Chen; Yi-fan Luo; Shu-Lei Chou; Rong-hua Zeng

doi:10.1007/s12613-021-2261-y

Volume 28 Issue 10

Oct. 2021

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Article Navigation > International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials > 2021 > 28(10): 1675-1683

Feng-hua Chen, Yi-wen Wu, Huan-hong Zhang, Zhan-tu Long, Xiao-xin Lin, Ming-zhe Chen, Qing Chen, Yi-fan Luo, Shu-Lei Chou, and Rong-hua Zeng, The modulation of the discharge plateau of benzoquinone for sodium-ion batteries, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 10, pp. 1675-1683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2261-y

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Feng-hua Chen, Yi-wen Wu, Huan-hong Zhang, Zhan-tu Long, Xiao-xin Lin, Ming-zhe Chen, Qing Chen, Yi-fan Luo, Shu-Lei Chou, and Rong-hua Zeng, The modulation of the discharge plateau of benzoquinone for sodium-ion batteries, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 10, pp. 1675-1683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2261-y

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Research Article

The modulation of the discharge plateau of benzoquinone for sodium-ion batteries

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Corresponding author:
Rong-hua Zeng E-mail: zengronghua@m.scnu.edu.cn
Received: 13 November 2020; Revised: 24 January 2021; Accepted: 26 January 2021; Available online: 2 February 2021

Abstract

Abstract

p-Benzoquinone (BQ) is a promising candidate for next-generation sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its high theoretical specific capacity, good reaction reversibility, and high resource availability. However, practical application of BQ faces many challenges, such as a low discharge plateau (~2.7 V) as cathode material or a high discharge plateau as anode material compared with inorganic materials for SIBs and high solubility in organic electrolytes, resulting in low power and energy densities. Here, tetrahydroxybenzoquinone tetrasodium salt (Na₄C₆O₆) is synthesized through a simple neutralization reaction at low temperatures. The four –ONa electron-donating groups introduced on the structure of BQ greatly lower the discharge plateau by over 1.4 V from ~2.70 V to ~1.26 V, which can change BQ from cathode to anode material for SIBs. At the same time, the addition of four –ONa hydrophilic groups inhibits the dissolution of BQ in the organic electrolyte to a certain extent. As a result, Na₄C₆O₆ as the anode displays a moderate discharge capacity and cycling performance at an average work voltage of ~1.26 V versus Na/Na⁺. When evaluated as a Na-ion full cell (NIFC), a Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ || Na₄C₆O₆ NIFC reveals a moderate discharge capacity and an average discharge plateau of ~1.4 V. This research offers a new molecular structure design strategy for reducing the discharge plateau and simultaneously restraining the dissolution of organic electrode materials.
- discharge plateau;
- electron-donating groups;
- dissolution;
- sodium-ion batteries

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