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Jiangzhan Chen, Zhangwei Chen, Zhixiang Liu, and Xibing Li, New insight into identification of rock Kaiser effect: A chaotic deep learning model and its application in deep mining, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-026-3504-8
Jiangzhan Chen, Zhangwei Chen, Zhixiang Liu, and Xibing Li, New insight into identification of rock Kaiser effect: A chaotic deep learning model and its application in deep mining, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-026-3504-8
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岩石Kaiser效应识别的新认识:混沌深度学习模型及其在深部开采中的应用

摘要: 声发射Kaiser效应法因具有无损、高效和成本较低等优点,被广泛应用于现场地应力测量,其中Kaiser点的准确识别是该方法的关键环节。传统人工识别方法受主观因素影响较大,识别稳定性和精度仍有待提高。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种基于双分支门控循环单元深度学习框架和相空间重构的Kaiser点智能识别方法。首先,对声发射波形数据进行相空间重构和主成分分析,提取能够表征波形非线性动力学特征的混沌特征;随后,将混沌特征与原始波形数据分别输入双分支GRU网络并进行特征融合,实现声发射Felicity区与Kaiser区的智能分类;最后,基于分类结果完成Kaiser点识别。测试结果表明,所提模型的识别准确率达到90.7%,曲线下面积达到0.9357,具有较好的分类判别能力。与长短期记忆网络、双向长短期记忆网络、时间卷积网络和Transformer等典型深度学习模型相比,所提模型表现出更优的综合性能。消融实验表明,原始波形分支和混沌特征分支均对模型性能提升具有积极作用。可解释性分析进一步表明,模型主要依赖少量关键波形片段和具有物理意义的混沌特征组进行判断。与传统人工方法相比,该方法能够更加稳定、准确地识别Kaiser点,并在中国西部某斑岩铜矿的应用中表现出良好的工程适用性。

 

New insight into identification of rock Kaiser effect: A chaotic deep learning model and its application in deep mining

Abstract: The acoustic emission (AE) Kaiser effect method is widely used for in-situ stress measurements because of its nondestructive nature, operational efficiency, and low cost. A key step in this method is the identification of the Kaiser point. However, traditional manual approaches require further improvement, indicating the importance of developing intelligent identification methods. In this study, an intelligent Kaiser point identification method was proposed based on a dual-branch gated recurrent unit (GRU) deep learning framework and phase-space reconstruction (PSR). In the proposed framework, AE waveform data was processed via PSR and principal component analysis to generate chaotic feature representations, which are then fused with the original waveform data through a dual-branch GRU architecture for classification. The classification results were then used for Kaiser point identification. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 90.7% and an area under the curve of 0.9357 on the test set, indicating good discrimination ability between the Felicity and Kaiser areas. Compared with representative deep learning baseline models, including long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional LSTM, temporal convolutional network, and Transformer, the proposed model exhibited superior overall performance. The ablation results confirmed the positive contributions of both the original waveform and chaotic feature branches. The interpretability analysis revealed that the model relied primarily on a limited number of salient waveform segments and chaotic feature groups, both of which were physically relevant. Compared with the traditional manual method, the proposed method identifies the Kaiser point more stably and accurately. The application of the method to a porphyry copper mine in western China demonstrates its practicability in engineering applications.

 

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