全水解制氢用自支撑多孔NixFe–S/NiFe2O4异质结构双功能电催化剂

严文静; 张晋涛; 吕艾静; 卢宋乐; 钟怡伟; 王明涌

doi:10.1007/s12613-022-2443-2

Volume 29 Issue 5

Apr. 2022

Turn off MathJax

图(6)

数据统计

计量

文章访问数: 1988
HTML全文浏览量: 441
PDF下载量: 113
被引次数: 0

文章导航 > 矿物冶金与材料学报（英文） > 2022 > 29(5): 1120-1131

Wenjing Yan, Jintao Zhang, Aijing Lü, Songle Lu, Yiwei Zhong, and Mingyong Wang, Self-supporting and hierarchically porous Ni_xFe–S/NiFe₂O₄ heterostructure as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for fluctuating overall water splitting, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 5, pp. 1120-1131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2443-2

Cite this article as:

Wenjing Yan, Jintao Zhang, Aijing Lü, Songle Lu, Yiwei Zhong, and Mingyong Wang, Self-supporting and hierarchically porous NixFe–S/NiFe2O4 heterostructure as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for fluctuating overall water splitting, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 5, pp. 1120-1131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2443-2

Citation:

PDF( 2032 KB)

引用本文 PDF XML SpringerLink

研究论文

全水解制氢用自支撑多孔Ni_xFe–S/NiFe₂O₄异质结构双功能电催化剂

1)
钢铁冶金新技术国家重点实验室, 北京科技大学, 北京 100083, 中国
2)
稀贵金属绿色回收与提取北京市重点实验室, 北京科技大学, 北京 100083, 中国

通讯作者:
钟怡伟 E-mail: ywzhong@ustb.edu.cn

王明涌 E-mail: mywang@ustb.edu.cn

文章亮点

(1) 设计并构建了自支撑多孔Ni_xFe–S/NiFe₂O₄异质结构。

(2) Ni_xFe–S/NiFe₂O₄异质结构对水电解析氢和析氧都表现出良好的双功能催化活性。

(3)Ni_1/5Fe–S/NiFe₂O₄||Ni_1/2Fe–S/NiFe₂O₄具有良好的波动全水电解稳定性。

中文摘要

稳定的非贵金属双功能电催化剂是可再生能源驱动的波动全水电解面临的难题之一。本文在三维碳纤维布上电沉积制备了多孔Ni–Fe金属阵列，并在此基础上进行原位氧化和化学硫化，构建了一种新型的自支撑分级多孔Ni_xFe–S/NiFe₂O₄异质结构双功能电催化剂。研究结果表明，Ni_xFe–S/NiFe₂O₄异质结构催化剂对析氢反应(HER)和析氧反应(OER)都表现出良好的催化活性和稳定性，优异的催化性质与其大比表面积提供丰富的活性位点、异质结构的协同效应、超亲水表面和稳定的自支撑结构密不可分。分析结果证析氧过程异质结构中的Ni_xFe–S转化为金属氧化物/氢氧化物和Ni₃S₂。与商用20wt% Pt/C||IrO₂-Ta₂O₅相比，自支撑Ni_1/5Fe–S/NiFe₂O₄||Ni_1/2Fe–S/NiFe₂O₄在10-500mA/cm²的波动电流密度范围内表现出更好的稳定性和更低的槽电压。在500 mA/cm²的工业电流密度下，Ni_1/5Fe–S/NiFe₂O₄||Ni_1/2Fe–S/NiFe₂O₄的槽电压仅为约3.91 V，比Pt/C||IrO₂–Ta₂O₅ (约4.79 V)降低了约20%。

关键词:

Research Article

Self-supporting and hierarchically porous Ni_xFe–S/NiFe₂O₄ heterostructure as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for fluctuating overall water splitting

