Hydrogen as a carrier of renewable energies toward carbon neutrality: State-of-the-art and challenging issues

Xuan Liu; Gaoyang Liu; Jilai Xue; Xindong Wang; Qingfeng Li

doi:10.1007/s12613-022-2449-9

Volume 29 Issue 5

Apr. 2022

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Article Navigation > International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials > 2022 > 29(5): 1073-1089

Xuan Liu, Gaoyang Liu, Jilai Xue, Xindong Wang, and Qingfeng Li, Hydrogen as a carrier of renewable energies toward carbon neutrality: State-of-the-art and challenging issues, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 5, pp. 1073-1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2449-9

Cite this article as:

Xuan Liu, Gaoyang Liu, Jilai Xue, Xindong Wang, and Qingfeng Li, Hydrogen as a carrier of renewable energies toward carbon neutrality: State-of-the-art and challenging issues, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 5, pp. 1073-1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2449-9

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Invited Review

Hydrogen as a carrier of renewable energies toward carbon neutrality: State-of-the-art and challenging issues

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding authors:
Xuan Liu E-mail: xuanliu@ustb.edu.cn

Qingfeng Li E-mail: qfli@dtu.dk
Received: 20 January 2022; Revised: 22 February 2022; Accepted: 28 February 2022; Available online: 1 March 2022

Abstract

Abstract

Energy storage and conversion via a hydrogen chain is a recognized vision of future energy systems based on renewables and, therefore, a key to bridging the technological gap toward a net-zero CO₂ emission society. This paper reviews the hydrogen technological chain in the framework of renewables, including water electrolysis, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell technologies. Water electrolysis is an energy conversion technology that can be scalable in megawatts and operational in a dynamic mode to match the intermittent generation of renewable power. Material concerns include a robust diaphragm for alkaline cells, catalysts and construction materials for proton exchange membrane (PEM) cells, and validation of the long-term durability for solid oxide cells. Hydrogen storage via compressed gas up to 70 MPa is optional for automobile applications. Fuel cells favor hydrogen fuel because of its superfast electrode kinetics. PEM fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells are dominating technologies for automobile and stationary applications, respectively. Both technologies are at the threshold of their commercial markets with verified technical readiness and environmental merits; however, they still face restraints such as unavailable hydrogen fueling infrastructure, long-term durability, and costs to compete with the analog power technologies already on the market.
- carbon neutrality;
- hydrogen energy;
- water electrolysis;
- hydrogen storage;
- fuel cells

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