Petroleum coke as reductant in co-reduction of low-grade laterite ore and red mud to prepare ferronickel: Reductant and reduction effects

Xiaoshuang Guo; Zhengyao Li; Jicai Han; Dong Yang; Tichang Sun

doi:10.1007/s12613-021-2389-9

Volume 29 Issue 3

Mar. 2022

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials > 2022 > 29(3): 455-463

Xiaoshuang Guo, Zhengyao Li, Jicai Han, Dong Yang, and Tichang Sun, Petroleum coke as reductant in co-reduction of low-grade laterite ore and red mud to prepare ferronickel: Reductant and reduction effects, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 3, pp. 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2389-9

Cite this article as:

Xiaoshuang Guo, Zhengyao Li, Jicai Han, Dong Yang, and Tichang Sun, Petroleum coke as reductant in co-reduction of low-grade laterite ore and red mud to prepare ferronickel: Reductant and reduction effects, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 3, pp. 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2389-9

Citation:

PDF( 1434 KB)

Research Article

Petroleum coke as reductant in co-reduction of low-grade laterite ore and red mud to prepare ferronickel: Reductant and reduction effects

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding author:
Zhengyao Li E-mail: zyli0213@ustb.edu.cn
Received: 20 July 2021; Revised: 30 November 2021; Accepted: 1 December 2021; Available online: 3 December 2021

Abstract

Abstract

Petroleum coke is industrial solid wastes and its disposal and storage has been a great challenge to the environment. In this study, petroleum coke was utilized as a novel co-reduction reductant of low-grade laterite ore and red mud. A ferronickel product of 1.98wt% nickel and 87.98wt% iron was obtained with 20wt% petroleum coke, when the roasting temperature and time was 1250°C and 60 min, respectively. The corresponding recoveries of nickel and total iron were 99.54wt% and 95.59wt%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) analysis showed metallic nickel and iron mainly existed in the form of ferronickel particles which distributed uniformly at a size of approximately 30 μm with high purity. This study demonstrated that petroleum coke is a promising reductant in the co-reduction of laterite ore and red mud. Compared to other alternatives, petroleum coke is advantageous with reduced production cost and high applicability in anthracite-deficient areas.
- petroleum coke;
- ferronickel;
- co-reduction;
- solid waste utilization

FullText(HTML)

Supplements(0)

References(31)