+ Author Affiliations

Abstract

Abstract

Stable non-noble metal bifunctional electrocatalysts are one of the challenges to the fluctuating overall water splitting driven by renewable energy. Herein, a novel self-supporting hierarchically porous Ni_xFe–S/NiFe₂O₄ heterostructure as bifunctional electrocatalyst was constructed based on porous Ni–Fe electrodeposition on three-dimensional (3D) carbon fiber cloth, in situ oxidation, and chemical sulfuration. Results showed that the Ni_xFe–S/NiFe₂O₄ heterostructure with a large specific surface area exhibits good bifunctional activity and stability for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) because of the abundance of active sites, synergistic effect of the heterostructure, superhydrophilic surface, and stable, self-supporting structure. The results further confirmed that the Ni_xFe–S phase in the heterostructure is transformed into metal oxides/hydroxides and Ni₃S₂ during OER. Compared with the commercial 20wt% Pt/C||IrO₂–Ta₂O₅ electrolyzer, the self-supporting Ni_1/5Fe–S/NiFe₂O₄||Ni_1/2Fe–S/NiFe₂O₄ electrolyzer exhibits better stability and lower cell voltage in the fluctuating current density range of 10–500 mA/cm². Particularly, the cell voltage of Ni_1/5Fe–S/NiFe₂O₄||Ni_1/2Fe–S/NiFe₂O₄ is only approximately 3.91 V at an industrial current density of 500 mA/cm², which is lower than that of the 20wt% Pt/C||IrO₂–Ta₂O₅ electrolyzer (i.e., approximately 4.79 V). This work provides a promising strategy to develop excellent bifunctional electrocatalysts for fluctuating overall water splitting.
- self-supporting;
- hierarchically porous structure;
- heterostructure;
- bifunctional catalyst;
- overall water splitting

FullText(HTML)

Supplements(1)

Supplementary Informations10.1007s12613-022-2443-2.doc

References(59)

