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, Available online 19 October 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-3028-z
Abstract:
Microwave absorbers have great potential for military and civil applications. Herein, Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/residual carbon (CZFO/RC) composites have been successfully prepared using a hydrothermal method. RC was derived from coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) via pickling, which removes inorganic compounds. Multiple test means have been used to study the chemical composition, crystal structure, and micromorphology of the CZFO/RC composites, as well as their electromagnetic parameters and microwave absorption (MA) properties. The CZFO/RC composites exhibit excellent MA performance owing to their dielectric and magnetic losses. When the thickness of CZFO/RC-2 (FeCl3∙6H2O of 0.007 mol, ZnCl2 of 0.00175 mol, and CoCl2∙6H2O of 0.00175 mol) is 1.20 mm, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) is −56.24 dB, whereas at a thickness of 3.00 mm and 6.34 GHz, RLmin is −45.96 dB and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth is 1.83 GHz (5.53–7.36 GHz). Dielectric loss includes interface and dipole polarizations, while magnetic loss includes current and remnant magnetic loss. CZFO/RC-2 exhibits high impedance matching, allowing microwave to enter the absorber. The computer simulation technology confirms that CZFO/RC-2 considerably decreases the radar cross-section. This study can be used to promote the use of CGFS as electromagnetic wave (EMW)-absorbing materials.
Microwave absorbers have great potential for military and civil applications. Herein, Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/residual carbon (CZFO/RC) composites have been successfully prepared using a hydrothermal method. RC was derived from coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) via pickling, which removes inorganic compounds. Multiple test means have been used to study the chemical composition, crystal structure, and micromorphology of the CZFO/RC composites, as well as their electromagnetic parameters and microwave absorption (MA) properties. The CZFO/RC composites exhibit excellent MA performance owing to their dielectric and magnetic losses. When the thickness of CZFO/RC-2 (FeCl3∙6H2O of 0.007 mol, ZnCl2 of 0.00175 mol, and CoCl2∙6H2O of 0.00175 mol) is 1.20 mm, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) is −56.24 dB, whereas at a thickness of 3.00 mm and 6.34 GHz, RLmin is −45.96 dB and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth is 1.83 GHz (5.53–7.36 GHz). Dielectric loss includes interface and dipole polarizations, while magnetic loss includes current and remnant magnetic loss. CZFO/RC-2 exhibits high impedance matching, allowing microwave to enter the absorber. The computer simulation technology confirms that CZFO/RC-2 considerably decreases the radar cross-section. This study can be used to promote the use of CGFS as electromagnetic wave (EMW)-absorbing materials.
, Available online 12 October 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-3024-3
Abstract:
Non-stoichiometric carbides have been proven to be effective electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials. In this study, phase and morphology of XZnC (X = Fe/Co/Cu) loaded on a three dimensional (3D) network structure melamine sponge (MS) carbon composites were investigated through vacuum filtration followed by calcination. The FeZnC/CoZnC/CuZnC with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were uniformly dispersed on the surface of melamine sponge carbon skeleton and Co-containing sample exhibits the highest CNTs concentration. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of the CoZnC/MS composite (mcomposite : mparaffin = 1:1, m represents mass) reached −33.60 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) reached 9.60 GHz. The outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) properties of the CoZnC/MS composite can be attributed to its unique hollow structure, which leads to multiple reflections and scattering. The formed conductive network improves dielectric and conductive loss. The incorporation of Co enhances the magnetic loss capability and optimizes interfacial polarization and dipole polarization. By simultaneously improving dielectric and magnetic losses, excellent impedance matching performance is achieved. The clarification of element replacement in XZnC/MS composites provides an efficient design perspective for high-performance non-stoichiometric carbide EMW absorbers.
