Search1999 Vol. 6, No. 1
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1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
1-3.
Abstract:
The development of NCZ-1 dust-sticking agent was first intreduced in china. The speed of water absorption of dust-sticking agent was measured and studied on mining site and in laboratory, and then the law of water absorption of dust-sticking agent was analyzed. In addition, the mathematical model of the loss rate of dust-sticking agent was established by the application of fluid mechanics theory, and the method of determining the sprinkle parameters of dust-sticking agent was obtained. Through practical verification, it is found that the error of this mathematical model is less than 10%. So it can be used in the field.
The development of NCZ-1 dust-sticking agent was first intreduced in china. The speed of water absorption of dust-sticking agent was measured and studied on mining site and in laboratory, and then the law of water absorption of dust-sticking agent was analyzed. In addition, the mathematical model of the loss rate of dust-sticking agent was established by the application of fluid mechanics theory, and the method of determining the sprinkle parameters of dust-sticking agent was obtained. Through practical verification, it is found that the error of this mathematical model is less than 10%. So it can be used in the field.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
4-7.
Abstract:
The present status of deep sea bed mining technology for polymetallic nodules has been critically examined in light of its history of development the UNCLoS (the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea) regime and the current trends in research.The critical technologies have been highlighted and the need for system integration underscored. The deep sea bed environment and the engineering challenge were presented and the necessary features of the deep sea bed mining system for commercial mining was analyzed. The key accomplishments, problems and future bends in research in the development of the mining system are also discussed. Finally, it points out that the technology gaps can be filled by the time commercial mining is undertaken as a result of market conditions in its favor.
The present status of deep sea bed mining technology for polymetallic nodules has been critically examined in light of its history of development the UNCLoS (the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea) regime and the current trends in research.The critical technologies have been highlighted and the need for system integration underscored. The deep sea bed environment and the engineering challenge were presented and the necessary features of the deep sea bed mining system for commercial mining was analyzed. The key accomplishments, problems and future bends in research in the development of the mining system are also discussed. Finally, it points out that the technology gaps can be filled by the time commercial mining is undertaken as a result of market conditions in its favor.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
8-10,14.
Abstract:
The foaming indexes of a group of refining slag were measured. The refining slag with better foaming ability was chosen,its composition (mass frachon in %) is CaO, 53.25, SiO2, 17.75, MgO, 9; Al2O3, 15 and CaF2, 5. The relationship between slag foaming index and physical properties of the slag was obtained by dimensional analysis, and the expression indicates that viscosity of slag is the most important factor which influences foaming index. The influence sequence of slap composition on foaming index was also obtained as follows: CaF2→MgO→Al2O3→ B (CaO/SiO2).
The foaming indexes of a group of refining slag were measured. The refining slag with better foaming ability was chosen,its composition (mass frachon in %) is CaO, 53.25, SiO2, 17.75, MgO, 9; Al2O3, 15 and CaF2, 5. The relationship between slag foaming index and physical properties of the slag was obtained by dimensional analysis, and the expression indicates that viscosity of slag is the most important factor which influences foaming index. The influence sequence of slap composition on foaming index was also obtained as follows: CaF2→MgO→Al2O3→ B (CaO/SiO2).
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
11-14.
Abstract:
According to the results of research on the thermodynamic propelles of Fe-Cr, Fe-P and Cr-P melts, the measured achvihes of Fe-Cr-P melts from reference sources as well as the coexistence theory of metallic melts structure involving compound formation, a calculating model of the mass action concentrations for Fe-Cr-P melts has been formulated and some of its thermodynamic parameters have been optimized. The calculated mass action concentrations agree with the measured achvities, which shows that this model can reflect the structural reality of Fe-Cr-P melts.