References

[1]	A. Bayram, A. Müezzinoğlu, and R. Seyfioğlu, Presence and control of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum coke drying and calcination plants, Fuel Process. Technol., 60(1999), No. 2, p. 111. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00041-7
[2]	X. Yu, D.X. Yu, G. Yu, F.Q. Liu, J.K. Han, J.Q. Wu, and M.H. Xu, Temperature-resolved evolution and speciation of sulfur during pyrolysis of a high-sulfur petroleum coke, Fuel, 295(2021), art. No. 120609. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120609
[3]	L.X. Wang, E. Sadeghnezhad, M. Riemann, and P. Nick, Microtubule dynamics modulate sensing during cold acclimation in grapevine suspension cells, Plant Sci., 280(2019), p. 18. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.008
[4]	Y. Xiao, D. Pudasainee, R. Gupta, Z.H. Xu, and Y.F. Diao, Bromination of petroleum coke for elemental mercury capture, J. Hazard. Mater., 336(2017), p. 232. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.040
[5]	W.L. Cai, K. Li, K. Jiang, D.C. Lv, Y.Q. Liu, D. Wang, X.Q. Wang, and C.G. Lai, Utilization of high-sulfur-containing petroleum coke for making sulfur-doped porous carbon composite material and its application in supercapacitors, Diamond Relat. Mater., 116(2021), art. No. 108380. doi: 10.1016/j.diamond.2021.108380
[6]	J.H. Lv, X.Y. Wei, Y.Y. Zhang, and Z.M. Zong, Mild oxidation of Yanshan petroleum coke with aqueous sodium hypochlorite, Fuel, 226(2018), p. 658. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.005
[7]	R. Fernández-Ruiz, M.J. Redrejo, E.J. Friedrich K., N. Rodríguez, and R. Amils, Suspension assisted analysis of sulfur in petroleum coke by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence, Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 174(2020), art. No. 105997. doi: 10.1016/j.sab.2020.105997
[8]	L. Bostanci, A comparative study of petroleum coke and silica aerogel inclusion on mechanical, pore structure, thermal conductivity and microstructure properties of hybrid mortars, J. Build. Eng., 31(2020), art. No. 101478. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101478
[9]	K. Quast, D.F. Xu, W. Skinner, A. Nosrati, T. Hilder, D.J. Robinson, and J. Addai-Mensah, Column leaching of nickel laterite agglomerates: Effect of feed size, Hydrometallurgy, 134-135(2013), p. 144. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.02.001
[10]	Z. Zulhan and W. Shalat, Evolution of ferronickel particles during the reduction of low-grade saprolitic laterite nickel ore by coal in the temperature range of 900–1250°C with the addition of CaO–CaF₂–H₃BO₃, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 4, p. 612. doi: 10.1007/s12613-020-2025-0
[11]	J.H. Li, Z.F. Chen, B.P. Shen, Z.F. Xu, and Y.F. Zhang, The extraction of valuable metals and phase transformation and formation mechanism in roasting–water leaching process of laterite with ammonium sulfate, J. Cleaner Prod., 140(2017), p. 1148. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.050
[12]	J.H. Zhang, L.H. Gao, Z.J. He, X.M. Hou, W.L. Zhan, and Q.H. Pang, Separation and recovery of iron and nickel from low-grade laterite nickel ore by microwave carbothermic reduction roasting, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 9(2020), No. 6, p. 12223. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.036
[13]	W.C. Liu, J.K. Yang, and B. Xiao, Review on treatment and utilization of bauxite residues in China, Int. J. Miner. Process., 93(2009), No. 3-4, p. 220. doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2009.08.005
[14]	F. Zhu, Y.B. Li, S.G. Xue, W. Hartley, and H. Wu, Effects of iron–aluminium oxides and organic carbon on aggregate stability of bauxite residues, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23(2016), No. 9, p. 9073. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6172-9
[15]	Y.C. Li, X.B. Min, Y. Ke, D.G. Liu, and C.J. Tang, Preparation of red mud-based geopolymer materials from MSWI fly ash and red mud by mechanical activation, Waste Manage., 83(2019), p. 202. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.019
[16]	Y.Y. Zhang, Q.J. Gao, J. Zhao, M.Y. Li, and Y.H. Qi, Semi-smelting reduction and magnetic separation for the recovery of iron and alumina slag from iron rich bauxite, Minerals, 9(2019), No. 4, art. No. 223. doi: 10.3390/min9040223
[17]	E. Mukiza, L.L. Zhang, and X.M. Liu, Durability and microstructure analysis of the road base material prepared from red mud and flue gas desulfurization fly ash, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 27(2020), No. 4, p. 555. doi: 10.1007/s12613-019-1915-5
[18]	Y.J. Liu and R. Naidu, Hidden values in bauxite residue (red mud): Recovery of metals, Waste Manage., 34(2014), No. 12, p. 2662. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.003
[19]	J.Z. Zhang, Z.Y. Yao, K. Wang, F. Wang, H.G. Jiang, M. Liang, J.C. Wei, and G. Airey, Sustainable utilization of bauxite residue (Red Mud) as a road material in pavements: A critical review, Constr. Build. Mater., 270(2021), art. No. 121419. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121419
[20]	M.F. Wang and X.M. Liu, Applications of red mud as an environmental remediation material: A review, J. Hazard. Mater., 408(2021), art. No. 124420. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124420
[21]	X.P. Wang, T.C. Sun, J. Kou, Z.C. Li, and Y. Tian, Feasibility of co-reduction roasting of a saprolitic laterite ore and waste red mud, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 25(2018), No. 6, p. 591. doi: 10.1007/s12613-018-1606-7
[22]	X.P. Wang, T.C. Sun, S.C. Wu, C. Chen, J. Kou, and C.Y. Xu, A novel utilization of Bayer red mud through co-reduction with a limonitic laterite ore to prepare ferronickel, J. Cleaner Prod., 216(2019), p. 33. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.176
[23]	X.P. Wang, T.C. Sun, S.C. Wu, T.Y. Hu, and L.K. Rong, Effects and mechanism of Bayer red mud on co-reduction with a saprolitic laterite ore to prepare ferronickel, Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 56(2020), No. 4, p. 641.
[24]	X.S. Guo, C.Y. Xu, Y.S. Wang, X.H. Li, and T.C. Sun, Recovery of nickel and iron from low-grade laterite ore and red mud using co-reduction roasting: Industrial-scale test, Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 57(2021), No. 3, p. 61. doi: 10.37190/ppmp/135436
[25]	V. Nemanova, A. Abedini, T. Liliedahl, and K. Engvall, Co-gasification of petroleum coke and biomass, Fuel, 117(2014), p. 870. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.050
[26]	Z.Q. Wu, Y.W. Li, D.H. Xu, and H.Y. Meng, Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with low-quality coal: Optimal design and synergistic effect from gaseous products distribution, Fuel, 236(2019), p. 43. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.116
[27]	H.Y. Zhao, Y.H. Li, Q. Song, S.C. Liu, L. Ma, and X.Q. Shu, Catalytic reforming of volatiles from co-pyrolysis of lignite blended with corn straw over three iron ores: Effect of iron ore types on the product distribution, carbon-deposited iron ore reactivity and its mechanism, Fuel, 286(2021), art. No. 119398. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119398
[28]	S.M. Jung, Thermogravimetry and reaction gas analysis of the carbothermic reduction of titanomagnetite ores with char, ISIJ Int., 54(2014), No. 4, p. 781. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.54.781
[29]	Y.Q. Zhao, T.C. Sun, H.Y. Zhao, C. Chen, and X.P. Wang, Effect of reductant type on the embedding direct reduction of beach titanomagnetite concentrate, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 26(2019), No. 2, p. 152. doi: 10.1007/s12613-019-1719-7
[30]	I. Sohn and R.J. Fruehan, The reduction of iron oxides by volatiles in a rotary hearth furnace process: Part I. The role and kinetics of volatile reduction, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 36(2005), No. 5, p. 605. doi: 10.1007/s11663-005-0051-y
[31]	P. Yuan, B.X. Shen, D.P. Duan, G. Adwek, X. Mei, and F.J. Lu, Study on the formation of direct reduced iron by using biomass as reductants of carbon containing pellets in RHF process, Energy, 141(2017), p. 472. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.058