Search2002 Vol. 9, No. 6
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2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
401-405.
Abstract:
A low cost thermal insulating material can be produced by compounding an active xonotlite slurry, fired-perlite, HOMO PAN fibers and glass fibers. The maximum service temperature of the product is 800℃; linear shrinkage after 800℃×16 h firing is 0.9%; the cold crushing strength is 1.56 MPa; the flexural strength at ambient temperature is 0.81 MPa; the thermal conductivity at ambient temperature (25℃) is 0.056 and 0.128 W/(m·K) at 800℃. The production cost of such a composite is only 1/3 of that of the normal xonotlite thermal insulators. It can substitute the normal xonotlite thermal insulators on most occasions with a similar cost to that of normal perlite products.
A low cost thermal insulating material can be produced by compounding an active xonotlite slurry, fired-perlite, HOMO PAN fibers and glass fibers. The maximum service temperature of the product is 800℃; linear shrinkage after 800℃×16 h firing is 0.9%; the cold crushing strength is 1.56 MPa; the flexural strength at ambient temperature is 0.81 MPa; the thermal conductivity at ambient temperature (25℃) is 0.056 and 0.128 W/(m·K) at 800℃. The production cost of such a composite is only 1/3 of that of the normal xonotlite thermal insulators. It can substitute the normal xonotlite thermal insulators on most occasions with a similar cost to that of normal perlite products.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
406-411.
Abstract:
The blasting practices in a limestone quarry with karstic cavities have been presented. The existence of karstic cavities in the quarry has reduced blasting efficiency significantly. In order to improve blasting efficiency different blasting strategies (loading holes with ANFO in plastic bag, recording cavity location along the holes and charging the holes according to this information, and modifying blasting pattern according to karstic cavities) had been implemented and the results were evaluated on per ton cost basis. It was concluded that efficient blasting in such aquarries requires determining the size and shape of karstic cavities and based on this information, to modify the blast pattern and charge the holes. The suggested method is to record the cavity along the drill hole and to generate 3D model of cavities. By doing this, the production cost in the limestone quarry has decreased from 0.407 $/t to 0.354 $/t.
The blasting practices in a limestone quarry with karstic cavities have been presented. The existence of karstic cavities in the quarry has reduced blasting efficiency significantly. In order to improve blasting efficiency different blasting strategies (loading holes with ANFO in plastic bag, recording cavity location along the holes and charging the holes according to this information, and modifying blasting pattern according to karstic cavities) had been implemented and the results were evaluated on per ton cost basis. It was concluded that efficient blasting in such aquarries requires determining the size and shape of karstic cavities and based on this information, to modify the blast pattern and charge the holes. The suggested method is to record the cavity along the drill hole and to generate 3D model of cavities. By doing this, the production cost in the limestone quarry has decreased from 0.407 $/t to 0.354 $/t.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
412-416.
Abstract:
The influence of flow control devices on metallurgical effects in a large-capacity tundish has been studied carefully with elements tracing, sampling and theoretical prospecting. The results from the studies are (1) in the continuous casting of clean steel, bad control of tundish operation may deteriorate the cleanliness of steel; (2) the cleanliness of steel is deteriorated mainly at the unsteady state; (3) large amount of macro inclusions come from the top slag and the refractory of tundish; (4) installing dam and weir can improve the cleanliness of steel and lighten the influence of steel fluctuation; and (5) the result of theoretical calculation suggests that the inclusions larger than the critical size of 92.6 μm can be floated out from the tundish bath completely.
The influence of flow control devices on metallurgical effects in a large-capacity tundish has been studied carefully with elements tracing, sampling and theoretical prospecting. The results from the studies are (1) in the continuous casting of clean steel, bad control of tundish operation may deteriorate the cleanliness of steel; (2) the cleanliness of steel is deteriorated mainly at the unsteady state; (3) large amount of macro inclusions come from the top slag and the refractory of tundish; (4) installing dam and weir can improve the cleanliness of steel and lighten the influence of steel fluctuation; and (5) the result of theoretical calculation suggests that the inclusions larger than the critical size of 92.6 μm can be floated out from the tundish bath completely.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
417-421.
