Abstract: At present, metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived nano–micro architectures are actively explored for electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption owing to their flexible composition and structural manipulation that enhance dielectric and magnetic attenuations. However, the basic design principles in MOF-derived microwave absorption materials have not been summarized. This review is devoted to analyzing design principles in MOF-derived microwave absorption materials from the following perspectives: diverse monomers (ligands and ions of MOFs), topologies, chemical states, and physical properties. The derived essential information regarding the EM wave absorption mechanism and the structural–functional dependency is also comprehensively summarized. Finally, a clear insight into the challenges and perspectives of the industrial revolution upgrading in this promising field is proposed.