References

[1]	X.S. Wang, Y. Zheng, W.C. Sheng, Z.J. Xu, M. Jaroniec, and S.Z. Qiao, Strategies for design of electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution under alkaline conditions, Mater. Today, 36(2020), p. 125. doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2019.12.003
[2]	J. Tang, M.S. Chu, F. Li, C. Feng, Z.G. Liu, and Y.S. Zhou, Development and progress on hydrogen metallurgy, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 27(2020), No. 6, p. 713. doi: 10.1007/s12613-020-2021-4
[3]	N.T. Suen, S.F. Hung, Q. Quan, N. Zhang, Y.J. Xu, and H.M. Chen, Electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction: Recent development and future perspectives, Chem. Soc. Rev., 46(2017), No. 2, p. 337. doi: 10.1039/C6CS00328A
[4]	M. Wang, L. Zhang, Y.J. He, and H.W. Zhu, Recent advances in transition-metal-sulfide-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting, J. Mater. Chem. A, 9(2021), No. 9, p. 5320. doi: 10.1039/D0TA12152E
[5]	K. Srinivas, Y.F. Chen, B. Wang, B. Yu, Y.J. Lu, Z. Su, W.L. Zhang, and D.X. Yang, Metal–organic framework-derived Fe-doped Ni₃Fe/NiFe₂O₄ heteronanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotube network as a highly efficient and durable bifunctional electrocatalyst, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 12(2020), No. 50, p. 55782. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c13836
[6]	Z.L. Chen, H.L. Qing, R.R. Wang, and R.B. Wu, Charge pumping enabling Co–NC to outperform benchmark Pt catalyst for pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction, Energy Environ. Sci., 14(2021), No. 5, p. 3160. doi: 10.1039/D1EE00052G
[7]	B. Liu, S. Wang, C.Y. Wang, B.Z. Ma, and Y.Q. Chen, Electrochemical behavior and corrosion resistance of IrO₂–ZrO₂ binary oxide coatings for promoting oxygen evolution in sulfuric acid solution, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 27(2020), No. 2, p. 264. doi: 10.1007/s12613-019-1847-0
[8]	K. Srinivas, Y.J. Lu, Y.F. Chen, W.L. Zhang, and D.X. Yang, FeNi₃–Fe₃O₄ heterogeneous nanoparticles anchored on 2D MOF nanosheets/1D CNT matrix as highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 8(2020), No. 9, p. 3820. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b07182
[9]	Z.F. Huang, S.B. Xi, J.J. Song, S. Dou, X.G. Li, Y.H. Du, C.Z. Diao, Z.C.J. Xu, and X. Wang, Tuning of lattice oxygen reactivity and scaling relation to construct better oxygen evolution electrocatalyst, Nat. Commun., 12(2021), art. No. 3992. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24182-w
[10]	L.H. Liu, N. Li, J.R. Han, K.L. Yao, and H.Y. Liang, Multicomponent transition metal phosphide for oxygen evolution, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 3, p. 503. doi: 10.1007/s12613-021-2352-9
[11]	M. Karpuraranjith, Y.F. Chen, B. Wang, J. Ramkumar, D.X. Yang, K. Srinivas, W. Wang, W.L. Zhang, and R. Manigandan, Hierarchical ultrathin layered MoS₂@NiFe₂O₄ nanohybrids as a bifunctional catalyst for highly efficient oxygen evolution and organic pollutant degradation, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 592(2021), p. 385. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.062
[12]	K. Srinivas, Y.F. Chen, X.Q. Wang, B. Wang, M. Karpuraranjith, W. Wang, Z. Su, W.L. Zhang, and D.X. Yang, Constructing Ni/NiS heteronanoparticle-embedded metal-organic framework-derived nanosheets for enhanced water-splitting catalysis, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 9(2021), No. 4, p. 1920. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08543
[13]	X. Chen, X.Q. Wang, X.J. Zhang, K. Srinivas, D.W. Liu, X.C. Zhao, H.S. Yu, B. Wang, W.L. Zhang, and Y.F. Chen, Vertical Fe(OH)₃/Ni₉S₈ nanoarrays electrodeposited on stainless steel as binder-free electrocatalyst for highly efficient and stable oxygen evolution reaction, J. Mater. Sci., 56(2021), No. 34, p. 19144. doi: 10.1007/s10853-021-06460-6
[14]	B. Wang, Y.F. Chen, X.Q. Wang, J. Ramkumar, X.J. Zhang, B. Yu, D.X. Yang, M. Karpuraranjith, and W.L. Zhang, rGO wrapped trimetallic sulfide nanowires as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution and photocatalytic organic degradation, J. Mater. Chem. A, 8(2020), No. 27, p. 13558. doi: 10.1039/D0TA04383D
