International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials

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Synthesis of Zeolites by Alkaline Activation of Fly Ash

Hua wang, Qiang Zhang, Cunyi Song, Fengmei Liu

2001, 8(3): 161-163.

中文摘要(324) PDF(8) SpringerLink

摘要:
In terms of mineral transformation, and chemical composition of acid-soluble component as a function of reaction time, the effect of alkaline solution on zeolite-like fly ash was studied by employing fly ash and NaOH solution as starting materials. When fly ash and 1-10 mol/L NaOH solution were processed at 100 ℃ for 24 h with 1:10 W/S ratio in a relatively closed system, powder XRD patterns of resulting products indicated the formation of various zeolites. Zeolite P crystallized early at low alkaline concentration, which was replaced then by zeolites X and A. At high concentration, hydroxy sodalite was the only new phase. Quartz, in fly ash and NaOH solution system, gradually dissolved, and mullite, however, remained stable. It was concluded that, with Al/Si and Na/Si finally reaching equilibrium in molar ratio, composition of starting mixtures affects the crystallization of zeolite from fly ash.

Mineral

NONEL High Precision MS Delay Detonator

Daze Lin, Peng Yang

2001, 8(3): 164-166.

中文摘要(315) PDF(14) SpringerLink

摘要:
The NONEL high precision MS Delay Detonator (FDG-1detonator) is introduced. The main aspects about the FDG-1 detonator include the choice of structure, delay composition, control of the gas chamber, optimum charge and density, suitable explosives per meter in the NONEL tube, base firing charge and the main specifications. The improvement of the characteristics of FDG-1 detonator has been tested systematically. The testing method is reliable and its precision can meet the demand for usage.

Metallurgy

Design, Selection and Application of High Efficient Complex Alloys

Jianliang Zhang, Donghua Huang, Zongwang Zhang, Zhanhui Yan, Xuefei Li, Qingsong Huang

2001, 8(3): 167-170.

中文摘要(212) PDF(9) SpringerLink

摘要:
The design, selection and application principles of complex alloys according to the requirements of making low-alloy steels are discussed. The designed complex alloys containing calcium, barium, magnesium, strontium, rare earth elements, etc. should not only be able to deoxidize, desulphurize and refine liquid steel, but also alloy it. The application principles of alloys are as follows: using Si-Mn or Si-Mn-Al alloys for pre-deoxidizing, Si-Al-Ba or Si-Al-Ca-Ba alloys for final deoxidizing and Si-Ca-Ba-Mg(Sr) alloys for refining.

Metallurgy

Thermodynamic Behavior of Manganese and Phosphorus between Liquid Iron and CaO-MgO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Fe_tO-MnO-P₂O₅ Slags

Bo Song, Seon-Hyo Kim, Jinghong Mao, Qing Lin

2001, 8(3): 171-176.

中文摘要(241) PDF(10) SpringerLink

摘要:
The thermodynamic behavior of manganese and phosphorus between liquid iron and CaO-MgO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Fe_tO-MnO-P₂O₅ ladle slag system was addressed by investigating the thermodynamic equilibria between liquid iron containing Mn and P and the ladle slag at 1873 K. The Mn distribution ratio L_Mn increases with increasing Fe_tO content and decreasing the basicity ((%CaO + %MgO)/(%SiO₂ + %Al₂O₃ + %P₂O₅)) in slag, while the P distribution ratio L_p seems to be increased as Fe_tO content and the basicity increases. The values of L_Mn and L_p decrease by the addition of Al₂O₃ into slag. The expression of the dependence of L_Mn and L_p on the basicity and Fe_tO content in slag was obtained.

Metallurgy

Investigation on the Copper Content of Matte Smelting Slag in Peirce-Smith Converter

Chunlin Chen, Jiayun Zhang, Meng Bai, Shoukun Wei

2001, 8(3): 177-181.

