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Volume 31 Issue 12
Nov.  2024
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Junping Shen, Chang Liu, Muhammad Dilawer Hayat, Jianan Chen, Hanqing Tian, Fusheng Xin, Gang Chen, Fei Yang, Mingli Qin, and Xuanhui Qu, Oxygen variation in titanium powder and metal injection molding, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 31(2024), No. 12, pp.2706-2713. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2970-0
Cite this article as: Junping Shen, Chang Liu, Muhammad Dilawer Hayat, Jianan Chen, Hanqing Tian, Fusheng Xin, Gang Chen, Fei Yang, Mingli Qin, and Xuanhui Qu, Oxygen variation in titanium powder and metal injection molding, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 31(2024), No. 12, pp.2706-2713. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2970-0
shu
Research Article

Oxygen variation in titanium powder and metal injection molding

Author Affilications
  • 1)

    Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

  • 2)

    School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand

  • 3)

    Institute of Materials Intelligent Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China

  • 4)

    Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, Beijing 100083, China

  • 5)

    Ningbo Titan Advanced Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315012, China

  • Corresponding author:

    Gang Chen E-mail: gche098@ustb.edu.cn

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.

  • Received: 20 April 2024; Revised: 29 June 2024; Accepted: 02 July 2024; Available Online: 04 July 2024
    Graphical Abstract
    • Abstract
  • The control of oxygen is paramount in achieving high-performance titanium (Ti) parts by powder metallurgy such as metal injection molding (MIM). In this study, we purposely selected the Ti and Ti–6Al–4V powders as the reference materials since these two are the most representative Ti materials in the industry. Herein, hydride–dehydride (HDH) Ti powders were pre-oxidized to examine the effect of oxygen variation on the characteristics of oxide layer on the particle surface and its resultant color feature. The results indicate that the thickness and Ti oxide level (Ti0 → Ti4+) of the oxide layer on the HDH Ti powders increased as the oxygen content increased, leading to the transition of color appearance from grey, brown to blue. This work aids in the powder feedstock selection at the initial stage in powder metallurgy. In addition, the development of oxygen content was comprehensively studied during the MIM process using the gas-atomized (GA) Ti–6Al–4V powders. Particularly, the oxygen variation in the form of oxide layer, the change of oxygen content in the powders, and the relevant parts were investigated during the processes of kneading, injection, debinding, and sintering. The oxygen variation was mainly concentrated in the sintering stage, and the content increased with the increase of sintering temperature. The variation of oxygen content during the MIM process demonstrates the crucial role of powder feedstock and sintering stage in controlling oxygen content. This work provides a piece of valuable information on oxygen detecting, control, and manipulation for the powder and processing in the industry of Ti and its alloys by powder metallurgy.
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  • This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFB3701900), the National Natural Science Foundation Program of China (No. 51971036), and the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering (No. MESO-23-D07).

    Xuanhui Qu is an editorial board member for this journal and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

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