According to the results of research on the thermodynamic propelles of Fe-Cr, Fe-P and Cr-P melts, the measured achvihes of Fe-Cr-P melts from reference sources as well as the coexistence theory of metallic melts structure involving compound formation, a calculating model of the mass action concentrations for Fe-Cr-P melts has been formulated and some of its thermodynamic parameters have been optimized. The calculated mass action concentrations agree with the measured achvities, which shows that this model can reflect the structural reality of Fe-Cr-P melts.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
15-19.
Abstract:
Model study is an efficient method for optimizing the siructure of the mould and the submerged entry nozzle (SEN). Based on the similarity criteria, a full-scale water model has been established in accordance with the mould of thin-slab caster of the CSP (Compact Strip Production) operation. The effects of SEN structure including outlet area, outflow angle, nozzle width, thick-ness and immersion depth have been studied under high speed casting by measuring the amplitude and the impetus of top waves. By the orthogonal experiment design, not only the influence of the factors was estimated, but also the optimum work condition was judged. The rules of the fluid flow phenomena were summarized. The principle for choosing a reasonable structure of SEN was discussed.
Model study is an efficient method for optimizing the siructure of the mould and the submerged entry nozzle (SEN). Based on the similarity criteria, a full-scale water model has been established in accordance with the mould of thin-slab caster of the CSP (Compact Strip Production) operation. The effects of SEN structure including outlet area, outflow angle, nozzle width, thick-ness and immersion depth have been studied under high speed casting by measuring the amplitude and the impetus of top waves. By the orthogonal experiment design, not only the influence of the factors was estimated, but also the optimum work condition was judged. The rules of the fluid flow phenomena were summarized. The principle for choosing a reasonable structure of SEN was discussed.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
20-23.
Abstract:
Since the separation of crystal of KCl saturated aqueous is similar to the crystallization of liquid metals, the melts nucleation can be simulated by the experiment of the crystal of salt aqueous solution. In this experiment pulsation treatment was imposed on KCl saturated aqueous in order to study the effect of pulsation treatment on crystallization in the salt solution, and the influence of different pulsation treating time, super-heating and bine of prescription were investigated. The results show that it is possible to modify the crystallization over satured solution temperature and the degree of under-cooling for salt crystal separation was reduced by applying pulse treating on KCl saturated aqueous solution. In addition, this technology may generate embryos for nucleation even at the temperature over melting point or satured solubility.
Since the separation of crystal of KCl saturated aqueous is similar to the crystallization of liquid metals, the melts nucleation can be simulated by the experiment of the crystal of salt aqueous solution. In this experiment pulsation treatment was imposed on KCl saturated aqueous in order to study the effect of pulsation treatment on crystallization in the salt solution, and the influence of different pulsation treating time, super-heating and bine of prescription were investigated. The results show that it is possible to modify the crystallization over satured solution temperature and the degree of under-cooling for salt crystal separation was reduced by applying pulse treating on KCl saturated aqueous solution. In addition, this technology may generate embryos for nucleation even at the temperature over melting point or satured solubility.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
24-26.
Abstract:
The artificial neural network (ANN) and the pattern recognition were applied to study the correlation of enthalpies of fusion for divalent rare earth halides with their microstructural parameters,such as ionic radius and electronegativity. The model,represented by a back-propagation neural network, was trained with a 12 set of published data for divalent rare earth halides and then was used to predict the unknown ones. Also the criterion equations were presented to determine the enthalpies of fusion for divalent rare earth halides using pattern recognition in mis work. The results from the model in ANN and criterion equations are in very good agreement with reference data.
The artificial neural network (ANN) and the pattern recognition were applied to study the correlation of enthalpies of fusion for divalent rare earth halides with their microstructural parameters,such as ionic radius and electronegativity. The model,represented by a back-propagation neural network, was trained with a 12 set of published data for divalent rare earth halides and then was used to predict the unknown ones. Also the criterion equations were presented to determine the enthalpies of fusion for divalent rare earth halides using pattern recognition in mis work. The results from the model in ANN and criterion equations are in very good agreement with reference data.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
27-30.
