Abstract:
Development of highly activity, stable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) remains a challenging task to improve the efficiency of fuel cells. Though the Pt and Pt-transition metal alloy-based catalysts stand out as the practical choice, still these catalysts suffer from the poor Pt utilization and stability. In this regard, highly electrical conducting, purely metallic, hierarchical 3D-porous and nanowire morphologies of metal aerogels as self-supported electrocatalysts have been gaining particular interest in the recent decade. Integrating unique features of metallic nature and porous nature of aerogels, metal aerogels are highly regarded as efficient catalytic materials, especially for electrocatalysis. In this review, we elaborate the overview of recent progress on metal aerogel catalysts for ORR. Metal aerogel catalysts are found to have excellent ORR activity due to their high intrinsic activity arising from excellent Pt utilization and exposure of active sites due to entirely metallic nature. Due to high Pt utilization several noble metal aerogel catalysts are found to exhibit several orders of magnitude in the mass activity than the traditional Pt/C catalyst and mass activity target of 440 A/gPt at 0.9 V vs RHE by DOE) 2025, suggesting the high potential of metal aerogels as ORR catalysts in fuel cells. Here, we summarize the recent and benchmark research outcomes of metal aerogel catalysts for ORR, their effects on the microstructural analysis on the catalyst layers, fuel cell performance and the cutting-edge modifications of the metal aerogel catalysts that are recently reported in the literature. We systematically reviewed the various aspects of metal aerogel catalysts synthesis, their advantages over traditional Pt/C catalysts, ORR kinetics and finally provided with future research directions and recommendations to further improve and integrate the metal aerogel catalyst into the realistic fuel cells.