放电等离子体烧结的含钨难熔高熵合金

Yongchul Yoo; Xiang Zhang; Fei Wang; Xin Chen; Xing-Zhong Li; Michael Nastasi; Bai Cui

doi:10.1007/s12613-023-2711-9

Volume 31 Issue 1

Jan. 2024

Turn off MathJax

图(9) / 表(2)

数据统计

计量

文章访问数: 1520
HTML全文浏览量: 235
PDF下载量: 59
被引次数: 0

文章导航 > 矿物冶金与材料学报（英文） > 2024 > 31(1): 146-154

Yongchul Yoo, Xiang Zhang, Fei Wang, Xin Chen, Xing-Zhong Li, Michael Nastasi, and Bai Cui, Spark plasma sintering of tungsten-based WTaVCr refractory high entropy alloys for nuclear fusion applications, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 31(2024), No. 1, pp. 146-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2711-9

Cite this article as:

Yongchul Yoo, Xiang Zhang, Fei Wang, Xin Chen, Xing-Zhong Li, Michael Nastasi, and Bai Cui, Spark plasma sintering of tungsten-based WTaVCr refractory high entropy alloys for nuclear fusion applications, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 31(2024), No. 1, pp. 146-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2711-9

Citation:

PDF( 2716 KB)

引用本文 PDF XML SpringerLink

研究论文

放电等离子体烧结的含钨难熔高熵合金

1)
Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
2)
Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
3)
Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

通讯作者:
Bai Cui E-mail: bcui3@unl.edu

文章亮点

(1) 开发了机械合金化结合放电等离子体烧结的粉末冶金工艺来制备含钨难熔高熵合金。

(2) 揭示了高熵合金基体中钽钒氧化物的形成机理。

(3) 发现WTaVCr的硬度高于钨和其他含钨高熵合金而且能保持到1000摄氏度。

中文摘要

WTaVCr难熔高熵合金是聚变堆中面向等离子体部件的一种新型候选材料。本研究用一种机械合金化结合放电等离子体烧结的粉末冶金工艺来制备这种合金。通过X射线衍射，能量色散X射线谱和选区电子衍射分析，高熵合金样品包含体心立方结构的难熔高熵合金基体和钽钒氧化物颗粒两种相。热力学计算表明，钽和钒的高氧亲和力可以解释钽钒氧化物的形成。电子背散射衍射揭示高熵合金的平均晶粒尺寸为6.2 μm。WTaVCr在室温下的抗压强度为2997 MPa，微米和纳米硬度都显著高于钨和其他文献报道过的含钨高熵合金，其高洛氏硬度能够保持到1000°C。

关键词:

Research Article

Spark plasma sintering of tungsten-based WTaVCr refractory high entropy alloys for nuclear fusion applications

+ Author Affiliations

Abstract

Abstract

W-based WTaVCr refractory high entropy alloys (RHEA) may be novel and promising candidate materials for plasma facing components in the first wall and diverter in fusion reactors. This alloy has been developed by a powder metallurgy process combining mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The SPSed samples contained two phases, in which the matrix is RHEA with a body-centered cubic structure, while the oxide phase was most likely Ta₂VO₆ through a combined analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The higher oxygen affinity of Ta and V may explain the preferential formation of their oxide phases based on thermodynamic calculations. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed an average grain size of 6.2 μm. WTaVCr RHEA showed a peak compressive strength of 2997 MPa at room temperature and much higher micro- and nano-hardness than W and other W-based RHEAs in the literature. Their high Rockwell hardness can be retained to at least 1000°C.
- refractory high entropy alloy;
- plasma-facing material;
- fusion reactor;
- spark plasma sintering

FullText(HTML)

Supplements(0)

References(63)