Abstract:
Fluid flow, heat transfer and combustion in Jinlong CJD concentrate burner flash smelting furnace have been investigated by numerical modeling and flow visualization. The modeling is based on the Eulerian approach for the gas flow equations and the Lagrangian approach for the particles. Interaction between the gas phase and particle phase, such as frictional forces, heat and mass transfer, are included by the addition of sources and sinks. The modeling results including the fluid flow field, temperature field, concentration field of gas phase and the trajectories of particles have been obtained. The predicted results are in good agreement with the data obtained from a series of experiments and tests in the Jinlong Copper Smelter and the temperature error is less than 20 K.
Fluid flow, heat transfer and combustion in Jinlong CJD concentrate burner flash smelting furnace have been investigated by numerical modeling and flow visualization. The modeling is based on the Eulerian approach for the gas flow equations and the Lagrangian approach for the particles. Interaction between the gas phase and particle phase, such as frictional forces, heat and mass transfer, are included by the addition of sources and sinks. The modeling results including the fluid flow field, temperature field, concentration field of gas phase and the trajectories of particles have been obtained. The predicted results are in good agreement with the data obtained from a series of experiments and tests in the Jinlong Copper Smelter and the temperature error is less than 20 K.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
422-425.
Abstract:
The transport behavior of free boundary value problems for a class of generalized diffusion equations was studied. Suitable similarity transformations were used to convert the problems into a class of singular nonlinear two-point boundary value problems and similarity solutions were numerical presented for different representations of heat conduction function, convection function, heat flux function, and power law parameters by utilizing the shooting technique. The results revealed the flux transfer mechanism and the character as well as the effects of parameters on the solutions.
The transport behavior of free boundary value problems for a class of generalized diffusion equations was studied. Suitable similarity transformations were used to convert the problems into a class of singular nonlinear two-point boundary value problems and similarity solutions were numerical presented for different representations of heat conduction function, convection function, heat flux function, and power law parameters by utilizing the shooting technique. The results revealed the flux transfer mechanism and the character as well as the effects of parameters on the solutions.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
426-430.
Abstract:
Based on the composite modification technology of the surface of nano silicon dioxide by non-soap emulsion polymerization, it is verified that there are polymer grafted on the surface of nano silicon dioxide. The modification mechanism and the bonding status on the surface of nano silicon dioxide after modification were suggested via the results of the infrared spectrum, transmission electronic microscope photograph and X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The hydroxyl formed by hydrolyzing of silane coupling agent reacts with hydroxyl on the surface of nano silicon dioxide to form Si-O-Si bonds by losing water molecules and hence the double bonds are introduced onto the surface of nano silicon dioxide. The surface of nano silicon dioxide is grafted with polymer through free radical polymerization between the double bonds on the surface of nano silicon dioxide and styrene under the action of initiating agent. The dispersibility of nano silicon dioxide and the controllability of surface modification of nano silicon dioxide can be greatly improved by the modification process.
Based on the composite modification technology of the surface of nano silicon dioxide by non-soap emulsion polymerization, it is verified that there are polymer grafted on the surface of nano silicon dioxide. The modification mechanism and the bonding status on the surface of nano silicon dioxide after modification were suggested via the results of the infrared spectrum, transmission electronic microscope photograph and X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The hydroxyl formed by hydrolyzing of silane coupling agent reacts with hydroxyl on the surface of nano silicon dioxide to form Si-O-Si bonds by losing water molecules and hence the double bonds are introduced onto the surface of nano silicon dioxide. The surface of nano silicon dioxide is grafted with polymer through free radical polymerization between the double bonds on the surface of nano silicon dioxide and styrene under the action of initiating agent. The dispersibility of nano silicon dioxide and the controllability of surface modification of nano silicon dioxide can be greatly improved by the modification process.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
431-436.