中文摘要(272) PDF(13) SpringerLink

摘要:
The copper contents and its existing forms in the slags during the slag-making stage of Peirce-Smith converters in Guixi Smelter, Jiangxi Province, China have been investigated. The investigation was based on plant trials with the corresponding thermodynamic calculations and kinetic considerations. From the plant data, the total copper content in the slags was in the range of 2% to 8% (mass fraction). The mechanical entrainment of matte drops has been found to be the main cause of the copper loss. The suspension index, defined as the ratio of the mass fraction of copper in suspended matte drops in the slag to that in bulk of the matte phase, has been adopted to quantify the matte entrainment. The values of this parameter estimated in this work have been found mainly within a range of 2.5%-8.0%. The Fe₃O₄ content in the slag has been estimated to be the most important factor, among others, influencing the separation of slag with matte and, consequently, the copper loss from the slag.

Metallurgy

Prediction of Hot Ductility of Low-Carbon Steels Based on BP Network

Xinyu Liu, Bo Wen, Xinhua Wang, Qiang Niu, Hong Chen

2001, 8(3): 182-184.

中文摘要(246) PDF(10) SpringerLink

摘要:
The purpose of the research is to obtain an effective method to predict the hot ductility of low-carbon steels, which will be a reference to evaluate the crack sensitivity of steels. Several sub-networks modeled from BP network were constructed for different temperature use, and the measured reduction of area (A_R) of 12 kinds of low-carbon steels under the temperature of 600 to 1000 ℃ were processed as training samples. The result of software simulation shows that the model established is relatively effective for predicting the hot ductility of steels.

Metallurgy

Effects of Catalyst and Additive Containing Li, Na, or Ca on Reduction of Iron Oxide/Carbon Composite Pellets

Xingmin Guo, Shengbi Zhang, Nianxin Fu, Xiaofeng Zhao

2001, 8(3): 185-188.

中文摘要(298) PDF(14) SpringerLink

摘要:
The catalyst containing 0.69% (mass fraction) of Li⁺, Na⁺, or Ca²⁺ were synthesized, and the catalytic effect on the reduction of iron oxide/carbon composite pellets were investigated by comparing with that of additive at 850 ℃. The effect of the catalyst was greater than that of the additive, it can be considered that catalyst promoted the formation of iron nucleus early on reduction processes of iron oxide/carbon composite pellets. In addition, both effects of catalyst and additive increased after added carbon powder into the pellets, but the extent of increase decreased when the carbon powder exceeded a suitable content (about 4%), this amount is less than that of carbon needed theoretically on the reduction from hematite to iron.

Materials

EAM Analysis of the Lattice Parameter Effect in Order-Disorder Transformation

Timothée Nsongo, Xiaodong Ni, Guoliang Chen

2001, 8(3): 189-194.

中文摘要(311) PDF(8) SpringerLink

摘要:
The embedded atom method (EAM) was used to theoretically analyze the effect of the lattice parameter variation on the order-disorder transformation in binary alloys. Based on EAM, it is found that only one kind of order-disorder transition (second-order transition) exists for AB alloy. Three groups of order-disorder transformation can be observed for the A₃B or AB₃ compounds. For group I, the order-disorder is a completely first-order transition. For group II, the order-disorder transformation is a classical first-order transition. For group III, the order-disorder transformation is found to be a second-order transition. The lattice parameter variations have a significant effect on E₂ coefficient, which is related to the ordering energy. These results are in good agreement with experiments.

Materials

SEM in-situ Fatigue Observation on Crack Initiation and Growth from Inclusion in P/M Rene95 Superalloy

Lina Zhang, Jianxin Dong, Xishan Xie

2001, 8(3): 195-197.

中文摘要(237) PDF(9) SpringerLink

摘要:
A special designed experiment was conducted for observing crack initiation and growth in P/M Rene95 superalloy under tension-tension loading by self-made SEM in-situ fatigue loading stag. Several alumina inclusion particles exposed at the specimen surface were observed carefully. During fatigue test inclusions led to cracks initiation. The cracks can be formed by two mechanisms. Generally, the cracks nucleated at the interface between inclusion and matrix. Sometimes, cracks were also formed inside the inclusion. As the increase of cycles, some cracks at the interface between inclusion and matrix broadened and propagated along the direction about 45° to the loading axis. On the other hand, the cracks inside the inclusion propagated in the inclusion and towards matrix.

Materials

Fabrication and Microstructure of W/Cu Functionally Graded Material

Yunhan Ling, Jiangtao Li, Zhangjian Zhou, Changchun Ge

2001, 8(3): 198-202.