[15]	F. Yu, H.Q. Zhou, Y.F. Huang, J.Y. Sun, F. Qin, J.M. Bao, W.A. Goddard, S. Chen, and Z.F. Ren, High-performance bifunctional porous non-noble metal phosphide catalyst for overall water splitting, Nat. Commun., 9(2018), p. 2551. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04746-z
[16]	Y. Xiao, Y. Pei, Y.F. Hu, R.G. Ma, D.Y. Wang, and J.C. Wang, Co₂P@P-doped 3D porous carbon for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin., 37(2021), No. 7, art. No. 2009051. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202009051
[17]	J.Z. Huang, J.C. Han, T. Wu, K. Feng, T. Yao, X.J. Wang, S.W. Liu, J. Zhong, Z.H. Zhang, Y.M. Zhang, and B. Song, Boosting hydrogen transfer during Volmer reaction at oxides/metal nanocomposites for efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution, ACS Energy Lett., 4(2019), No. 12, p. 3002. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02359
[18]	S. Anantharaj, S. Kundu, and S. Noda, “The Fe Effect”: A review unveiling the critical roles of Fe in enhancing OER activity of Ni and Co based catalysts, Nano Energy, 80(2021), p. 105514. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105514
[19]	X.J. Zhang, Y.F. Chen, M.L. Chen, B. Yu, B. Wang, X.Q. Wang, W.L. Zhang, and D.X. Yang, MOF derived multi-metal oxides anchored N, P-doped carbon matrix as efficient and durable electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 581(2021), p. 608. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.117
[20]	K. Sun, Y.Q. Zhao, J. Yin, J. Jin, H.W. Liu, and P.X. Xi, Surface modification of NiCo₂O₄ nanowires using organic ligands for overall water splitting, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin., 38(2022), No. 6, pp. 2107005-2107005. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202107005
[21]	J.F. Zhang, Y. Jiang, Y. Wang, C.P. Yu, J.W. Cui, J.J. Wu, X. Shu, Y.Q. Qin, J. Sun, J. Yan, H.M. Zheng, Y. Zhang, and Y.C. Wu, Ultrathin carbon coated mesoporous Ni–NiFe₂O₄ nanosheet arrays for efficient overall water splitting, Electrochim. Acta, 321(2019), p. 134652. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134652
[22]	M. Wang, L. Zhang, J.L. Pan, M.R. Huang, and H.W. Zhu, A highly efficient Fe-doped Ni₃S₂ electrocatalyst for overall water splitting, Nano Res., 14(2021), No. 12, p. 4740. doi: 10.1007/s12274-021-3416-5
[23]	H. Su, S.J. Song, S.S. Li, Y.Q. Gao, L. Ge, W.Y. Song, T.Y. Ma, and J. Liu, High-valent bimetal Ni₃S₂/Co₃S₄ induced by Cu doping for bifunctional electrocatalytic water splitting, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 293(2021), art. No. 120225. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120225
[24]	R.Z. Zhang, Z.Q. Zhu, J.H. Lin, K.F. Zhang, N. Li, and C.J. Zhao, Hydrolysis assisted in situ growth of 3D hierarchical FeS/NiS/nickel foam electrode for overall water splitting, Electrochim. Acta, 332(2020), p. 135534. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135534
[25]	H.M. Sun, Z.H. Yan, F.M. Liu, W.C. Xu, F.Y. Cheng, and J. Chen, Self-supported transition-metal-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution, Adv. Mater., 32(2020), No. 3, p. 1806326. doi: 10.1002/adma.201806326
[26]	H.N. Nong, L.J. Falling, A. Bergmann, M. Klingenhof, H.P. Tran, C. Spöri, R. Mom, J. Timoshenko, G. Zichittella, A. Knop-Gericke, S. Piccinin, J. Pérez-Ramírez, B.R. Cuenya, R. Schlögl, P. Strasser, D. Teschner, and T.E. Jones, Key role of chemistry versus bias in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution, Nature, 589(2021), p. 408. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2887-3
[27]	J.T. Li, D. Chu, H. Dong, D.R. Baker, and R.Z. Jiang, Boosted oxygen evolution reactivity by igniting double exchange interaction in spinel oxides, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 142(2020), No. 1, p. 50. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b10882
[28]	L. Lv, Y.X. Chang, X. Ao, Z.S. Li, J.G. Li, Y. Wu, X.Y. Xue, Y.L. Cao, G. Hong, and C.D. Wang, Interfacial electron transfer on heterostructured Ni₃Se₄/FeOOH endows highly efficient water oxidation in alkaline solutions, Mater. Today Energy, 17(2020), p. 100462. doi: 10.1016/j.mtener.2020.100462
[29]	X.T. Yu, M.Y. Wang, X.Z. Gong, Z.C. Guo, Z. Wang, and S.Q. Jiao, Self-supporting porous CoP-based films with phase-separation structure for ultrastable overall water electrolysis at large current density, Adv. Energy Mater., 8(2018), No. 34, p. 1802445. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201802445