References

[1]	R.G. Abernethy, Predicting the performance of tungsten in a fusion environment: A literature review, Mater. Sci. Technol., 33(2017), No. 4, p. 388. doi: 10.1080/02670836.2016.1185260
[2]	K. Huang, L.M. Luo, X. Zan, et al., Microstructure and damage behavior of W–Cr alloy under He irradiation, J. Nucl. Mater., 501(2018), p. 181. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.01.019
[3]	T. Fu, K.K. Cui, Y.Y. Zhang, et al., Oxidation protection of tungsten alloys for nuclear fusion applications: A comprehensive review, J. Alloys Compd., 884(2021), art. No. 161057. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161057
[4]	H. Bolt, V. Barabash, W. Krauss, et al., Materials for the plasma-facing components of fusion reactors, J. Nucl. Mater., 329-333(2004), p. 66. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.04.005
[5]	D. Stork, P. Agostini, J.L. Boutard, et al., Developing structural, high-heat flux and plasma facing materials for a near-term DEMO fusion power plant: The EU assessment, J. Nucl. Mater., 455(2014), No. 1-3, p. 277. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.06.014
[6]	J.H. You, Copper matrix composites as heat sink materials for water-cooled divertor target, Nucl. Mater. Energy, 5(2015), p. 7. doi: 10.1016/j.nme.2015.10.001
[7]	R. Neu, C. Hopf, A. Kallenbach, et al., Operational conditions in a W-clad tokamak, J. Nucl. Mater., 367-370(2007), p. 1497. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.04.018
[8]	C.P.C. Wong, C. Baxi, R. Bourque, et al., Helium cooling of fusion reactors, Fusion Eng. Des., 25(1994), No. 1-3, p. 249. doi: 10.1016/0920-3796(94)90069-8
[9]	J. Linke, J. Du, T. Loewenhoff, et al., Challenges for plasma-facing components in nuclear fusion, Matter Radiat. Extrem., 4(2019), No. 5, art. No. 056201. doi: 10.1063/1.5090100
[10]	B. Riccardi, P. Gavila, J. Andrade, et al., Progress of the EU activities for the ITER Divertor Inner Vertical Target procurement, Fusion Eng. Des., 146(2019), p. 1524. doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.02.120
[11]	J. Schlosser, F. Escourbiac, M. Merola, et al., Technologies for ITER divertor vertical target plasma facing components, Nucl. Fusion, 45(2005), No. 6, p. 512. doi: 10.1088/0029-5515/45/6/013
[12]	K. Krieger, H. Maier, and R. Neu, Conclusions about the use of tungsten in the divertor of ASDEX upgrade, J. Nucl. Mater., 266-269(1999), p. 207. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00890-3
[13]	N.M. Almousa and M. Bourham, Simulation of erosion and redeposition of plasma facing materials under transient plasma instabilities, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 48(2020), No. 6, p. 1512. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2020.2963844
[14]	M.I. Patino, D. Nishijima, M. Tokitani, D. Nagata, J.H. Yu, and R.P. Doerner, Material migration in W and Mo during bubble growth and fuzz formation, Nucl. Fusion, 61(2021), No. 7, art. No. 076001. doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/abf952
[15]	F. Sefta, K.D. Hammond, N. Juslin, and B.D. Wirth, Tungsten surface evolution by helium bubble nucleation, growth and rupture, Nucl. Fusion, 53(2013), No. 7, art. No. 073015. doi: 10.1088/0029-5515/53/7/073015
[16]	P. Gumbsch, J. Riedle, A. Hartmaier, and H.F. Fischmeister, Controlling factors for the brittle-to-ductile transition in tungsten single crystals, Science, 282(1998), No. 5392, p. 1293. doi: 10.1126/science.282.5392.1293
[17]	P. Gumbsch, Brittle fracture and the brittle-to-ductile transition of tungsten, J. Nucl. Mater., 323(2003), No. 2-3, p. 304. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2003.08.009
[18]	E.Y. Ivanov, C. Suryanarayana, and B.D. Bryskin, Synthesis of a nanocrystalline W–25 wt.% Re alloy by mechanical alloying, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 251(1998), No. 1-2, p. 255. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00620-0
[19]	T. Hwang, A. Hasegawa, K. Tomura, et al., Effect of neutron irradiation on rhenium cluster formation in tungsten and tungsten-rhenium alloys, J. Nucl. Mater., 507(2018), p. 78. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.04.031
[20]	R. Mateus, M. Dias, J. Lopes, et al., Blistering of W-Ta composites at different irradiation energies, J. Nucl. Mater., 438(2013), p. S1032. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.225
[21]	K. Arshad, M.Y. Zhao, Y. Yuan, et al., Effects of vanadium concentration on the densification, microstructures and mechanical properties of tungsten vanadium alloys, J. Nucl. Mater., 455(2014), No. 1-3, p. 96. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.04.019
[22]	P.B. Kemp and R.M. German, Grain growth in liquid-phase-sintered W–Mo–Ni–Fe alloys, J. Less Common Met., 175(1991), No. 2, p. 353. doi: 10.1016/0022-5088(91)90022-V
