Behavior and mechanism of pre-oxidation improvement on fluidization in the fluidized reduction of titanomagnetite

Haoyan Sun; Ajala Adewole Adetoro; Zhiqiang Wang; Qingshan Zhu

doi:10.1007/s12613-024-2904-x

Article Contents

Article Navigation > International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials > 2024 > In press, Uncorrected proof

Haoyan Sun, Ajala Adewole Adetoro, Zhiqiang Wang, and Qingshan Zhu, Behavior and mechanism of pre-oxidation improvement on fluidization in the fluidized reduction of titanomagnetite, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.,(2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2904-x

Cite this article as:

Haoyan Sun, Ajala Adewole Adetoro, Zhiqiang Wang, and Qingshan Zhu, Behavior and mechanism of pre-oxidation improvement on fluidization in the fluidized reduction of titanomagnetite, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.,(2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2904-x

Citation:

PDF( 3431 KB)

Research Article

Behavior and mechanism of pre-oxidation improvement on fluidization in the fluidized reduction of titanomagnetite

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding author:
Haoyan Sun E-mail: sunhaoyan@ipe.ac.cn
Received: 20 December 2023; Revised: 3 April 2024; Accepted: 7 April 2024; Available online: 8 April 2024

Abstract

Abstract

The direct reduction process is an important development direction of low-carbon ironmaking and efficient comprehensive utilization of poly-metallic iron ore, such as titanomagnetite. However, the defluidization of reduced iron particles with a high metallization degree at a high temperature will seriously affect the operation of fluidized bed reduction. Coupling the pre-oxidation enhancing reduction and the particle surface modification of titanomagnetite, the behavior and mechanism of pre-oxidation improvement on fluidization in the fluidized bed reduction of titanomagnetite are systematically studied in this paper. Pre-oxidation treatment of titanomagnetite can significantly lower the critical stable reduction fluidization gas velocity to 0.17 m/s, which is reduced by 56% compared to that of titanomagnetite reduction without pre-oxidation, while achieving a metallization degree of >90%, Corresponding to the different reduction fluidization behaviors, three pre-oxidation operation regions have been divided, taking oxidation degrees of 26% and 86% as the boundaries. Focusing on the particle surface morphology evolution in the pre-oxidation–reduction process, the relationship between the surface morphology of pre-oxidized ore and the reduced iron with fluidization properties is built. The improving method of pre-oxidation on the reduction fluidization provides a novel approach to prevent defluidization by particle surface modification, especially for the fluidized bed reduction of poly-metallic iron ore.
- fluidization;
- direct reduction;
- pre-oxidation;
- titanomagnetite;
- iron whisker

FullText(HTML)

Supplements(0)

References(34)

