Effect of solvents on the morphology and structure of barium titanate synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method

Xiaoxiao Pang; Tingting Wang; Bin Liu; Xiayue Fan; Xiaorui Liu; Jing Shen; Cheng Zhong; Wenbin Hu

doi:10.1007/s12613-023-2614-9

Volume 30 Issue 7

Jul. 2023

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials > 2023 > 30(7): 1407-1416

Xiaoxiao Pang, Tingting Wang, Bin Liu, Xiayue Fan, Xiaorui Liu, Jing Shen, Cheng Zhong, and Wenbin Hu, Effect of solvents on the morphology and structure of barium titanate synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 30(2023), No. 7, pp. 1407-1416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2614-9

Cite this article as:

Xiaoxiao Pang, Tingting Wang, Bin Liu, Xiayue Fan, Xiaorui Liu, Jing Shen, Cheng Zhong, and Wenbin Hu, Effect of solvents on the morphology and structure of barium titanate synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 30(2023), No. 7, pp. 1407-1416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2614-9

Citation:

PDF( 2790 KB)

Research Article

Effect of solvents on the morphology and structure of barium titanate synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding author:
Cheng Zhong E-mail: cheng.zhong@tju.edu.cn
Received: 14 September 2022; Revised: 13 February 2023; Accepted: 17 February 2023; Available online: 18 February 2023

Abstract

Abstract

Tetragonal barium titanate was synthesized from barium hydroxide octahydrate and titanium tetrachloride through a simple one-step hydrothermal method. The effect of different solvents on the crystal structure and morphology of barium titanate nanoparticles during the hydrothermal process was investigated. Except for ethylene glycol/water solvent, impurity-free barium titanate was synthesized in pure water, methanol/water, ethanol/water, and isopropyl alcohol/water mixed solvents. Compared with other alcohols, ethanol promotes the formation of a tetragonal structure. In addition, characterization studies confirm that particles synthesized in methanol/water, ethanol/water, and isopropyl alcohol/water mixed solvents are smaller in size than those synthesized in pure water. In the case of alcohol-containing solvents, the particle size decreases in the order of isopropanol, ethanol, and methanol. Among all the media used in this study, ethanol/water is considered the optimum reaction media for barium titanate with high tetragonality (defined as the ratio of two lattice parameters c and a, c/a = 1.0088) and small average particle size (82 nm), which indicates its great application potential in multilayer ceramic capacitors.
- barium titanate;
- hydrothermal synthesis;
- tetragonality;
- solvent effects

FullText(HTML)

Supplements(0)

References(48)