[30]	C. Andronescu, S. Barwe, E. Ventosa, J. Masa, E. Vasile, B. Konkena, S. Möller, and W. Schuhmann, Powder catalyst fixation for post-electrolysis structural characterization of NiFe layered double hydroxide based oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 56(2017), No. 37, p. 11258. doi: 10.1002/anie.201705385
[31]	T.Z. Wu, X. Ren, Y.M. Sun, S.N. Sun, G.Y. Xian, G.G. Scherer, A.C. Fisher, D. Mandler, J.W. Ager, A. Grimaud, J.L. Wang, C.M. Shen, H.T. Yang, J. Gracia, H.J. Gao, and Z.J. Xu, Spin pinning effect to reconstructed oxyhydroxide layer on ferromagnetic oxides for enhanced water oxidation, Nat. Commun., 12(2021), No. 1, p. 3634. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23896-1
[32]	Y.F. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.R. Zhu, Y.T. Qu, C. Xiong, Z.G. Xue, Q.W. Zhang, X.K. Liu, F.Y. Zhou, X.M. Mou, W.Y. Wang, M. Chen, Y. Xiong, X.G. Lin, Y. Lin, W.X. Chen, H.J. Wang, Z. Jiang, L.R. Zheng, T. Yao, J.C. Dong, S.Q. Wei, W.X. Huang, L. Gu, J. Luo, Y.F. Li, and Y.E. Wu, Simultaneous oxidative and reductive reactions in one system by atomic design, Nat. Catal., 4(2021), No. 2, p. 134. doi: 10.1038/s41929-020-00563-0
[33]	S. Park, K. Jin, H.K. Lim, J. Kim, K.H. Cho, S. Choi, H. Seo, M.Y. Lee, Y.H. Lee, S. Yoon, M. Kim, H. Kim, S.H. Kim, and K.T. Nam, Spectroscopic capture of a low-spin Mn(IV)-oxo species in Ni–Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles during water oxidation catalysis, Nat. Commun., 11(2020), No. 1, p. 5230. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19133-w
[34]	S.F. Zai, X.Y. Gao, C.C. Yang, and Q. Jiang, Ce-modified Ni(OH)₂ nanoflowers supported on NiSe₂ octahedra nanoparticles as high-efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalyst, Adv. Energy Mater., 11(2021), No. 28, art. No. 2101266. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202101266
[35]	L. Trotochaud, S.L. Young, J.K. Ranney, and S.W. Boettcher, Nickel–iron oxyhydroxide oxygen-evolution electrocatalysts: The role of intentional and incidental iron incorporation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136(2014), No. 18, p. 6744. doi: 10.1021/ja502379c
[36]	B.H. Park, M. Kim, N.K. Park, H.J. Ryu, J.I. Baek, and M. Kang, Single layered hollow NiO–NiS catalyst with large specific surface area and highly efficient visible-light-driven carbon dioxide conversion, Chemosphere, 280(2021), p. 130759. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130759
[37]	G.Y. Zhou, Y. Chen, H. Dong, L. Xu, X.E. Liu, C.W. Ge, D.M. Sun, and Y.W. Tang, Ultrafine monodisperse NiS/NiS₂ heteronanoparticles in situ grown on N-doped graphene nanosheets with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 44(2019), No. 48, p. 26338. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.08.127
[38]	L.A. Marusak and L.N. Mulay, Mössbauer and magnetic study of the antiferro to ferrimagnetic phase transition in Fe₉S₁₀ and the magnetokinetics of the diffusion of iron atoms during the transition, J. Appl. Phys., 50(1979), No. B3, p. 1865. doi: 10.1063/1.327147
[39]	Z.Y. Wang, J.T. Li, X.C. Tian, X.P. Wang, Y. Yu, K.A. Owusu, L. He, and L.Q. Mai, Porous nickel–iron selenide nanosheets as highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8(2016), No. 30, p. 19386. doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b03392
[40]	H.W. Nesbitt, D. Legrand, and G.M. Bancroft, Interpretation of Ni₂p XPS spectra of Ni conductors and Ni insulators, Phys. Chem. Miner., 27(2000), No. 5, p. 357. doi: 10.1007/s002690050265
[41]	X.R. Zheng, X.P. Han, Y.Q. Zhang, J.H. Wang, C. Zhong, Y.D. Deng, and W.B. Hu, Controllable synthesis of nickel sulfide nanocatalysts and their phase-dependent performance for overall water splitting, Nanoscale, 11(2019), No. 12, p. 5646. doi: 10.1039/C8NR09902B
[42]	Y.J. Li, H.C. Zhang, M. Jiang, Q. Zhang, P.L. He, and X.M. Sun, 3D self-supported Fe-doped Ni₂P nanosheet arrays as bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting, Adv. Funct. Mater., 27(2017), No. 37, art. No. 1702513. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201702513
[43]	I. Uhlig, R. Szargan, H.W. Nesbitt, and K. Laajalehto, Surface states and reactivity of pyrite and marcasite, Appl. Surf. Sci., 179(2001), No. 1-4, p. 222. doi: 10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00283-5
