Search2013 Vol. 20, No. 2
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2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
113-118.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0701-z
Abstract:
The morphological and mineralogical characterizations of a Chinese oolitic iron ore (Exi deposit) were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in this work. It is shown that the Exi ore is mainly composed of hematite, quartz, apatite, and chlorite. The hematite is present as the oolitic layers and in the spaces between the aggregated ooids; quartz exists as granular particles in the spaces and as nucleuses in ooids; the harmful mineral, apatite, is associated with hematite as the oolitic layers, fine dissemination, granular particles in the spaces, and nucleuses in ooids. From the viewpoint of mineral beneficiation, it is hard to separate apatite and chlorite but easy to separate quartz from hematite in the Exi iron ore in recovering the iron values.
The morphological and mineralogical characterizations of a Chinese oolitic iron ore (Exi deposit) were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in this work. It is shown that the Exi ore is mainly composed of hematite, quartz, apatite, and chlorite. The hematite is present as the oolitic layers and in the spaces between the aggregated ooids; quartz exists as granular particles in the spaces and as nucleuses in ooids; the harmful mineral, apatite, is associated with hematite as the oolitic layers, fine dissemination, granular particles in the spaces, and nucleuses in ooids. From the viewpoint of mineral beneficiation, it is hard to separate apatite and chlorite but easy to separate quartz from hematite in the Exi iron ore in recovering the iron values.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
119-124.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0702-y
Abstract:
Two different types of chalcopyrite (pyritic chalcopyrite and porphyry chalcopyrite) were bioleached with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATF6. The bioleaching of the pyritic chalcopyrite and porphyry chalcopyrite is quite different. The copper extraction reaches 46.96% for the pyritic chalcopyrite after 48-d leaching, but it is only 14.50% for the porphyry chalcopyrite. Proper amounts of initial ferrous ions can improve the efficiency of copper extraction for the two different types of chalcopyrite. The optimum dosage of ferrous ions for the pyritic chalcopyrite and porphyry chalcopyrite is different. The adsorption of ATF6 on the pyritic chalcopyrite and porphyry chalcopyrite was also studied in this paper. It is found that ATF6 is selectively adsorbed by the two different types of chalcopyrite; the higher adsorption onto the pyritic chalcopyrite than the porphyry chalcopyrite leads to the higher copper dissolution rate of the pyritic chalcopyrite. In addition, the zeta-potential of chalcopyrite before and after bioleaching further confirms that ATF6 is more easily adsorbed onto the pyritic chalcopyrite.
Two different types of chalcopyrite (pyritic chalcopyrite and porphyry chalcopyrite) were bioleached with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATF6. The bioleaching of the pyritic chalcopyrite and porphyry chalcopyrite is quite different. The copper extraction reaches 46.96% for the pyritic chalcopyrite after 48-d leaching, but it is only 14.50% for the porphyry chalcopyrite. Proper amounts of initial ferrous ions can improve the efficiency of copper extraction for the two different types of chalcopyrite. The optimum dosage of ferrous ions for the pyritic chalcopyrite and porphyry chalcopyrite is different. The adsorption of ATF6 on the pyritic chalcopyrite and porphyry chalcopyrite was also studied in this paper. It is found that ATF6 is selectively adsorbed by the two different types of chalcopyrite; the higher adsorption onto the pyritic chalcopyrite than the porphyry chalcopyrite leads to the higher copper dissolution rate of the pyritic chalcopyrite. In addition, the zeta-potential of chalcopyrite before and after bioleaching further confirms that ATF6 is more easily adsorbed onto the pyritic chalcopyrite.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
125-130.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0703-x
Abstract:
To investigate the reaction between CO2-CO and wustite using the isotope exchange method at 1073, 1173, 1273, and 1373 K, the experiment apparatus was designed to simulate the fluidized bed. The chemical rate constant was estimated by considering the effect of gas phase mass transfer on the reaction. It is found that the chemical rate constant is inversely decreased with the increase in the ratio of CO2/CO by volume. The activation energy of reaction is in a linear relationship with the ratio of CO2/CO by volume, and the average activation energy is 155.37 kJ/mol.