Non-stoichiometric carbides have been proven to be effective electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials. In this study, phase and morphology of XZnC (X = Fe/Co/Cu) loaded on a three dimensional (3D) network structure melamine sponge (MS) carbon composites were investigated through vacuum filtration followed by calcination. The FeZnC/CoZnC/CuZnC with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were uniformly dispersed on the surface of melamine sponge carbon skeleton and Co-containing sample exhibits the highest CNTs concentration. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of the CoZnC/MS composite (mcomposite : mparaffin = 1:1, m represents mass) reached −33.60 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) reached 9.60 GHz. The outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) properties of the CoZnC/MS composite can be attributed to its unique hollow structure, which leads to multiple reflections and scattering. The formed conductive network improves dielectric and conductive loss. The incorporation of Co enhances the magnetic loss capability and optimizes interfacial polarization and dipole polarization. By simultaneously improving dielectric and magnetic losses, excellent impedance matching performance is achieved. The clarification of element replacement in XZnC/MS composites provides an efficient design perspective for high-performance non-stoichiometric carbide EMW absorbers.
, Available online 19 September 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-3012-7
Abstract:
With the wide application of electromagnetic wave, a high performance electromagnetic shielding material is urgently needed to solve the harm caused by electromagnetic wave. Complete cross-linking strategy is adopted in this paper. Polyacrylamide (PAM) was synthesized by in-situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) monomer. The obtained PAM was blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to prepare PAM/PEG hydrogels and form rigid support structures. Subsequently, the modified carbon nanotubes (S-CNTs) were incorporated into sodium alginate (SA) and PAM/PEG. Finally, Na+ was used to trigger SA self-assembly, which significantly improved the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the hydrogels, and prepared PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogels with high toughness and strong electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency (SE). The results showed that the compressive strength of PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogel was 19.05 MPa, which was 7.69% higher than that of PAM/PEG hydrogel (17.69 MPa). More encouraging, the average EMI SE of PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogels at a thickness of only 3 mm and a CNTs content of 20wt% was 32.92 dB, which is 113.21% higher than that of PAM/PEG hydrogels (15.44 dB).
With the wide application of electromagnetic wave, a high performance electromagnetic shielding material is urgently needed to solve the harm caused by electromagnetic wave. Complete cross-linking strategy is adopted in this paper. Polyacrylamide (PAM) was synthesized by in-situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) monomer. The obtained PAM was blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to prepare PAM/PEG hydrogels and form rigid support structures. Subsequently, the modified carbon nanotubes (S-CNTs) were incorporated into sodium alginate (SA) and PAM/PEG. Finally, Na+ was used to trigger SA self-assembly, which significantly improved the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the hydrogels, and prepared PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogels with high toughness and strong electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency (SE). The results showed that the compressive strength of PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogel was 19.05 MPa, which was 7.69% higher than that of PAM/PEG hydrogel (17.69 MPa). More encouraging, the average EMI SE of PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogels at a thickness of only 3 mm and a CNTs content of 20wt% was 32.92 dB, which is 113.21% higher than that of PAM/PEG hydrogels (15.44 dB).
, Available online 12 September 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-3008-3
Abstract:
Carbon-based foams with a three-dimensional structure can serve as a lightweight template for the rational design and controllable preparation of metal oxide/carbon-based composite microwave absorption materials. In this study, a flake-like nickel cobaltate/reduced graphene oxide/melamine-derived carbon foam (FNC/RGO/MDCF) was successfully fabricated through a combination of solvothermal treatment and high-temperature pyrolysis. Results indicated that RGO was evenly distributed in the MDCF skeleton, providing effective support for the load growth of FNC on its surface. Sample S3, the FNC/RGO/MDCF composite prepared by solvothermal method for 16 h, exhibited a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −66.44 dB at a thickness of 2.29 mm. When the thickness was reduced to 1.50 mm, the optimal effective absorption bandwidth was 3.84 GHz. Analysis of the absorption mechanism of FNC/RGO/MDCF revealed that its excellent absorption performance was primarily attributed to the combined effects of conduction loss, multiple reflection, scattering, interface polarization, and dipole polarization.