References

[1]	I. Pasuk, F. Neațu, Ș. Neațu, et al., Structural details of BaTiO₃ nano-powders deduced from the anisotropic XRD peak broadening, Nanomaterials, 11(2021), No. 5, art. No. 1121. doi: 10.3390/nano11051121
[2]	D. Mao, Z. Zhang, M. Yang, Z.M. Wang, R.B. Yu, and D. Wang, Constructing BaTiO₃/TiO₂@polypyrrole composites with hollow multishelled structure for enhanced electromagnetic wave absorbing properties, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 30(2023), No. 3, p. 581. doi: 10.1007/s12613-022-2556-7
[3]	L. Wang, J.Q. Lv, F. Shi, K.X. Song, W. Lei, H.F. Zhou, Z.M. Qi, and J. Wang, Intrinsic dielectric properties and lattice vibrational characteristics of single phase BaTiO₃ ceramic, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 32(2021), No. 19, p. 24041. doi: 10.1007/s10854-021-06866-7
[4]	Y. Liu, S.F. Wang, Z.J. Chen, and L.X. Xiao, Applications of ferroelectrics in photovoltaic devices, Sci. China Mater., 59(2016), No. 10, p. 851. doi: 10.1007/s40843-016-5102-0
[5]	G. Bolla, H.L. Dong, Y.G. Zhen, Z.H. Wang, and W.P. Hu, Organic cocrystals: The development of ferroelectric properties, Sci. China Mater., 59(2016), No. 7, p. 523. doi: 10.1007/s40843-016-5049-y
[6]	L. Lv, Y. Wang, L. Gan, Q. Liu, and J.P. Zhou, Sintering process effect on the BaTiO₃ ceramic properties with the hydrothermally prepared powders, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 29(2018), No. 17, p. 14883. doi: 10.1007/s10854-018-9626-7
[7]	E. Song, D.H. Kim, E.J. Jeong, et al., Effects of particle size and polymorph type of TiO₂ on the properties of BaTiO₃ nanopowder prepared by solid-state reaction, Environ. Res., 202(2021), art. No. 111668. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111668
[8]	K. Suzuki and K. Kijima, Phase transformation of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles synthesized by RF-plasma CVD, J. Alloys Compd., 419(2006), No. 1-2, p. 234. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.08.075
[9]	R.J. Li, W.X. Wei, J.L. Hai, L.X. Gao, Z.W. Gao, and Y.Y. Fan, Preparation and electric-field response of novel tetragonal barium titanate, J. Alloys Compd., 574(2013), p. 212. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.203
[10]	O. Kucuk, S. Teber, I.C. Kaya, H. Akyildiz, and V. Kalem, Photocatalytic activity and dielectric properties of hydrothermally derived tetragonal BaTiO₃ nanoparticles using TiO₂ nanofibers, J. Alloys Compd., 765(2018), p. 82. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.165
[11]	J.M. Han, M.R. Joung, J.S. Kim, et al., Hydrothermal synthesis of BaTiO₃ nanopowders using TiO₂ nanoparticles, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 97(2014), No. 2, p. 346. doi: 10.1111/jace.12755
[12]	Y. Shi, Y.P. Pu, Y.F. Cui, and Y.J. Luo, Enhanced grain size effect on electrical characteristics of fine-grained BaTiO₃ ceramics, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 28(2017), No. 17, p. 13229. doi: 10.1007/s10854-017-7158-1
[13]	T.T. Lee, C.Y. Huang, C.Y. Chang, et al., Phase evolution of solid-state BaTiO₃ powder prepared with the ultrafine BaCO₃ and TiO₂, J. Mater. Res., 27(2012), No. 19, p. 2495. doi: 10.1557/jmr.2012.255
[14]	J.L. Clabel H, I.T. Awan, A.H. Pinto, et al., Insights on the mechanism of solid state reaction between TiO₂ and BaCO₃ to produce BaTiO₃ powders: The role of calcination, milling, and mixing solvent, Ceram. Int., 46(2020), No. 3, p. 2987. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.296
[15]	A.A. Kholodkova, M.N. Danchevskaya, Y.D. Ivakin, et al., Solid state synthesis of barium titanate in air and in supercritical water: Properties of powder and ceramics, Ceram. Int., 45(2019), No. 17, p. 23050. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.353
[16]	S. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Ji, Y.S. Gu, Y.H. Huang, and C. Zhou, Characterization and growth dynamics of barium titanate crystallite on nanometer scale, J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing (Engl. Ed.), 12(2005), No. 1, p. 33.
[17]	R.A. Surmenev, R.V. Chernozem, A.G. Skirtach, et al., Hydrothermal synthesis of barium titanate nano/microrods and particle agglomerates using a sodium titanate precursor, Ceram. Int., 47(2021), No. 7, p. 8904. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.12.011