Abstract:
The electrochemical mechanism of the reaction between Fe-C melts and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-FeOx slag systems has been carried out. The experimental results suggest that the final content of carbon in melt increases as the partial oxygen pressure of gas decreases no matter whether there is electronic conductor or not. However, the final content of carbon in the system with electronic conductor is much lower than that without electronic conductor. It can be deduced that the transfer ability of oxygen in slag is dominated by electrons. When an electronic conductor exists, an easy pathway for the electrons is provided and the oxygen transfer rate is accelerated.
The electrochemical mechanism of the reaction between Fe-C melts and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-FeOx slag systems has been carried out. The experimental results suggest that the final content of carbon in melt increases as the partial oxygen pressure of gas decreases no matter whether there is electronic conductor or not. However, the final content of carbon in the system with electronic conductor is much lower than that without electronic conductor. It can be deduced that the transfer ability of oxygen in slag is dominated by electrons. When an electronic conductor exists, an easy pathway for the electrons is provided and the oxygen transfer rate is accelerated.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
31-34.
Abstract:
Taking GCr15 bearing steel as experiment material, the effects of suspension casting process and low superheat casting process on the solidification of ingot were studied comparehvely. The results show that both suspension casting process and low superheat casting process can improve the censeal segregation and crystal structure of ingot. As the acting mechanism is different between the two kinds of processes, it is found that suspension casting process is more effective than low superheat casting process in improving the quality of ingot.
Taking GCr15 bearing steel as experiment material, the effects of suspension casting process and low superheat casting process on the solidification of ingot were studied comparehvely. The results show that both suspension casting process and low superheat casting process can improve the censeal segregation and crystal structure of ingot. As the acting mechanism is different between the two kinds of processes, it is found that suspension casting process is more effective than low superheat casting process in improving the quality of ingot.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
35-43.
Abstract:
Double-hit compression tests were performed on StE460 steel containing microalloying elements niobium and vanadium over a range of temperatures and strain rates penment to hot rolling. The fractional softening was evaluated by use of the offset method, which was confirmed to be a very reasonable method. Appropriate expressions are given for the static recrystallization kinetics as a function of temperature and strain rate. Particular attention is paid to the effect of strain rate on static recrystallization. It can be shown that the static softening is apparently accelerated by strain rate. Recrystallization in low temperature austenitic region is stopped due to precipitation of carbonitrides of microalloying elements, which is reflected in the form of a plateau in the curves of static softening.
Double-hit compression tests were performed on StE460 steel containing microalloying elements niobium and vanadium over a range of temperatures and strain rates penment to hot rolling. The fractional softening was evaluated by use of the offset method, which was confirmed to be a very reasonable method. Appropriate expressions are given for the static recrystallization kinetics as a function of temperature and strain rate. Particular attention is paid to the effect of strain rate on static recrystallization. It can be shown that the static softening is apparently accelerated by strain rate. Recrystallization in low temperature austenitic region is stopped due to precipitation of carbonitrides of microalloying elements, which is reflected in the form of a plateau in the curves of static softening.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
44-46.
Abstract:
A new tutmeling junction can be formed by an insulator layer inserting into a quantum well, and in the quantum well, a quasi-plane tunneling current can be formed by applying a tunneling voltage. If a P-N junction is grown on the quantum well, the tunneling current can be modulated by a P-N junction-bias voltage. The modulated quasi-plane tunneling current is not only related to the bias voltage, but also to the depth of the quantum well. It is analyzed that the P-N junction-bias voltage how to affect the tunneling current and a method of measuring the depth of the quantum well is presented.
A new tutmeling junction can be formed by an insulator layer inserting into a quantum well, and in the quantum well, a quasi-plane tunneling current can be formed by applying a tunneling voltage. If a P-N junction is grown on the quantum well, the tunneling current can be modulated by a P-N junction-bias voltage. The modulated quasi-plane tunneling current is not only related to the bias voltage, but also to the depth of the quantum well. It is analyzed that the P-N junction-bias voltage how to affect the tunneling current and a method of measuring the depth of the quantum well is presented.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
47-49.