[44]	T. Dickinson, A.F. Povey, and P.M.A. Sherwood, Dissolution and passivation of nickel. an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study, J. Chem. Soc.,Faraday Trans. 1, 73(1977), p. 327.
[45]	S.Q. Zhao, S.J. Guo, C. Zhu, J. Gao, H. Li, H. Huang, Y. Liu, and Z.H. Kang, Achieving electroreduction of CO₂ to CH₃OH with high selectivity using a pyrite–nickel sulfide nanocomposite, RSC Adv., 7(2017), No. 3, p. 1376. doi: 10.1039/C6RA26868D
[46]	Y. Tang, C.H. Yang, Y.W. Yang, X.T. Yin, W.X. Que, and J.F. Zhu, Three dimensional hierarchical network structure of S–NiFe₂O₄ modified few-layer titanium carbides (MXene) flakes on nickel foam as a high efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution, Electrochim. Acta, 296(2019), p. 762. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.083
[47]	G.X. Zhuang, Y.W. Chen, Z.Y. Zhuang, Y. Yu, and J.G. Yu, Oxygen vacancies in metal oxides: Recent progress towards advanced catalyst design, Sci. China Mater., 63(2020), No. 11, p. 2089. doi: 10.1007/s40843-020-1305-6
[48]	D.X. Yang, Z. Su, Y.F. Chen, K. Srinivas, X.J. Zhang, W.L. Zhang, and H.P. Lin, Self-reconstruction of a MOF-derived chromium-doped nickel disulfide in electrocatalytic water oxidation, Chem. Eng. J., 430(2022), art. No. 133046. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133046
[49]	K. Song, W.T. Li, R. Yang, Y.J. Zheng, X.S. Chen, X. Wang, G.L. Chen, and W.C. Lv, Controlled preparation of Ni(OH)₂/NiS nanosheet heterostructure as hybrid supercapacitor electrodes for high electrochemical performance, Electrochim. Acta, 388(2021), p. 138663. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138663
[50]	D.X. Yang, Z. Su, Y.F. Chen, Y.J. Lu, B. Yu, K. Srinivas, B. Wang, and W.L. Zhang, Double-shelled hollow bimetallic phosphide nanospheres anchored on nitrogen-doped graphene for boosting water electrolysis, J. Mater. Chem. A, 8(2020), No. 42, p. 22222. doi: 10.1039/D0TA06766K
[51]	O. Diaz-Morales, I. Ledezma-Yanez, M.T.M. Koper, and F. Calle-Vallejo, Guidelines for the rational design of Ni-based double hydroxide electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction, ACS Catal., 5(2015), No. 9, p. 5380. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01638
[52]	M.Y. Wang, X.T. Yu, Z. Wang, X.Z. Gong, Z.C. Guo, and L. Dai, Hierarchically 3D porous films electrochemically constructed on gas–liquid–solid three-phase interface for energy application, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5(2017), No. 20, p. 9488. doi: 10.1039/C7TA02519J
[53]	S. Intikhab, J.D. Snyder, and M.H. Tang, Adsorbed hydroxide does not participate in the Volmer step of alkaline hydrogen electrocatalysis, ACS Catal., 7(2017), No. 12, p. 8314. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02787
[54]	B. Dong, X. Zhao, G.Q. Han, X. Li, X. Shang, Y.R. Liu, W.H. Hu, Y.M. Chai, H. Zhao, and C.G. Liu, Two-step synthesis of binary Ni–Fe sulfides supported on nickel foam as highly efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4(2016), No. 35, p. 13499. doi: 10.1039/C6TA03177C
[55]	G. Liu, K.F. Wang, X.S. Gao, D.Y. He, and J.P. Li, Fabrication of mesoporous NiFe₂O₄ nanorods as efficient oxygen evolution catalyst for water splitting, Electrochim. Acta, 211(2016), p. 871. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.113
[56]	X. Shi, Y.F. Li, S.L. Bernasek, and A. Selloni, Structure of the NiFe₂O₄(001) surface in contact with gaseous O₂ and water vapor, Surf. Sci., 640(2015), p. 73. doi: 10.1016/j.susc.2015.03.012
[57]	S.H. Ahn, I. Choi, H.Y. Park, S.J. Hwang, S.J. Yoo, E. Cho, H.J. Kim, D. Henkensmeier, S.W. Nam, S.K. Kim, and J.H. Jang, Effect of morphology of electrodeposited Ni catalysts on the behavior of bubbles generated during the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline water electrolysis, Chem. Commun., 49(2013), No. 81, p. 9323. doi: 10.1039/c3cc44891f
[58]	N. Mahmood, Y.D. Yao, J.W. Zhang, L. Pan, X.W. Zhang, and J.J. Zou, Electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution in alkaline electrolytes: Mechanisms, challenges, and prospective solutions, Adv. Sci., 5(2018), No. 2, p. 1700464. doi: 10.1002/advs.201700464
[59]	Y. Zheng, Y. Jiao, A. Vasileff, and S.Z. Qiao, The hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution: From theory, single crystal models, to practical electrocatalysts, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 57(2018), No. 26, p. 7568. doi: 10.1002/anie.201710556