Abstract:
The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass in an ammonia solution with various pH values or under various applied potentials was measured at slow strain rate tests. The additive stress in the same solution was measured using two methods. The results indicate that the variation of the susceptibility to SCC with pH value or with potential is in an excellent agreement with the corrosion (passive film or dezincification layer)-induced stress. When pH? 7, the corrosion-induced tensile stress and the susceptibility to SCC have maximum values and hardly change with increasing the pH value. However, when pH<7, both the corrosion-induced tensile stress and the susceptibility to SCC reduce rapidly with decreasing the pH value. Both the corrosion-induced tensile stress and the susceptibility to SCC have maximum values at the open-circuit potential, decrease slightly under the anodic polarization, and reduce gradually to zero under the cathodic polarization.
The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass in an ammonia solution with various pH values or under various applied potentials was measured at slow strain rate tests. The additive stress in the same solution was measured using two methods. The results indicate that the variation of the susceptibility to SCC with pH value or with potential is in an excellent agreement with the corrosion (passive film or dezincification layer)-induced stress. When pH? 7, the corrosion-induced tensile stress and the susceptibility to SCC have maximum values and hardly change with increasing the pH value. However, when pH<7, both the corrosion-induced tensile stress and the susceptibility to SCC reduce rapidly with decreasing the pH value. Both the corrosion-induced tensile stress and the susceptibility to SCC have maximum values at the open-circuit potential, decrease slightly under the anodic polarization, and reduce gradually to zero under the cathodic polarization.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
437-440.
Abstract:
The martensite transformation induced by tensile elongation and its effect on the behavior of phase electrochemistry of AISI 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied. The results show that the content of α'-martensite in stainless steel 304 increases with the true strain. As α'-martensite content increased, free corrosion potential and pitting potential of stainless steel 304 in 3.5% NaCl solution appeared the change trend of a minimum. It was also found that pitting nucleated preferentially at the phase interfaces between martensite and austenite. There existed apparent difference between electrochemical properties of austenite and of martensite for stainless steel 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution.
The martensite transformation induced by tensile elongation and its effect on the behavior of phase electrochemistry of AISI 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied. The results show that the content of α'-martensite in stainless steel 304 increases with the true strain. As α'-martensite content increased, free corrosion potential and pitting potential of stainless steel 304 in 3.5% NaCl solution appeared the change trend of a minimum. It was also found that pitting nucleated preferentially at the phase interfaces between martensite and austenite. There existed apparent difference between electrochemical properties of austenite and of martensite for stainless steel 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
441-443.
Abstract:
Hydrogen distribution and content in diamond films deposited by DC arcjet under gas recycling mode was evaluated by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). The films were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometry. The NRA results show that the hydrogen content in diamond films was approximately 0.6% (substrate temperature 770℃), and strongly depended on the substrate temperature. It was that the hydrogen content increased with the increase of the substrate temperature. The possibility of hydrogen trapping in the films was also discussed.
Hydrogen distribution and content in diamond films deposited by DC arcjet under gas recycling mode was evaluated by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). The films were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometry. The NRA results show that the hydrogen content in diamond films was approximately 0.6% (substrate temperature 770℃), and strongly depended on the substrate temperature. It was that the hydrogen content increased with the increase of the substrate temperature. The possibility of hydrogen trapping in the films was also discussed.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
444-447.
Abstract:
The bonding of solid steel to liquid aluminum was conducted using rapid solidification. The influence of diffusion time on interfacial shear strength was studied. The results show that when the temperature of aluminum liquid is 700℃ and the preheat temperature of steel plate is 250℃, the relationship between diffusion time (t) and interfacial shear strength (σ) is (σ=15.1+8.14t(037t2 +0.005t3, and the maximum interfacial shear strength is 71.1 MPa.
The bonding of solid steel to liquid aluminum was conducted using rapid solidification. The influence of diffusion time on interfacial shear strength was studied. The results show that when the temperature of aluminum liquid is 700℃ and the preheat temperature of steel plate is 250℃, the relationship between diffusion time (t) and interfacial shear strength (σ) is (σ=15.1+8.14t(037t2 +0.005t3, and the maximum interfacial shear strength is 71.1 MPa.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
448-452.
Abstract:
The comparative study of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 and LiNi0.75Al0.25O2 was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical methods. The results show that Co and Al doping suppress the phase transition during charge-discharge. The experiments indicate that LiNi0.75Al0.25O2 has the better cycle-ability and over-charge resistance comparing with LiNi0.8Co0.2O2. The interfacial behavior was studied by use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that LiNi0.75Al0.25O2 has a slightly larger polarization character than LiNi0.8Co0.2O2.