Carbon-based foams with a three-dimensional structure can serve as a lightweight template for the rational design and controllable preparation of metal oxide/carbon-based composite microwave absorption materials. In this study, a flake-like nickel cobaltate/reduced graphene oxide/melamine-derived carbon foam (FNC/RGO/MDCF) was successfully fabricated through a combination of solvothermal treatment and high-temperature pyrolysis. Results indicated that RGO was evenly distributed in the MDCF skeleton, providing effective support for the load growth of FNC on its surface. Sample S3, the FNC/RGO/MDCF composite prepared by solvothermal method for 16 h, exhibited a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −66.44 dB at a thickness of 2.29 mm. When the thickness was reduced to 1.50 mm, the optimal effective absorption bandwidth was 3.84 GHz. Analysis of the absorption mechanism of FNC/RGO/MDCF revealed that its excellent absorption performance was primarily attributed to the combined effects of conduction loss, multiple reflection, scattering, interface polarization, and dipole polarization.
, Available online 7 September 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-3001-x
Abstract:
The increase in the utilization of infrared heat detection technology in military applications necessitates research on composites with improved thermal transmission performance and microwave absorption capabilities. This study satisfactorily fabricated a series of MoS2/BN-xyz composites (which were characterized by the weight ratio of MoS2 to BN, denoted by xy:z) through chemical vapor deposition, which resulted in their improved thermal stability and thermal transmission performance. The results show that the remaining mass of MoS2/BN-101 was as high as 69.25wt% at 800°C under air atmosphere, and a temperature difference of 31.7°C was maintained between the surface temperature and the heating source at a heating temperature of 200°C. Furthermore, MoS2/BN-301 exhibited an impressive minimum reflection loss value of −32.21 dB at 4.0 mm and a wide effective attenuation bandwidth ranging from 9.32 to 18.00 GHz (8.68 GHz). Therefore, these simplified synthesized MoS2/BN-xyz composites demonstrate great potential as highly efficient contenders for the enhancement of microwave absorption performance and thermal conductance.
The increase in the utilization of infrared heat detection technology in military applications necessitates research on composites with improved thermal transmission performance and microwave absorption capabilities. This study satisfactorily fabricated a series of MoS2/BN-xyz composites (which were characterized by the weight ratio of MoS2 to BN, denoted by xy:z) through chemical vapor deposition, which resulted in their improved thermal stability and thermal transmission performance. The results show that the remaining mass of MoS2/BN-101 was as high as 69.25wt% at 800°C under air atmosphere, and a temperature difference of 31.7°C was maintained between the surface temperature and the heating source at a heating temperature of 200°C. Furthermore, MoS2/BN-301 exhibited an impressive minimum reflection loss value of −32.21 dB at 4.0 mm and a wide effective attenuation bandwidth ranging from 9.32 to 18.00 GHz (8.68 GHz). Therefore, these simplified synthesized MoS2/BN-xyz composites demonstrate great potential as highly efficient contenders for the enhancement of microwave absorption performance and thermal conductance.
, Available online 5 September 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2999-0
Abstract:
The preparation of carbon-based electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers possessing thin matching thickness, wide absorption bandwidth, strong absorption intensity, and low filling ratio remains a huge challenge. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal self-sacrificing templates for the construction of carbon-based EMW absorbers. In this work, bimetallic FeMn–MOF-derived MnFe2O4/C/graphene composites were fabricated via a two-step route of solvothermal reaction and the following pyrolysis treatment. The results reveal the evolution of the microscopic morphology of carbon skeletons from loofah-like to octahedral and then to polyhedron and pomegranate after the adjustment of the Fe3+ to Mn2+ molar ratio. Furthermore, at the Fe3+ to Mn2+ molar ratio of 2:1, the obtained MnFe2O4/C/graphene composite exhibited the highest EMW absorption capacity. Specifically, a minimum reflection loss of −72.7 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 5.1 GHz were achieved at a low filling ratio of 10wt%. In addition, the possible EMW absorption mechanism of MnFe2O4/C/graphene composites was proposed. Therefore, the results of this work will contribute to the construction of broadband and efficient carbon-based EMW absorbers derived from MOFs.
