Abstract: Selective laser melting (SLM), an additive manufacturing process mostly applied in the metal material field, can fabricate complex-shaped metal objects with high precision. Nickel-based superalloy exhibits excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and plays an important role in the aviation industry. This paper emphasizes the research of SLM processed Inconel 718, Inconel 625, CM247LC, and Hastelloy X, which are typical alloys with different strengthening mechanisms and operating temperatures. The strengthening mechanism and phase change evolution of different nickel-based superalloys under laser irradiation are discussed. The influence of laser parameters and the heat-treatment process on mechanical properties of SLM nickel-based superalloys are systematically introduced. Moreover, the attractive industrial applications of SLM nickel-based superalloy and printed components are presented. Finally, the prospects for nickel-based superalloy materials for SLM technology are presented.