The comparative study of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 and LiNi0.75Al0.25O2 was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical methods. The results show that Co and Al doping suppress the phase transition during charge-discharge. The experiments indicate that LiNi0.75Al0.25O2 has the better cycle-ability and over-charge resistance comparing with LiNi0.8Co0.2O2. The interfacial behavior was studied by use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that LiNi0.75Al0.25O2 has a slightly larger polarization character than LiNi0.8Co0.2O2.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
453-457.
Abstract:
The growth of {100}-oriented CVD diamond film under two modifications of J-B-H model at low substrate temperatures was simulated by using a revised KMC method at atomic scale,The results were compared both in Cl-containing systems and in C-H system as follows:(1) Substrate temperature can produce an important effect both on film deposition rate and on surface roughness;(2) Aomic Cl takes an active role for the growth of diamond film at low temperatues;(3){100}-oriented diamond film cannot deposit under single carbon insertion mechanism,which disagrees with the predictions before;(4) The explanation of the exact role of atomic Cl is not provided in the simulation results.
The growth of {100}-oriented CVD diamond film under two modifications of J-B-H model at low substrate temperatures was simulated by using a revised KMC method at atomic scale,The results were compared both in Cl-containing systems and in C-H system as follows:(1) Substrate temperature can produce an important effect both on film deposition rate and on surface roughness;(2) Aomic Cl takes an active role for the growth of diamond film at low temperatues;(3){100}-oriented diamond film cannot deposit under single carbon insertion mechanism,which disagrees with the predictions before;(4) The explanation of the exact role of atomic Cl is not provided in the simulation results.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
458-460.
Abstract:
The electrochemical performance of 317L stainless steel used in medicine under different conditions of passivation (different contents of HNO3 solution, different passivation time and different passivation temperatures) was studied. The results show that the pitting potential of 317L stainless steel used in medicine can reach about 1.0 V (SCE) when electrochemically tested in 0.9% NaCl solution after the steel was passivated in 30% HNO3 solution at 35℃ for 6 h, which indicates that the passivation film has a relatively strong resistance to corrosion. The results also show that the corrosion resistance of the passivation film on the surface of 317SS can be increased after suitable amount of K2Cr2O7 is added into HNO3 passivation solution.
The electrochemical performance of 317L stainless steel used in medicine under different conditions of passivation (different contents of HNO3 solution, different passivation time and different passivation temperatures) was studied. The results show that the pitting potential of 317L stainless steel used in medicine can reach about 1.0 V (SCE) when electrochemically tested in 0.9% NaCl solution after the steel was passivated in 30% HNO3 solution at 35℃ for 6 h, which indicates that the passivation film has a relatively strong resistance to corrosion. The results also show that the corrosion resistance of the passivation film on the surface of 317SS can be increased after suitable amount of K2Cr2O7 is added into HNO3 passivation solution.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
461-465.
Abstract:
Inter-diffusion of elements between the tool and the workpiece during the turning of aluminum bronze using high-speed steel and cemented carbide tools have been studied. The tool wear samples were prepared by using M2 high-speed steel and YW1 cemented carbide tools to turn a novel high strength, wear-resistance aluminum bronze without coolant and lubricant. Adhesion of workpiece materials was found on all tools' surface. The diffusion couples made of tool materials and aluminum bronze were prepared to simulate the inter-diffusion during the machining. The results obtained from tool wear samples were compared with those obtained from diffusion couples. Strong inter-diffusion between the tool materials and the aluminum bronze was observed in all samples. It is concluded that diffusion plays a significant role in the tool wear mechanism.
Inter-diffusion of elements between the tool and the workpiece during the turning of aluminum bronze using high-speed steel and cemented carbide tools have been studied. The tool wear samples were prepared by using M2 high-speed steel and YW1 cemented carbide tools to turn a novel high strength, wear-resistance aluminum bronze without coolant and lubricant. Adhesion of workpiece materials was found on all tools' surface. The diffusion couples made of tool materials and aluminum bronze were prepared to simulate the inter-diffusion during the machining. The results obtained from tool wear samples were compared with those obtained from diffusion couples. Strong inter-diffusion between the tool materials and the aluminum bronze was observed in all samples. It is concluded that diffusion plays a significant role in the tool wear mechanism.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
466-469.