[23]	C.L. Chen and Y. Zeng, Synthesis and characteristics of W–Ti alloy dispersed with Y₂Ti₂O₇ oxides, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 56(2016), p. 104. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2015.12.008
[24]	O. El-Atwani, N. Li, M. Li, et al., Outstanding radiation resistance of tungsten-based high-entropy alloys, Sci. Adv., 5(2019), No. 3, art. No. eaav2002. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2002
[25]	O.A. Waseem and H.J. Ryu, Powder metallurgy processing of a W_xTaTiVCr high-entropy alloy and its derivative alloys for fusion material applications, Sci. Rep., 7(2017), No. 1, art. No. 1926. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02168-3
[26]	O.A. Waseem, J. Lee, H.M. Lee, and H.J. Ryu, The effect of Ti on the sintering and mechanical properties of refractory high-entropy alloy Ti_xWTaVCr fabricated via spark plasma sintering for fusion plasma-facing materials, Mater. Chem. Phys., 210(2018), p. 87. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.06.054
[27]	D.B. Miracle and O.N. Senkov, A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts, Acta Mater., 122(2017), p. 448. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.081
[28]	J.M. Torralba, P. Alvaredo, and A. García-Junceda, High-entropy alloys fabricated via powder metallurgy. A critical review, Powder Metall., 62(2019), No. 2, p. 84. doi: 10.1080/00325899.2019.1584454
[29]	Y. Zhang, T.T. Zuo, Z. Tang, et al., Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloys, Prog. Mater. Sci., 61(2014), p. 1. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.10.001
[30]	O.N. Senkov, D.B. Miracle, K.J. Chaput, and J.P. Couzinie, Development and exploration of refractory high entropy alloys—A review, J. Mater. Res., 33(2018), No. 19, p. 3092. doi: 10.1557/jmr.2018.153
[31]	W. Xiong, A.X.Y. Guo, S. Zhan, C.T. Liu, and S.C. Cao, Refractory high-entropy alloys: A focused review of preparation methods and properties, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 142(2023), p. 196. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.08.046
[32]	O.N. Senkov, G.B. Wilks, D.B. Miracle, C.P. Chuang, and P.K. Liaw, Refractory high-entropy alloys, Intermetallics, 18(2010), No. 9, p. 1758. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2010.05.014
[33]	O.N. Senkov, G.B. Wilks, J.M. Scott, and D.B. Miracle, Mechanical properties of Nb₂₅Mo₂₅Ta₂₅W₂₅ and V₂₀Nb₂₀Mo₂₀Ta₂₀W₂₀ refractory high entropy alloys, Intermetallics, 19(2011), No. 5, p. 698. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2011.01.004
[34]	S. Alvi and F. Akhtar, High temperature tribology of CuMoTaWV high entropy alloy, Wear, 426.
[35]	B. Kang, J. Lee, H.J. Ryu, and S.H. Hong, Ultra-high strength WNbMoTaV high-entropy alloys with fine grain structure fabricated by powder metallurgical process, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 712(2018), p. 616. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.021
[36]	A.X. Lin-Vines, J.A. Wilson, A. Fraile, et al., Defect behaviour in the MoNbTaVW high entropy alloy (HEA), Results Mater., 15(2022), art. No. 100320. doi: 10.1016/j.rinma.2022.100320
[37]	X.L. Yan, X. Zhang, F. Wang, et al., Fabrication of ODS austenitic steels and CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys by spark plasma sintering for nuclear energy applications, JOM, 71(2019), No. 8, p. 2856. doi: 10.1007/s11837-019-03531-7
[38]	C.S. Bonifacio, T.B. Holland, and K. van Benthem, Evidence of surface cleaning during electric field assisted sintering, Scripta Mater., 69(2013), No. 11-12, p. 769. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.08.018
[39]	R. Orrù, R. Licheri, A.M. Locci, A. Cincotti, and G. Cao, Consolidation/synthesis of materials by electric current activated/assisted sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 63(2009), No. 4-6, p. 127. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2008.09.003
[40]	X. Zhang, F. Wang, X.L. Yan, X.Z. Li, K. Hattar, and B. Cui, Nanostructured oxide-dispersion-strengthened CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys with high thermal stability, Adv. Eng. Mater., 23(2021), No. 9, art. No. 2100291. doi: 10.1002/adem.202100291
[41]	Y.F. Ye, Y.H. Zhang, Q.F. He, et al., Atomic-scale distorted lattice in chemically disordered equimolar complex alloys, Acta Mater., 150(2018), p. 182. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.008
[42]	Q.F. He and Y. Yang, On lattice distortion in high entropy alloys, Front. Mater., 5(2018), art. No. 42. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2018.00042
[43]	L. Backman and E.J. Opila, Thermodynamic assessment of the group IV, V and VI oxides for the design of oxidation resistant multi-principal component materials, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 39(2019), No. 5, p. 1796. doi: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.11.004