The preparation of carbon-based electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers possessing thin matching thickness, wide absorption bandwidth, strong absorption intensity, and low filling ratio remains a huge challenge. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal self-sacrificing templates for the construction of carbon-based EMW absorbers. In this work, bimetallic FeMn–MOF-derived MnFe2O4/C/graphene composites were fabricated via a two-step route of solvothermal reaction and the following pyrolysis treatment. The results reveal the evolution of the microscopic morphology of carbon skeletons from loofah-like to octahedral and then to polyhedron and pomegranate after the adjustment of the Fe3+ to Mn2+ molar ratio. Furthermore, at the Fe3+ to Mn2+ molar ratio of 2:1, the obtained MnFe2O4/C/graphene composite exhibited the highest EMW absorption capacity. Specifically, a minimum reflection loss of −72.7 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 5.1 GHz were achieved at a low filling ratio of 10wt%. In addition, the possible EMW absorption mechanism of MnFe2O4/C/graphene composites was proposed. Therefore, the results of this work will contribute to the construction of broadband and efficient carbon-based EMW absorbers derived from MOFs.
, Available online 3 September 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2998-1
Abstract:
The effective construction of electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption materials with thin matching thickness, broad bandwidth, and remarkable absorption is a great solution to EM pollution, which is a hot topic in current environmental governance. In this study, N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) was first prepared using a facile hydrothermal method. Then, high-purity 1T-MoS2 petals were homogeneously anchored to the wrinkled surface of N-rGO to fabricate 1T-MoS2@N-rGO nanocomposites. The numerous electric dipoles and profuse heterointerfaces in 1T-MoS2@N-rGO would induced the multiple reflection and scattering of EM waves in a distinctive multidimensional structure formed by two-dimensional N-rGO and 1T-MoS2 microspheres with plentiful thin nanosheets, remarkable conduction loss derived from the migration of massive electrons in a well-constructed conductive network formed by 1T-MoS2@N-rGO, and abundant polarization loss (including dipolar polarization loss and interfacial polarization loss). All of these gave the 1T-MoS2@N-rGO nanocomposites superior EM wave absorption performances. The effective absorption bandwidth of 1T-MoS2@N-rGO reached 6.48 GHz with a relatively thin matching thickness of 1.84 mm, and a minimum reflection loss of −52.24 dB was achieved at 3.84 mm. Additionally, the radar scattering cross-section reduction value of 1T-MoS2@N-rGO was up to 35.42 dB·m2 at 0°, which further verified the huge potential of our fabricated 1T-MoS2@N-rGO nanocomposites in practical applications.
The effective construction of electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption materials with thin matching thickness, broad bandwidth, and remarkable absorption is a great solution to EM pollution, which is a hot topic in current environmental governance. In this study, N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) was first prepared using a facile hydrothermal method. Then, high-purity 1T-MoS2 petals were homogeneously anchored to the wrinkled surface of N-rGO to fabricate 1T-MoS2@N-rGO nanocomposites. The numerous electric dipoles and profuse heterointerfaces in 1T-MoS2@N-rGO would induced the multiple reflection and scattering of EM waves in a distinctive multidimensional structure formed by two-dimensional N-rGO and 1T-MoS2 microspheres with plentiful thin nanosheets, remarkable conduction loss derived from the migration of massive electrons in a well-constructed conductive network formed by 1T-MoS2@N-rGO, and abundant polarization loss (including dipolar polarization loss and interfacial polarization loss). All of these gave the 1T-MoS2@N-rGO nanocomposites superior EM wave absorption performances. The effective absorption bandwidth of 1T-MoS2@N-rGO reached 6.48 GHz with a relatively thin matching thickness of 1.84 mm, and a minimum reflection loss of −52.24 dB was achieved at 3.84 mm. Additionally, the radar scattering cross-section reduction value of 1T-MoS2@N-rGO was up to 35.42 dB·m2 at 0°, which further verified the huge potential of our fabricated 1T-MoS2@N-rGO nanocomposites in practical applications.
