Abstract: The metallurgy industry consumes a considerable amount of coal and fossil fuels, and its carbon dioxide emissions are increasing every year. Replacing coal with renewable, carbon-neutral biomass for metallurgical production is of great significance in reducing global carbon consumption. This study describes the current state of research in biomass metallurgy in recent years and analyzes the concept and scientific principles of biomass metallurgy. The fundamentals of biomass pretreatment technology and biomass metallurgy technology were discussed, and the industrial application framework of biomass metallurgy was proposed. Furthermore, the economic and social advantages of biomass metallurgy were analyzed to serve as a reference for the advancement of fundamental theory and industrial application of biomass metallurgy.