[44]	A. Mittal, G.J. Albertsson, G.S. Gupta, S. Seetharaman, and S. Subramanian, Some thermodynamic aspects of the oxides of chromium, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 45(2014), No. 2, p. 338. doi: 10.1007/s11663-014-0027-x
[45]	Z. Cao, S. Li, W. Xie, G. Du, and Z. Qiao, Critical evaluation and thermodynamic optimization of the V-O system, Calphad, 51(2015), p. 241. doi: 10.1016/j.calphad.2015.10.003
[46]	C.B. Hamilton and H.A. Wilhelm, The preparation of tantalum metal by the carbon reduction of tantalum pentoxide, [in] Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Iowa, 1961, p. 189.
[47]	N. Senthilnathan, A.R. Annamalai, and G. Venkatachalam, Synthesis of tungsten through spark plasma and conventional sintering processes, Mater. Today Proc., 5(2018), No. 2, p. 7954. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.478
[48]	O. El-Atwani, D.V. Quach, M. Efe, et al., Multimodal grain size distribution and high hardness in fine grained tungsten fabricated by spark plasma sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 528(2011), No. 18, p. 5670. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.04.015
[49]	X.H. An, Structural hierarchy defeats alloy cracking, Science, 373(2021), No. 6557, p. 857. doi: 10.1126/science.abk1671
[50]	P.J. Shi, R.G. Li, Y. Li, et al., Hierarchical crack buffering triples ductility in eutectic herringbone high-entropy alloys, Science, 373(2021), No. 6557, p. 912. doi: 10.1126/science.abf6986
[51]	D.Q. Chen, G.Y. Zhou, Z.P. Liu, and S.T. Tu, Nanoindentation experimental study on mechanical properties of As-cast BNi-2 solder alloy, Procedia Eng., 130(2015), p. 652. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.289
[52]	R.S. Ganji, P. Sai Karthik, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, and K.V. Rajulapati, Strengthening mechanisms in equiatomic ultrafine grained AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy studied by micro- and nanoindentation methods, Acta Mater., 125(2017), p. 58. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.11.046
[53]	L.M. Qian, M. Li, Z.R. Zhou, H. Yang, and X.Y. Shi, Comparison of nano-indentation hardness to microhardness, Surf. Coat. Technol., 195(2005), No. 2-3, p. 264. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.108
[54]	S. Alvi, D.M. Jarzabek, M.G. Kohan, et al., Synthesis and mechanical characterization of a CuMoTaWV high-entropy film by magnetron sputtering, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 12(2020), No. 18, p. 21070. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c02156
[55]	A. Poulia, E. Georgatis, A. Lekatou, and A.E. Karantzalis, Microstructure and wear behavior of a refractory high entropy alloy, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 57(2016), p. 50. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2016.02.006
[56]	H. Jiang, H.Z. Zhang, T.D. Huang, Y.P. Lu, T.M. Wang, and T.J. Li, Microstructures and mechanical properties of Co₂Mo_xNi₂VW_x eutectic high entropy alloys, Mater. Des., 109(2016), p. 539. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.113
[57]	Q.Y. Li, H. Zhang, D.C. Li, et al., W_xNbMoTa refractory high-entropy alloys fabricated by laser cladding deposition, Materials, 12(2019), No. 3, art. No. 533. doi: 10.3390/ma12030533
[58]	Z. Wang, Y. Yuan, K. Arshad, et al., Effects of tantalum concentration on the microstructures and mechanical properties of tungsten-tantalum alloys, Fusion Eng. Des., 125(2017), p. 496. doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.04.082
[59]	T. Gräning, M. Klimenkov, M. Rieth, C. Heintze, and A. Möslang, Long-term stability of the microstructure of austenitic ODS steel rods produced with a carbon-containing process control agent, J. Nucl. Mater., 523(2019), p. 111. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.05.060
[60]	J. Svoboda, P. Bořil, J. Holzer, et al., Substantial improvement of high temperature strength of new-generation nano-oxide-strengthened alloys by addition of metallic yttrium, Materials, 15(2022), No. 2, art. No. 504. doi: 10.3390/ma15020504
[61]	S. Ukai, S. Ohtsuka, T. Kaito, et al., High-temperature strength characterization of advanced 9Cr–ODS ferritic steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 510-511(2009), p. 115. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.04.126
[62]	L. Fave, M.A. Pouchon, M. Döbeli, M. Schulte-Borchers, and A. Kimura, Helium ion irradiation induced swelling and hardening in commercial and experimental ODS steels, J. Nucl. Mater., 445(2014), No. 1-3, p. 235. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.11.004
[63]	C.Y. Lu, Z. Lu, X. Wang, et al., Enhanced radiation-tolerant oxide dispersion strengthened steel and its microstructure evolution under helium-implantation and heavy-ion irradiation, Sci. Rep., 7(2017), art. No. 40343. doi: 10.1038/srep40343