Abstract:
The Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying Technique, the Xu-Tee Process, is a new method to produce high quality alloying layer on the surface of less expensive materials. By using thes technique, the surface alloying layer similar to superalloy Inconel 625 has been obtained on the surface of three kinds of melallic materials (low carbon steel, industrial pure iron, stainless steel Cr18Ni9). The results of the composition and microstructure analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Uffrachon (XRD) show that the alloying layer consistS of y matrix and several precipitates (Laves intermetallic phase and carbide etc.). The electrochemical corrosion results show that the surface alloying layer formed on the surface of stainless steel and industrial pure iron have better corrosion resistance than that of nickel base alloy inconel 625 and stainless steel Cr18Ni9 in 3.5%NaCl solution. The exper iments indicate that it is an effective way to obtain the gradient surface alloying layer on the surfaces of steels by using Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying Technique.
The Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying Technique, the Xu-Tee Process, is a new method to produce high quality alloying layer on the surface of less expensive materials. By using thes technique, the surface alloying layer similar to superalloy Inconel 625 has been obtained on the surface of three kinds of melallic materials (low carbon steel, industrial pure iron, stainless steel Cr18Ni9). The results of the composition and microstructure analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Uffrachon (XRD) show that the alloying layer consistS of y matrix and several precipitates (Laves intermetallic phase and carbide etc.). The electrochemical corrosion results show that the surface alloying layer formed on the surface of stainless steel and industrial pure iron have better corrosion resistance than that of nickel base alloy inconel 625 and stainless steel Cr18Ni9 in 3.5%NaCl solution. The exper iments indicate that it is an effective way to obtain the gradient surface alloying layer on the surfaces of steels by using Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying Technique.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
50-53.
Abstract:
To improve the physical properties, a series of experiments have been camed out to produce calcium-bearing mullite thermal-insulating refractories by using kyanite as major raw materials. The experiments were carried out by a foaming technique and using white cement as a combing agent. The results show that the calcium-bearing mullite refractory has much better physical properhes than traditional clay refractory and high-alumina refractory.
To improve the physical properties, a series of experiments have been camed out to produce calcium-bearing mullite thermal-insulating refractories by using kyanite as major raw materials. The experiments were carried out by a foaming technique and using white cement as a combing agent. The results show that the calcium-bearing mullite refractory has much better physical properhes than traditional clay refractory and high-alumina refractory.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
54-56.
Abstract:
In order to check the traditional core loss formula, the core loss spectrum P(f) of Co-based amorphous soft magnetic alloy with constant permeability has been studied. It is found that within a high frequency range from 10 kHz to 200 kHz and at Bm = 0.1 T,the P(f) has the fractal structure P(f) = P0fD, and with the increasing of induced anisotropy energy Ku, the fractal dimension Dt rises, thus the total power loss at high frequency increases and the frequency characteristic of P(f) becomes worse.
In order to check the traditional core loss formula, the core loss spectrum P(f) of Co-based amorphous soft magnetic alloy with constant permeability has been studied. It is found that within a high frequency range from 10 kHz to 200 kHz and at Bm = 0.1 T,the P(f) has the fractal structure P(f) = P0fD, and with the increasing of induced anisotropy energy Ku, the fractal dimension Dt rises, thus the total power loss at high frequency increases and the frequency characteristic of P(f) becomes worse.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
57-60.
Abstract:
The interfacial status of the steel-aluminum solid to liquid bonding plates (their steel plate surfaces were or were not immersed in flux aqueous solution) were measured by using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the layer of flux (the minimum thickness was 15 μm on the steel plate surface) could protect the steel plate surface from oxidizing effectively at high temperature in solid to liquid bonding. The melt temperatUre of the flux should be lower than 580 ℃ so that it could be melted and removed completely. No. 1 flux (patent product made by the author) made up of halogeindes could also force liquid aluminum to infiltrate into steel plate surface and thus the interfacial shear strength of the bonding plate was rather large.