中文摘要(329) PDF(21) SpringerLink

摘要:
W/Cu functionally gradient material (FGM) has excellent mechanical properties since it can effectively relax interlayer thermal stresses caused by the mismatch between their thermal expansion coefficients. W/Cu FGM combines the advantages of tungsten such as high melting point and service strength, with heat conductivity and plasticity of copper at room temperature. Thus it demonstrates satisfactory heat corrosion and thermal shock resistance and will be a promising candidate as divertor component in thermonuclear device. Owing to the dramatic difference of melting point between tungsten and copper, conventional processes meet great difficulties in fabricating this kind of FGMs. A new approach termed graded sintering under ultra-high pressure (GSUHP) is proposed, with which a near 96% relative density of W/Cu FGM that contains a full distribution spectrum (0-100%W) has been successfully fabricated. Suitable amount of transition metals (such as nickel, zirconium, vanadium) is employed as additives to activate tungsten's sintering, enhance phase wettability and bonding strength between W and Cu. Densification effects of different layer of FGM were investigated. Microstructure morphology and interface elements distribution were observed and analyzed. The thermal shock performance of W/Cu FGM was also preliminarily tested.

Materials

Semi-solid Processing of Al-7Graghite Composite

Peng Zhang, Yunhui Du, Daben Zeng

2001, 8(3): 203-206.

中文摘要(232) PDF(8) SpringerLink

摘要:
Al-7graphite composite was processed using Al-7graphite mushy prepared by electromagnetic-mechanical stirring method, and the influence of solid fraction on the distributing of graphite particles in ingot was studied. The results shows that the relationship between solid fraction and stirring temperature of mushy is: f_s = 591.5-0.897 t (where f_s is the solid fraction, t is the stirring temperature). For Al-7graphite composite, with the increasing of solid fraction, the aggregation extent of graphite particles reduced gradually, and when solid fraction was larger than 30%, graphite particles could distribute evenly in ingot.

Materials

Structural and Electrical Properties of Cu Films by dc Biased Plasma-Sputter-Deposited on MgO(001)

Hong Qiu, Yue Tian, Mituru Hashimoto

2001, 8(3): 207-209.

中文摘要(298) PDF(10) SpringerLink

摘要:
Cu films of 30nm and 15 nm thick were deposited on MgO(001) substrates at 185℃ by dc plasma-sputtering at 1.9kV and 8 mA in pure Ar gas. A dc bias voltage V_s, of 0 V or -80 V was applied to the substrate during deposition. Structural and electrical proper-ties have been investigated by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), high resolution XTEM (XHRTEM) and by measuring temperature coefficient of electrical resistance (TCR;η) in the temperature interval of -135℃ to 0 ℃. The Cu film is polycrystalline at V_s= 0 V while it epitaxially grows with Cu(00) || MgO(001) and Cu[0 10] || MgO[010] at V_s=-80 V. However, the latter has a very rough surface. The change of η with film thickness and Vs is interpreted in terms of the structure change. Misfit dislocations and lattice expansion are induced along the MgO surface to relax the strain energy due to the lattice mismatch between Cu and MgO.

Materials

XPS Studies of Magnetic Multilayers

Guanghua Yu, Hongchen Zhao, Jiao Teng, Chunlin Chai, Fengwu Zhu, Yang Xia, Shumin Chai

2001, 8(3): 210-213.

中文摘要(266) PDF(14) SpringerLink

摘要:
NiO_x/Ni₈₁Fe₁₉ and Co/AlO_x/Co magnetic multilayers were fabricated by reactive RF/DC magnetron sputtering on clean glass substrates and oxidized Si (100) substrates, respectively. The exchange biasing field (H_ex) between NiO_x and Ni₈₁Fe₁₉ as a function of NiO_x oxidation states was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The oxidation states and the oxide thickness of Al layers in magnetic multilayer films consisting of Co/AlO_x/Co were also analyzed. It is found that the H_ex of NiO_x/Ni₈₁Fe₁₉ films only depends on Ni²⁺ but not on Ni³⁺ or Ni. The bottom Co can be completely covered by depositing an Al layer thicker than 2.0 nm. The oxide layer was Al₂O₃, and its thickness was 1.15 mn.

