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Asier Grijalvo Rodriguez, Zhiyuan Chen, Deepak Pant, and Jolien Dendooven, Effect of catalyst ink preparation on formate production from CO2 electroreduction using Sn as electrocatalyst, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-025-3133-7
Asier Grijalvo Rodriguez, Zhiyuan Chen, Deepak Pant, and Jolien Dendooven, Effect of catalyst ink preparation on formate production from CO2 electroreduction using Sn as electrocatalyst, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-025-3133-7
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催化剂墨水制备对使用Sn电催化剂进行 CO2 电还原生成甲酸盐的影响

摘要: 电化学 CO2 还原是利用可再生能源生产燃料和化学品的可持续途径。锡(Sn)是广泛用于生产甲酸盐的催化剂,其性能密切受催化剂墨水配方和反应条件的影响。本研究探讨了催化剂负载量、电流密度和粘结剂选择对锡基 CO2 还原体系的影响。在浓碳酸氢盐溶液中,将催化剂负载量从 10 mg·cm-2 降低至 1.685 mg·cm-2 并提高电流密度,可显著提升甲酸盐选择性。在电流密度为 −30 mA·cm-2、阴极电位相对于可逆氢电极(RHE)为 −1.22 V、催化剂负载量为 1.685 mg·cm-2 的条件下,实现了 88% 的甲酸盐法拉第效率(FE)。这种低负载策略不仅降低了催化剂成本,还提高了表面利用率并抑制了析氢反应(HER)。当Nafion用作电极表面涂层而非预混在墨水中时,可促进甲酸盐生成,这体现在法拉第效率的提高和阴极电位的降低上。然而,其性能仍无法与无粘结剂体系相媲美,因为锡基催化剂本身具有高催化活性,使得粘结剂的贡献相对较小。尽管使用粘结剂修饰电极表面会导致活性位点堵塞和电阻增加,但聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)因其稳定性、强度和导电性,在 −30 mA·cm-2 电流密度和 −1.6 V (vs. RHE) 电位下,甲酸盐法拉第效率可达 72%,仍然具有应用前景。本研究结果揭示了优化催化剂墨水配方和粘结剂使用以增强 CO2 向甲酸盐转化的方法,从而为开发适用于高电流密度操作的经济型催化剂提供了关键见解。

 

Effect of catalyst ink preparation on formate production from CO2 electroreduction using Sn as electrocatalyst

Abstract: Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a sustainable method for producing fuels and chemicals using renewable energy sources. Sn is a widely employed catalyst for formate production, with its performance closely influenced by the catalyst ink formulations and reaction conditions. The present study explores the influence of catalyst loading, current density, and binder choice on Sn-based CO2 reduction systems. Decreasing catalyst loading from 10 to 1.685 mg·cm−2 and increasing current density in highly concentrated bicarbonate solutions significantly enhances formate selectivity, achieving 88% faradaic efficiency (FE) at a current density of −30 mA·cm−2 with a cathodic potential of −1.22 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a catalyst loading of 1.685 mg·cm−2. This low-loading strategy not only reduces catalyst costs but also enhances surface utilization and suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction. Nafion enhances formate production when applied as a surface coating rather than pre-mixed in the ink, as evidenced by improved faradaic efficiency and lower cathodic potentials. However, this performance still does not match that of binder-free systems because Sn-based catalysts intrinsically exhibit high catalytic activity, making the binder contribution less significant. Although modifying the electrode surface with binders leads to blocked active sites and increased resistance, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) remains promising because of its stability, strength, and conductivity, achieving up to 72% FE to formate at −30 mA·cm−2 and −1.66 V vs. RHE. The findings of this research reveal methodologies for optimizing the catalyst ink formulations and binder utilization to enhance the conversion of CO2 to formate, thereby offering crucial insights for the development of a cost-efficient catalyst for high-current-density operations.

 

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