References

[1]	World Steel Association, World Steel in Figures 2022, World Steel Association, 2022 [2022-10-31]. https://worldsteel.org/data/world-steel-in-figures-2022/
[2]	X.Y. Zhang, K.X. Jiao, J.L. Zhang, and Z.Y. Guo, A review on low carbon emissions projects of steel industry in the world, J. Clean. Prod., 306(2021), art. No. 127259. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127259
[3]	Z.Y. Fan and S.J. Friedmann, Low-carbon production of iron and steel: Technology options, economic assessment, and policy, Joule, 5(2021), No. 4, p. 829. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.018
[4]	Midrex Technologies, 2022 World Direct Reduction Statistics, World Steel Dynamics, 2023 [2023-12-11]. https://www.midrex.com/wp-content/uploads/MidrexSTATSBook2022.pdf
[5]	A. Chatterjee, Sponge Iron Production by Direct Reduction of Iron Oxide, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2010.
[6]	S.W. Prabowo, R.J. Longbottom, B.J. Monaghan, D. del Puerto, M.J. Ryan, and C.W. Bumby, Phase transformations during fluidized bed reduction of New Zealand titanomagnetite ironsand in hydrogen gas, Powder Technol., 398(2022), art. No. 117032. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.117032
[7]	H.Y. Sun, A.A. Adetoro, F. Pan, Z. Wang, and Q.S. Zhu, Effects of high-temperature preoxidation on the titanomagnetite ore structure and reduction behaviors in fluidized bed, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 48(2017), No. 3, p. 1898. doi: 10.1007/s11663-017-0925-9
[8]	A.A. Adetoro, H.Y. Sun, S.Y. He, Q.S. Zhu, and H.Z. Li, Effects of low-temperature pre-oxidation on the titanomagnetite ore structure and reduction behaviors in a fluidized bed, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 49(2018), No. 2, p. 846. doi: 10.1007/s11663-018-1193-z
[9]	F. Pan, Z. Du, M.J. Zhang, and H.Y. Sun, Relationship between the phases, structure, MgO migration and the reduction performance of the pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite ore in a fluidized bed, ISIJ Int., 57(2017), No. 3, p. 413. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2016-499
[10]	H.Y. Sun, J.S. Wang, Y.H. Han, X.F. She, and Q.G. Xue, Reduction mechanism of titanomagnetite concentrate by hydrogen, Int. J. Miner. Process., 125(2013), p. 122. doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2013.08.006
[11]	H.Y. Sun, A.A. Adetoro, Z. Wang, F. Pan, and L. Li, Direct reduction behaviors of titanomagnetite ore by carbon monoxide in fluidized bed, ISIJ Int., 56(2016), No. 6, p. 936. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2016-040
[12]	M. Komatina and H.W. Gudenau, The sticking problem during direct reduction of fine iron ore in the fluidized bed, Metall. Mater. Eng., 10(2004), No. 4, p. 309.
[13]	Z.C. Guo and X.Z. Gong, Sticking Mechanism and Suppression Technology of Fluidized Reduced Iron Ore Powder, Beijing Science Press, Beijing, 2015.
[14]	L. Guo, J.T. Yu, J.K. Tang, Y.H. Lin, Z.C. Guo, and H.Q. Tang, Influence of coating MgO on sticking and functional mechanism during fluidized bed reduction of vanadium titano-magnetite, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 22(2015), No. 6, p. 464. doi: 10.1016/S1006-706X(15)30028-5
[15]	C. Lei, T. Zhang, J.B. Zhang, C.L. Fan, Q.S. Zhu, and H.Z. Li, Influence of content and microstructure of deposited carbon on fluidization behavior of iron powder at elevated temperatures, ISIJ Int., 54(2014), No. 3, p. 589. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.54.589
[16]	Q.S. Zhu and H.Z. Li, Study on magnetic fluidization of group C powders, Powder Technol., 86(1996), No. 2, p. 179. doi: 10.1016/0032-5910(96)83162-7
[17]	J.M. Valverde and A. Castellanos, Effect of vibration on agglomerate particulate fluidization, AlChE. J., 52(2006), No. 5, p. 1705. doi: 10.1002/aic.10769
[18]	N.S. Srinivasan, Reduction of iron oxides by carbon in a circulating fluidized bed reactor, Powder Technol., 124(2002), No. 1-2, p. 28. doi: 10.1016/S0032-5910(01)00484-3
[19]	S.Y. He, H.Y. Sun, C.Q. Hu, J. Li, Q.S. Zhu, and H.Z. Li, Direct reduction of fine iron ore concentrate in a conical fluidized bed, Powder Technol., 313(2017), p. 161. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.03.007
[20]	H.Y. Sun, Q.S. Zhu, and H.Z. Li, The technical state and development trend of the direct reduction of titanomagnetite by fluidized bed, Chin. J. Process Eng., 18(2018), No. 6, p. 1146.
[21]	S.Y. Chen, X.J. Fu, M.S. Chu, Z.G. Liu, and J. Tang, Life cycle assessment of the comprehensive utilisation of vanadium titano-magnetite, J. Clean. Prod., 101(2015), p. 122. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.076
[22]	H.Y. Sun, J.S. Wang, X.J. Dong, and Q.G. Xue, A literature review of titanium slag metallurgical processes, Metal. Int., 17(2012), No. 7, p. 49.
[23]	E. Park and O. Ostrovski, Effects of preoxidation of titania-ferrous ore on the ore structure and reduction behavior, ISIJ Int., 44(2004), No. 1, p. 74. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.44.74
[24]	A.A. Adetoro, Fundamental Research on Gas-Solid Direct Reduction of Titanomagnetite in a Fluidized Bed [Dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 2019, p. 89.
[25]	H. Zheng, O. Daghagheleh, T. Wolfinger, B. Taferner, J. Schenk, and R.S. Xu, Fluidization behavior and reduction kinetics of pre-oxidized magnetite-based iron ore in a hydrogen-induced fluidized bed, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 10, p. 1873. doi: 10.1007/s12613-022-2511-7
[26]	E. Park and O. Ostrovski, Reduction of titania-ferrous ore by carbon monoxide, ISIJ Int., 43(2003), No. 9, p. 1316. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.43.1316
[27]	X.F. She, H.Y. Sun, X.J. Dong, Q.G. Xue, and J.S. Wang, Reduction mechanism of titanomagnetite concentrate by carbon monoxide, J. Min. Metall. Sect. B, 49(2013), No. 3, p. 263. doi: 10.2298/JMMB121001020S
[28]	T. Battle, U. Srivastava, J. Kopfle, R. Hunter, and J. McClelland, The direct reduction of iron, [in] S. Seetharaman, ed., Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2024, p. 89.
[29]	L. Guo, Q.P. Bao, J.T. Gao, Q.S. Zhu, and Z.C. Guo, A review on prevention of sticking during fluidized bed reduction of fine iron ore, ISIJ Int., 60(2020), No. 1, p. 1. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2019-392
[30]	X.Z. Gong, B. Zhang, Z. Wang, and Z.C. Guo, Insight of iron whisker sticking mechanism from iron atom diffusion and calculation of solid bridge radius, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 45(2014), No. 6, p. 2050. doi: 10.1007/s11663-014-0125-9
[31]	B. Zhang, X.Z. Gong, Z. Wang, and Z.C. Guo, Relation between sticking and metallic iron precipitation on the surface of Fe₂O₃ particles reduced by CO in the fluidized bed, ISIJ Int., 51(2011), No. 9, p. 1403. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.1403
[32]	C. Wagner, Mechanism of the reduction of oxides and sulphides to metals, JOM, 4(1952), No. 2, p. 214. doi: 10.1007/BF03397678
[33]	R. Nicolle and A. Rist, The mechanism of whisker growth in the reduction of wüstite, Metall. Trans. B, 10(1979), No. 3, p. 429. doi: 10.1007/BF02652516
[34]	S.E. Moujahid and A. Rist, The nucleation of iron on dense wustite: A morphological study, Metall. Trans. B, 19(1988), No. 5, p. 787. doi: 10.1007/BF02650198