Materials

Relaxation of Deformed Austenite and Refinement of Bainite in a Nb-Containing Microalloyed Steel

Shanwu Yang, Xuemin Wang, Chengjia Shang, Xinlai He, Yi Yuan

2001, 8(3): 214-217.

中文摘要(265) PDF(10) SpringerLink

摘要:
By means of stress relaxation and strain-induced precipitation in deformed austenite, bainite with micron sheaves size was obtained in Nb-containing steel. Microstructures of deformed samples isothermally relaxed for various time followed by cooling in water were examined. Stress relaxation test and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to detect precipitation of microalloy elements, such as Nb, Ti, during isothermal holding after deformation. All the samples were constituted by lath-like bainite along with acicular ferrite, but the size of bainitic sheaves and the amount of acicular ferrite were changed with relaxation time. To achieve optimum refinement, relaxation should be confined in the stage when the precipitates have sufficiently grown and started to coarsen. The sample having not undergone relaxation does not exhibit obvious refinement despite of its higher dislocation density. These results indicate that relaxation promotes bainite to refine, which is because deformed austenitic grains are divided by dislocation walls formed during relaxation and acicular ferrite formed before bainitic transformation.

Materials

Comparison of Ferrite Refinement Mechanisms by Different Processing Schedules in 08 and 20Mn Steels

Ping Yang Feng'e Gui, Shicai Ma

2001, 8(3): 218-223.

中文摘要(170) PDF(7) SpringerLink

摘要:
The influence of deforming temperature on ferrite refinement was analyzed by comparing the microstructures obtained by deformation at above A_r3, in two-phase region of (α + γ) and at below A₁ in clean 08 and 20Mn steels. The results indicate that ferrite refinement through strain induced transformation by deformation at above A_r3 is more effective than that by deformation simply through ferrite dynamic recrystallization. The main problem of ferrite refinement by deformation at below A_r3 is the inhomogeneity of microstructure which is controlled by the orientations and sizes of ferrite grains and the distribution of second phases. Ferrite dynamic recrystallization after strain induced transformation can further effectively refine ferrite.

Materials

A Special TMCP Used to Develop a 800MPa Grade HSLA Steel

Chengjia Shang, Xuemin Wang, Xinlai He, Shanwu Yang, Yi Yuan

2001, 8(3): 224-228.

中文摘要(325) PDF(16) SpringerLink

摘要:
The effect of relaxation after finished rolling on structures and properties of four microalloyed steel with different content of Nb and Ti was investigated. By alloy designing and control rolling + relaxation-precipitation-control phase trail storm ati on (RPC) process, a new 800 MPa grade HSLA plate steel could be obtained, the microstructure is composite ultra-fine lath bainite/martensite. The tempering process and mechanical properties of this kind of HSLA steel were investigated. The yield strength can achieve 800 MPa, and the ductility and impact toughness is satisfied.

Information

High Performance Speech Compression System

Ke Liu, Zhichun Mu, Zhong Wang

2001, 8(3): 229-233.

中文摘要(287) PDF(7) SpringerLink

摘要:
Since Pulse Code Modulation emerged in 1937, digitized speech has experienced rapid development due to its outstanding voice quality, reliability, robustness and security in communication. But how to reduce channel width without loss of speech quality remains a crucial problem in speech coding theory. A new full-duplex digital speech communication system based on the Vocoder of AMBE-1000^TM and microcontroller ATMEL 89C51 is introduced. It shows higher voice quality than current mobile phone system with only a quarter of channel width needed for the latter. The prospective areas in which the system can be applied include satellite communication, IP Phone, virtual meeting and the most important, defence industry.

Information

Fuzzy Pattern Recognition in Atlas and Images of the Unevenness of Carbide in Tool Steel

Hui Zhang, Angui Li, Zhigang Zhang, Li Jiang

2001, 8(3): 234-236.

中文摘要(217) PDF(10) SpringerLink

摘要:
Fuzzy pattern recognition has been employed to identify some atlas and images of the unevenness of carbide in tool steel. Three models have been constructed. These models were based on fuzzy mathematics theory, as well as fuzzy pattern recognition method. Distribution rule of the unevenness of eutectic carbide in ledeburite steel is proposed in these models respectively.

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