To investigate the reaction between CO2-CO and wustite using the isotope exchange method at 1073, 1173, 1273, and 1373 K, the experiment apparatus was designed to simulate the fluidized bed. The chemical rate constant was estimated by considering the effect of gas phase mass transfer on the reaction. It is found that the chemical rate constant is inversely decreased with the increase in the ratio of CO2/CO by volume. The activation energy of reaction is in a linear relationship with the ratio of CO2/CO by volume, and the average activation energy is 155.37 kJ/mol.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
131-137.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0704-9
Abstract:
The technical and economical indexes and the physical properties of load reduction sintering processes with the supporting stands of installation at different height levels (300, 350, and 400 mm) in a sintering bed were studied under the same conditions of raw material, bed height, and sintering parameters. Sintering pot tests with different bed heights and fuel ratios of the mixture with or without supporting stands were performed to decrease the fuel consumption. The airflow rate through the sintering bed was measured with an anemoscope fixed on the bed surface to reveal the effects of supporting stands. The utilization of load reduction sintering can improve the permeability of the sintering bed, and the airflow rate through the sintering bed is increased. When the stand height is half of the sintering bed, the productivity increases by 27.9%, and the drum index slightly decreases. Keeping at the same productivity level with normal sintering, the utilization of load reduction sintering can decrease the solid fuel consumption by 9.2%.
The technical and economical indexes and the physical properties of load reduction sintering processes with the supporting stands of installation at different height levels (300, 350, and 400 mm) in a sintering bed were studied under the same conditions of raw material, bed height, and sintering parameters. Sintering pot tests with different bed heights and fuel ratios of the mixture with or without supporting stands were performed to decrease the fuel consumption. The airflow rate through the sintering bed was measured with an anemoscope fixed on the bed surface to reveal the effects of supporting stands. The utilization of load reduction sintering can improve the permeability of the sintering bed, and the airflow rate through the sintering bed is increased. When the stand height is half of the sintering bed, the productivity increases by 27.9%, and the drum index slightly decreases. Keeping at the same productivity level with normal sintering, the utilization of load reduction sintering can decrease the solid fuel consumption by 9.2%.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
138-145.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0705-8
Abstract:
Periodic mould level fluctuation (MLF) during slab casting is a bottleneck for upgrading the surface quality and casting speed especially for hypoperitectic (HP) or ultralow carbon steels. The uneven growth of the initially solidified shell is verified to be one of the important inducements to MLF due to related unsteady bulging in the secondary cooling zone. It is shown that the solidification mode of steels and the contraction behavior can be modified through chemical composition optimization within given composition limits. For high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, the actual peritectic points calculated by Thermo-Calc software may change remarkably with the slight variations of alloying element contents. Accordingly, the narrow limit of chemical composition of HP steels through optimization is proven to be one of the effective factors to control the popular MLF phenomenon during slab casting.
Periodic mould level fluctuation (MLF) during slab casting is a bottleneck for upgrading the surface quality and casting speed especially for hypoperitectic (HP) or ultralow carbon steels. The uneven growth of the initially solidified shell is verified to be one of the important inducements to MLF due to related unsteady bulging in the secondary cooling zone. It is shown that the solidification mode of steels and the contraction behavior can be modified through chemical composition optimization within given composition limits. For high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, the actual peritectic points calculated by Thermo-Calc software may change remarkably with the slight variations of alloying element contents. Accordingly, the narrow limit of chemical composition of HP steels through optimization is proven to be one of the effective factors to control the popular MLF phenomenon during slab casting.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
146-151.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0706-7
Abstract:
A high speed steel (HSS) was studied for rollers in this work. The steel was quenched at 1150℃ and tempered at 520℃. The phase structures of the steel were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the hardness of specimens was measured. The volume fraction of carbides was counted by Image-Pro Plus software. The typical microstructures were observed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Stable and meta-stable carbides were deduced by removing the existing phases one by one in the Fe-C equilibrium calculation. It is found that the precipitated carbides are bulk-like MC, long stripe-like M2C, fishbone-like M6C, and daisy-like M7C3 during the tempering process. The stable carbides are MC and M6C, but the meta-stable ones are M2C, M7C3, and M3C.