Abstract:
The effects of rare earth elements on the microstructure and properties of magnesium alloy AM60B alloy were studied. Different proportions of rare earth elements were added to AM60B and the tensile tests were carried out under different temperatures. The experimental results show that at room temperature the tensile strength of AM60B can be improved with the addition of rare earth elements. The ductility of which at room or elevated temperature (120℃) can also be improved, and the ductility is to some extent in proportion with the amount of rare earth elements. The ductility at 120℃ is better than that at room temperature. The microstructure graphs demonstrate that appropriate amount of rare earth elements (0.1%-0.2%, mass fraction) can fine AM60B's grain and improve its ductility.
The effects of rare earth elements on the microstructure and properties of magnesium alloy AM60B alloy were studied. Different proportions of rare earth elements were added to AM60B and the tensile tests were carried out under different temperatures. The experimental results show that at room temperature the tensile strength of AM60B can be improved with the addition of rare earth elements. The ductility of which at room or elevated temperature (120℃) can also be improved, and the ductility is to some extent in proportion with the amount of rare earth elements. The ductility at 120℃ is better than that at room temperature. The microstructure graphs demonstrate that appropriate amount of rare earth elements (0.1%-0.2%, mass fraction) can fine AM60B's grain and improve its ductility.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
470-473.
Abstract:
In order to avoid such problems as low convergent speed and local optimal solution in simple genetic algorithms, a new hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed. In this algorithm, a mutative scale chaos optimization strategy is operated on the population after a genetic operation. And according to the searching process, the searching space of the optimal variables is gradually diminished and the regulating coefficient of the secondary searching process is gradually changed which will lead to the quick evolution of the population. The algorithm has such advantages as fast search, precise results and convenient using etc. The simulation results show that the performance of the method is better than that of simple genetic algorithms.
In order to avoid such problems as low convergent speed and local optimal solution in simple genetic algorithms, a new hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed. In this algorithm, a mutative scale chaos optimization strategy is operated on the population after a genetic operation. And according to the searching process, the searching space of the optimal variables is gradually diminished and the regulating coefficient of the secondary searching process is gradually changed which will lead to the quick evolution of the population. The algorithm has such advantages as fast search, precise results and convenient using etc. The simulation results show that the performance of the method is better than that of simple genetic algorithms.
2002, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.
474-477.
Abstract:
An approach to traffic engineering that uses differentiated services (DS) and multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) to provide quantitative network quality of service (QoS) guarantees over an IP network was proposed. The traffic associated with assured forwarding (AF) Per-Hop behavior (PHB) in differentiated services enabled IP network was modeled. Furthermore, the effect of such traffic on network resources with the objective of developing efficient traffic engineering methodologies was analyzed and the optimization problem relating to traffic engineering in DS networks with an MPLS core was formulated. The service 收稿日期:by TCP and UDP flows when they share either a link or a MPLS traffic trunk was also compared and found that in order to benefit from traffic engineering, MPLS trunks should be implemented end-end (first router to last router). If some part of the network is MPLS trunk-unaware, the benefits are reduced or eliminated.
An approach to traffic engineering that uses differentiated services (DS) and multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) to provide quantitative network quality of service (QoS) guarantees over an IP network was proposed. The traffic associated with assured forwarding (AF) Per-Hop behavior (PHB) in differentiated services enabled IP network was modeled. Furthermore, the effect of such traffic on network resources with the objective of developing efficient traffic engineering methodologies was analyzed and the optimization problem relating to traffic engineering in DS networks with an MPLS core was formulated. The service 收稿日期:by TCP and UDP flows when they share either a link or a MPLS traffic trunk was also compared and found that in order to benefit from traffic engineering, MPLS trunks should be implemented end-end (first router to last router). If some part of the network is MPLS trunk-unaware, the benefits are reduced or eliminated.
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