[18]	M. Li, L.L. Gu, T. Li, et al., TiO₂-seeded hydrothermal growth of spherical BaTiO₃ nanocrystals for capacitor energy-storage application, Crystals, 10(2020), No. 3, art. No. 202. doi: 10.3390/cryst10030202
[19]	Y.F. Peng, H.L. Chen, F. Shi, and J. Wang, Effect of polyethylene glycol on BaTiO₃ nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal preparation, IET Nanodielectr., 3(2020), No. 3, p. 69. doi: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0007
[20]	H. Hayashi and T. Ebina, Effect of hydrothermal temperature on the tetragonality of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles and in-situ Raman spectroscopy under tetragonal–cubic transformation, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 126(2018), No. 3, p. 214. doi: 10.2109/jcersj2.17125
[21]	J.B. Gao, H.Y. Shi, H.N. Dong, R. Zhang, and D.L. Chen, Factors influencing formation of highly dispersed BaTiO₃ nanospheres with uniform sizes in static hydrothermal synthesis, J Nanopart Res, 17(2015), No. 7, art. No. 286. doi: 10.1007/s11051-015-3090-6
[22]	İ.C. Kaya, V. Kalem, and H. Akyildiz, Hydrothermal synthesis of pseudocubic BaTiO₃ nanoparticles using TiO₂ nanofibers: Study on photocatalytic and dielectric properties, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 16(2019), No. 4, p. 1557. doi: 10.1111/ijac.13225
[23]	Y.A. Huang, B. Lu, D.D. Li, et al., Control of tetragonality via dehydroxylation of BaTiO₃ ultrafine powders, Ceram. Int., 43(2017), No. 18, p. 16462. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.027
[24]	N.N. Hasbullah, S.K. Chen, K.B. Tan, Z.A. Talib, J.Y.C. Liew, and O.J. Lee, Photoluminescence activity of BaTiO₃ nanocubes via facile hydrothermal synthesis, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 30(2019), No. 5, p. 5149. doi: 10.1007/s10854-019-00813-3
[25]	S. Yin and T. Hasegawa, Morphology control of transition metal oxides by liquid-phase process and their material development, KONA Powder Part. J., 40(2023), p. 94. doi: 10.14356/kona.2023015
[26]	X.K. Mo, Y.F. Liu, and Y.J. Li, Effect of additives on particle characteristics of barium titanate nanopowder by hydrothermal synthesis, Mater. Res. Innov., 12(2008), No. 1, p. 35. doi: 10.1179/143307508X270802
[27]	K. Nakashima, K. Onagi, Y. Kobayashi, et al., Stabilization of size-controlled BaTiO₃ nanocubes via precise solvothermal crystal growth and their anomalous surface compositional reconstruction, ACS Omega, 6(2021), No. 14, p. 9410. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05878
[28]	H.Q. Qi, L. Fang, W.T. Xie, H.Q. Zhou, Y. Wang, and C. Peng, Study on the hydrothermal synthesis of barium titanate nano-powders and calcination parameters, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 26(2015), No. 11, p. 8555. doi: 10.1007/s10854-015-3528-8
[29]	M.M. Wu, J.B. Long, G.G. Wang, et al., Hydrothermal synthesis of tetragonal barium titanate from barium hydroxide and titanium dioxide under moderate conditions, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82(1999), No. 11, p. 3254. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb02235.x
[30]	C.Y. Su, Y. Otsuka, C.Y. Huang, et al., Grain growth and crystallinity of ultrafine barium titanate particles prepared by various routes, Ceram. Int., 39(2013), No. 6, p. 6673. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.01.105
[31]	C. Baek, J.H. Yun, H.S. Wang, et al., Enhanced output performance of a lead-free nanocomposite generator using BaTiO₃ nanoparticles and nanowires filler, Appl. Surf. Sci., 429(2018), p. 164. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.109
[32]	J. Adam, G. Klein, and T. Lehnert, Hydroxyl content of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles with varied size, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 96(2013), No. 9, p. 2987. doi: 10.1111/jace.12404
[33]	H.W. Lee, S. Moon, C.H. Choi, and D.K. Kim, Synthesis and size control of tetragonal barium titanate nanopowders by facile solvothermal method, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 95(2012), No. 8, p. 2429. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05085.x