, Available online 23 May 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2940-6
Abstract:
Interface modulation is an important pathway for highly efficient electromagnetic wave absorption. Herein, tailored interfaces between Fe3O4 particles and the hexagonal-YFeO3 (h-YFeO3) framework were constructed via facile self-assembly. The resulting interfacial electron rearrangement at the heterojunction led to enhanced dielectric and magnetic loss synergy. Experimental results and density function theory (DFT) simulations demonstrate a transition in electrical properties from a half-metallic monophase to metallic Fe3O4/h-YFeO3 composites, emphasizing the advantages of the formed heterointerface. The transformation of electron behavior is also accompanied by a redistribution of electrons at the Fe3O4–h-YFeO3 heterojunction, leading to the accumulation of localized electrons around the Y–O–Fe band bridge, consequently enhancing the polarization. A minimum reflection loss of −34.0 dB can be achieved at 12.0 GHz and 2.0 mm thickness with an effective bandwidth of 3.3 GHz due to the abundant interfaces, enhanced polarization, and rational impedance. Thus, the synergistic effects endow the Fe3O4/h-YFeO3 composites with high performance and tunable functional properties for efficient electromagnetic absorption.
Interface modulation is an important pathway for highly efficient electromagnetic wave absorption. Herein, tailored interfaces between Fe3O4 particles and the hexagonal-YFeO3 (h-YFeO3) framework were constructed via facile self-assembly. The resulting interfacial electron rearrangement at the heterojunction led to enhanced dielectric and magnetic loss synergy. Experimental results and density function theory (DFT) simulations demonstrate a transition in electrical properties from a half-metallic monophase to metallic Fe3O4/h-YFeO3 composites, emphasizing the advantages of the formed heterointerface. The transformation of electron behavior is also accompanied by a redistribution of electrons at the Fe3O4–h-YFeO3 heterojunction, leading to the accumulation of localized electrons around the Y–O–Fe band bridge, consequently enhancing the polarization. A minimum reflection loss of −34.0 dB can be achieved at 12.0 GHz and 2.0 mm thickness with an effective bandwidth of 3.3 GHz due to the abundant interfaces, enhanced polarization, and rational impedance. Thus, the synergistic effects endow the Fe3O4/h-YFeO3 composites with high performance and tunable functional properties for efficient electromagnetic absorption.
, Available online 21 May 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2938-0
Abstract:
Gels and conductive polymer composites, including hydrogen bonds (HBs), have emerged as promising materials for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption across various applications. However, the relationship between conduction loss in EMW-absorbing materials and charge transfer in HB remains to be fully understood. In this study, we developed a series of deep eutectic gels to fine-tune the quantity of HB by adjusting the molar ratio of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG). Owing to the unique properties of deep eutectic gels, the effects of magnetic loss and polarization loss on EMW attenuation can be disregarded. Our results indicate that the quantity of HB initially increases and then decreases with the introduction of EG, with HB-induced conductive loss following similar patterns. At a ChCl and EG molar ratio of 2.4, the gel labeled G22-CE2.4 exhibited the best EMW absorption performance, characterized by an effective absorption bandwidth of 8.50 GHz and a thickness of 2.54 mm. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of excellent conductive loss and impedance matching generated by the optimal number of HB. This work elucidates the role of HB in dielectric loss for the first time and provides valuable insights into the optimal design of supramolecular polymer absorbers.
