Abstract: The safety and longevity of key blast furnace (BF) equipment determine the stable and low-carbon production of iron. This paper presents an analysis of the heat transfer characteristics of these components and the uneven distribution of cooling water in parallel pipes based on hydrodynamic principles, discusses the feasible methods for the improvement of BF cooling intensity, and reviews the preparation process, performance, and damage characteristics of three key equipment pieces: coolers, tuyeres, and hearth refractories. Furthermoere, to attain better control of these critical components under high-temperature working conditions, we propose the application of optimized technologies, such as BF operation and maintenance technology, self-repair technology, and full-lifecycle management technology. Finally, we propose further researches on safety assessments and predictions for key BF equipment under new operating conditions.