The interfacial status of the steel-aluminum solid to liquid bonding plates (their steel plate surfaces were or were not immersed in flux aqueous solution) were measured by using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the layer of flux (the minimum thickness was 15 μm on the steel plate surface) could protect the steel plate surface from oxidizing effectively at high temperature in solid to liquid bonding. The melt temperatUre of the flux should be lower than 580 ℃ so that it could be melted and removed completely. No. 1 flux (patent product made by the author) made up of halogeindes could also force liquid aluminum to infiltrate into steel plate surface and thus the interfacial shear strength of the bonding plate was rather large.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
61-63,68.
Abstract:
X-ray diffraction (XRD), ball-disc friction and wearing machine and draw-bead test were introduced to investigat the strcusture and workability of IF sheet steel electrogalvanized deposits prepared from sulphate solution system. It was shown that the picking-up of the zinc coating on die strengthened with the increasing of friction factor which was originally affected by the coating’s structure. Duing forming, (00X) planes (X=2, 4) preferential orientation of zinc deposits increased, which resulted in enhancing the coating’s friction behaviors. Therefore, the forming mechanism of electrogalvedzed deposit was demonstrated that both friction and the stricking-up behaviors of the coating are intensified simultaneously and affect each other.
X-ray diffraction (XRD), ball-disc friction and wearing machine and draw-bead test were introduced to investigat the strcusture and workability of IF sheet steel electrogalvanized deposits prepared from sulphate solution system. It was shown that the picking-up of the zinc coating on die strengthened with the increasing of friction factor which was originally affected by the coating’s structure. Duing forming, (00X) planes (X=2, 4) preferential orientation of zinc deposits increased, which resulted in enhancing the coating’s friction behaviors. Therefore, the forming mechanism of electrogalvedzed deposit was demonstrated that both friction and the stricking-up behaviors of the coating are intensified simultaneously and affect each other.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
64-68.
Abstract:
A new method for determining the fractal dimension by STM at nanometer scale has been proposed.Weierstrass-Mandelbrot fractal curves were used to verify the accuracy and reliability. The Computer simulation showed that fractal dimension obtained with this method generally outran the traditional yard method. The new method has been applied to the fractal dimension determination of the fractures of Ti3Al and Ti-24Al-11Nb alloys. The results show that the fractal dimension of Ti-24Al-11Nb alloy is higher than that of Ti3Al, and it varies with the crack extending orientation.
A new method for determining the fractal dimension by STM at nanometer scale has been proposed.Weierstrass-Mandelbrot fractal curves were used to verify the accuracy and reliability. The Computer simulation showed that fractal dimension obtained with this method generally outran the traditional yard method. The new method has been applied to the fractal dimension determination of the fractures of Ti3Al and Ti-24Al-11Nb alloys. The results show that the fractal dimension of Ti-24Al-11Nb alloy is higher than that of Ti3Al, and it varies with the crack extending orientation.
1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
69-72.
Abstract:
A new method of state recognition based on the theory of evidence was proposed. By this method, the plausible function which the sample awaiting recognition belongs to each category can be obtained through distance function. For the marginal samples,two or a batch of evidences can be combined and a new plausible function can be obtained by new evidence. Then the categories of samples can be determined according to plausibility function. This method provides a beder reasoning framework. The result proves the rate of recoghition correctness.
A new method of state recognition based on the theory of evidence was proposed. By this method, the plausible function which the sample awaiting recognition belongs to each category can be obtained through distance function. For the marginal samples,two or a batch of evidences can be combined and a new plausible function can be obtained by new evidence. Then the categories of samples can be determined according to plausibility function. This method provides a beder reasoning framework. The result proves the rate of recoghition correctness.
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