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Yuxin Huang, Yibo Cui, Qipeng Lu, Xin Liu, and Lijie Zhu, An environmentally friendly synthesis route: Low-temperature preparation of vacancy-ordered double perovskites Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) via ionic liquid, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-025-3177-8
Yuxin Huang, Yibo Cui, Qipeng Lu, Xin Liu, and Lijie Zhu, An environmentally friendly synthesis route: Low-temperature preparation of vacancy-ordered double perovskites Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) via ionic liquid, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-025-3177-8
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利用离子液体辅助低温合成空位有序双钙钛矿Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, I)的环保路线

摘要: 无铅空位有序双钙钛矿因其环境友好和优异的光电性能,已成为光电子领域极具应用前景的材料之一。然而,传统合成方法通常依赖有毒试剂与苛刻条件,限制了其大规模制备与实际应用。本研究发展了一种低温常压条件下的绿色合成策略,用于制备高结晶性的空位有序双钙钛矿Cs2SnX6(X = Cl, Br, I)。该方法采用离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑盐(如BmimCl、BmimBr和BmimI)与饱和卤化铵水溶液共同作为溶剂,替代传统的卤化氢酸或极性有机溶剂。实验和表征结果表明,所合成的Cs2SnX6(X = Cl、Br和I)具有高结晶度、良好形貌和较好的热稳定性。机理研究显示,离子液体与钙钛矿前驱体之间的氢键作用促进了良好结晶,而富卤素环境有助于缺陷钝化。此外,该方法还可扩展至掺杂体系,成功合成了Bi掺杂Cs2SnCl6晶体,其光致发光量子效率达到12.73%。本研究为高质量空位有序双钙钛矿及其掺杂/合金化合物的可控合成提供了一种有效且环境友好的新途径。

 

An environmentally friendly synthesis route: Low-temperature preparation of vacancy-ordered double perovskites Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) via ionic liquid

Abstract: Lead-free vacancy-ordered double perovskites have emerged as promising materials for optoelectronic applications due to their environmentally friendly characteristics and exceptional properties. However, conventional synthesis methods often depend on toxic reagents and stringent conditions, limiting their large-scale synthesis and practical application. In this work, an environmentally friendly synthesis route was proposed for preparing vacancy-ordered double perovskites Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) with high crystallinity under low-temperature and ambient-pressure conditions. This method utilizes ion liquid (i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (BmimBr) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (BmimI)) in combination with saturated aqueous solutions of ammonium halides as solvents, replacing traditional hydrogen halide acid or polar organic solvents. Experimental and characterization results demonstrate that the Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) possess high crystallinity, well-defined morphology, and improved thermal stability. These improvements are attributed to the hydrogen bonding interactions between ionic liquids and the perovskite precursors. Additionally, the halogen-rich environment provided by ionic liquids and ammonium halide salts facilitates defect passivation. Furthermore, this method is applicable to the synthesis of doped perovskite crystals, demonstrated by the successful synthesis of Bi-doped Cs2SnCl6 crystals with a photoluminescence quantum efficiency of 12.73%. This study presents a novel strategy for synthesizing high-quality vacancy-ordered double perovskites and their doping or alloyed compounds.

 

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