Gels and conductive polymer composites, including hydrogen bonds (HBs), have emerged as promising materials for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption across various applications. However, the relationship between conduction loss in EMW-absorbing materials and charge transfer in HB remains to be fully understood. In this study, we developed a series of deep eutectic gels to fine-tune the quantity of HB by adjusting the molar ratio of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG). Owing to the unique properties of deep eutectic gels, the effects of magnetic loss and polarization loss on EMW attenuation can be disregarded. Our results indicate that the quantity of HB initially increases and then decreases with the introduction of EG, with HB-induced conductive loss following similar patterns. At a ChCl and EG molar ratio of 2.4, the gel labeled G22-CE2.4 exhibited the best EMW absorption performance, characterized by an effective absorption bandwidth of 8.50 GHz and a thickness of 2.54 mm. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of excellent conductive loss and impedance matching generated by the optimal number of HB. This work elucidates the role of HB in dielectric loss for the first time and provides valuable insights into the optimal design of supramolecular polymer absorbers.
, Available online 19 March 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2883-y
Abstract:
High-entropy design is attracting growing interest as it offers unique structures and unprecedented application potential for materials. In this article, a novel high-entropy ferrite (CoNi)x/2(CuZnAl)(1−x)/3Fe2O4 (x = 0.25, 0.34, 0.40, 0.50) with a single spinel phase of space group\begin{document}$ Fd\bar{3}m $\end{document}
High-entropy design is attracting growing interest as it offers unique structures and unprecedented application potential for materials. In this article, a novel high-entropy ferrite (CoNi)x/2(CuZnAl)(1−x)/3Fe2O4 (x = 0.25, 0.34, 0.40, 0.50) with a single spinel phase of space group
, Available online 23 February 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2863-2
Abstract:
Herein, an external crosslinker facilitated the hypercrosslinking of ferrocene and a nitrogen heterocyclic compound (either melamine or imidazole) through a direct Friedel–Crafts reaction, which led to the formation of nitrogen-containing hypercrosslinked ferrocene polymer precursors (HCP-FCs). Subsequent carbonization of these precursors results in the production of iron–nitrogen-doped porous carbon absorbers (Fe–NPCs). The Fe–NPCs demonstrate a porous structure comprising aggregated nanotubes and nanospheres. The porosity of this structure can be modulated by adjusting the iron and nitrogen contents to optimize impedance matching. The uniform distribution of Fe–NxC, N dipoles, and α-Fe within the carbon matrix can be ensured by using hypercrosslinked ferrocenes in constructing porous carbon, providing the absorber with numerous polarization sites and a conductive network. The electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the specially designed Fe–NPC-M2 absorbers is satisfactory, revealing a minimum reflection loss of −55.3 dB at 2.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.00 GHz at 2.0 mm. By utilizing hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) as precursors, a novel method for developing highly efficient carbon-based absorbing agents is introduced in this research.
Herein, an external crosslinker facilitated the hypercrosslinking of ferrocene and a nitrogen heterocyclic compound (either melamine or imidazole) through a direct Friedel–Crafts reaction, which led to the formation of nitrogen-containing hypercrosslinked ferrocene polymer precursors (HCP-FCs). Subsequent carbonization of these precursors results in the production of iron–nitrogen-doped porous carbon absorbers (Fe–NPCs). The Fe–NPCs demonstrate a porous structure comprising aggregated nanotubes and nanospheres. The porosity of this structure can be modulated by adjusting the iron and nitrogen contents to optimize impedance matching. The uniform distribution of Fe–NxC, N dipoles, and α-Fe within the carbon matrix can be ensured by using hypercrosslinked ferrocenes in constructing porous carbon, providing the absorber with numerous polarization sites and a conductive network. The electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the specially designed Fe–NPC-M2 absorbers is satisfactory, revealing a minimum reflection loss of −55.3 dB at 2.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.00 GHz at 2.0 mm. By utilizing hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) as precursors, a novel method for developing highly efficient carbon-based absorbing agents is introduced in this research.
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