[34]	D.V. On, L.D. Vuong, T.V. Chuong, D.A. Quang, H.V. Tuyen, and V.T. Tung, Influence of sintering behavior on the microstructure and electrical properties of BaTiO₃ lead-free ceramics from hydrothermal synthesized precursor nanoparticles, J. Adv. Dielectr., 11(2021), No. 2, art. No. 2150014. doi: 10.1142/S2010135X21500144
[35]	M. Maček Kržmanc, D. Klement, B. Jančar, and D. Suvorov, Hydrothermal conditions for the formation of tetragonal BaTiO₃ particles from potassium titanate and barium salt, Ceram. Int., 41(2015), No. 10, p. 15128. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.08.085
[36]	M. Özen, M. Mertens, F. Snijkers, and P. Cool, Hydrothermal synthesis and formation mechanism of tetragonal barium titanate in a highly concentrated alkaline solution, Ceram. Int., 42(2016), No. 9, p. 10967. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.03.234
[37]	Z.F. Zhang, W.B. Wang, and A.Q. Wang, Effects of solvothermal process on the physicochemical and adsorption characteristics of palygorskite, Appl. Clay Sci., 107(2015), p. 230. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2015.02.004
[38]	M. Inada, N. Enomoto, K. Hayashi, J. Hojo, and S. Komarneni, Facile synthesis of nanorods of tetragonal barium titanate using ethylene glycol, Ceram. Int., 41(2015), No. 4, p. 5581. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.12.137
[39]	A.D. Han, X.H. Yan, J.R. Chen, X.J. Cheng, and J.L. Zhang, Effects of dispersion solvents on proton conduction behavior of ultrathin Nafion films in the catalyst layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin., 38(2022), No. 3, art. No. 1912052. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201912052
[40]	Y.H. Xu, D. Zheng, W.X. Ji, N. Abu-Zahra, and D.Y. Qu, A molecular dynamics study of the binding effectiveness between undoped conjugated polymer binders and tetra-sulfides in lithium–sulfur batteries, Composite Part B, 206(2021), art. No. 108531. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108531
[41]	W.E. Moore, The use of an approximate dielectric constant to blend solvent systems, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Sci. Ed., 47(1958), No. 12, p. 855. doi: 10.1002/jps.3030471208
[42]	Y.J. Yan, H. Xia, Y.Q. Fu, Z.Z. Xu, and Q.Q. Ni, Controlled hydrothermal synthesis of different sizes of BaTiO₃ nano-particles for microwave absorption, Mater. Res. Express, 6(2020), No. 12, art. No. 1250i3. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab6daf
[43]	R.Y. Guo, Y. Bao, Q.L. Kang, C. Liu, W.B. Zhang, and Q. Zhu, Solvent-controlled synthesis and photocatalytic activity of hollow TiO₂ microspheres prepared by the solvothermal method, Colloids Surf. A, 633(2022), art. No. 127931. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127931
[44]	K. Nakashima, K. Hironaka, K. Oouchi, et al., Optimizing TiO₂ through water-soluble Ti complexes as raw material for controlling particle size and distribution of synthesized BaTiO₃ nanocubes, ACS Omega, 6(2021), No. 48, p. 32517. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04013
[45]	C. Baek, J.E. Wang, S. Moon, C.H. Choi, and D.K. Kim, Formation and accumulation of intragranular pores in the hydrothermally synthesized barium titanate nanoparticles, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 99(2016), No. 11, p. 3802. doi: 10.1111/jace.14397
[46]	K.X. Wang, S. Wang, K.S. Hui, et al., Synergistically boosting the elementary reactions over multiheterogeneous ordered macroporous Mo₂C/NC–Ru for highly efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution, Carbon Energy, 4(2022), No. 5, p. 856. doi: 10.1002/cey2.188
[47]	Z. Su, H.Y. Ling, M. Li, et al., Honeycomb-like carbon materials derived from coffee extract via a “salty” thermal treatment for high-performance Li–I₂ batteries, Carbon Energy, 2(2020), No. 2, p. 265. doi: 10.1002/cey2.40
[48]	Z.N. Lei, X.Y. Ma, X.Y. Hu, J. Fan, and E.Z. Liu, Enhancement of photocatalytic H₂-evolution kinetics through the dual cocatalyst activity of Ni₂P–NiS-decorated g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin., 38(2022), No. 7, art. No. 2110049. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202110049