A high speed steel (HSS) was studied for rollers in this work. The steel was quenched at 1150℃ and tempered at 520℃. The phase structures of the steel were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the hardness of specimens was measured. The volume fraction of carbides was counted by Image-Pro Plus software. The typical microstructures were observed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Stable and meta-stable carbides were deduced by removing the existing phases one by one in the Fe-C equilibrium calculation. It is found that the precipitated carbides are bulk-like MC, long stripe-like M2C, fishbone-like M6C, and daisy-like M7C3 during the tempering process. The stable carbides are MC and M6C, but the meta-stable ones are M2C, M7C3, and M3C.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
152-159.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0707-6
Abstract:
Despite the importance of aluminum alloys as candidate materials for applications in aerospace and automotive industries, very little work has been published on spark plasma and microwave processing of aluminum alloys. In the present work, the possibility was explored to process Al2124 and Al6061 alloys by spark plasma and microwave sintering techniques, and the microstructures and properties were compared. The alloys were sintered for 20 min at 400, 450, and 500℃. It is found that compared to microwave sintering, spark plasma sintering is an effective way to obtain homogenous, dense, and hard alloys. Fully dense (100%) Al6061 and Al2124 alloys were obtained by spark plasma sintering for 20 min at 450 and 500℃, respectively. Maximum relative densities were achieved for Al6061 (92.52%) and Al2124 (93.52%) alloys by microwave sintering at 500℃ for 20 min. The Vickers microhardness of spark plasma sintered samples increases with the increase of sintering temperature from 400 to 500℃, and reaches the values of Hv 70.16 and Hv 117.10 for Al6061 and Al2124 alloys, respectively. For microwave sintered samples, the microhardness increases with the increase of sintering temperature from 400 to 450℃, and then decreases with the further increase of sintering temperature to 500℃.
Despite the importance of aluminum alloys as candidate materials for applications in aerospace and automotive industries, very little work has been published on spark plasma and microwave processing of aluminum alloys. In the present work, the possibility was explored to process Al2124 and Al6061 alloys by spark plasma and microwave sintering techniques, and the microstructures and properties were compared. The alloys were sintered for 20 min at 400, 450, and 500℃. It is found that compared to microwave sintering, spark plasma sintering is an effective way to obtain homogenous, dense, and hard alloys. Fully dense (100%) Al6061 and Al2124 alloys were obtained by spark plasma sintering for 20 min at 450 and 500℃, respectively. Maximum relative densities were achieved for Al6061 (92.52%) and Al2124 (93.52%) alloys by microwave sintering at 500℃ for 20 min. The Vickers microhardness of spark plasma sintered samples increases with the increase of sintering temperature from 400 to 500℃, and reaches the values of Hv 70.16 and Hv 117.10 for Al6061 and Al2124 alloys, respectively. For microwave sintered samples, the microhardness increases with the increase of sintering temperature from 400 to 450℃, and then decreases with the further increase of sintering temperature to 500℃.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
160-165.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0708-5
Abstract:
Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), as the seminal spintronic devices, are expected for applications in magnetoresistive sensors due to their large magnetoresistance (MR) and high field sensitivity. Two hybrid Co/insulator/ZnO:Co junctions were fabricated with two different barriers to investigate the magneto-transport properties. Experimental results indicate that, both Co/MgO/ZnO:Co and Co/ZnO/ZnO:Co junctions show the positive and nearly linear MR, and their tunnel magnetoresistances (TMR) are 21.8% and 13.6%, respectively, when the current is applied perpendicular to the film plane under the magnetic field of 2 T at 4 K. The nonlinearity of MR is less than 1% within the magnetic field (H) of 1 kOe < H < 12 kOe at low temperature, making them attractive as magnetoresistive sensors. The higher MR of Co/MgO/ZnO:Co junctions is due to the superior spin filtering effect and larger effective barrier height of the MgO barrier. This linear MR characteristic of Co/insulator/ZnO:Co structures shows a promising future on the applications of diluted magnetic semiconductors in magnetoresistive sensors.
Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), as the seminal spintronic devices, are expected for applications in magnetoresistive sensors due to their large magnetoresistance (MR) and high field sensitivity. Two hybrid Co/insulator/ZnO:Co junctions were fabricated with two different barriers to investigate the magneto-transport properties. Experimental results indicate that, both Co/MgO/ZnO:Co and Co/ZnO/ZnO:Co junctions show the positive and nearly linear MR, and their tunnel magnetoresistances (TMR) are 21.8% and 13.6%, respectively, when the current is applied perpendicular to the film plane under the magnetic field of 2 T at 4 K. The nonlinearity of MR is less than 1% within the magnetic field (H) of 1 kOe < H < 12 kOe at low temperature, making them attractive as magnetoresistive sensors. The higher MR of Co/MgO/ZnO:Co junctions is due to the superior spin filtering effect and larger effective barrier height of the MgO barrier. This linear MR characteristic of Co/insulator/ZnO:Co structures shows a promising future on the applications of diluted magnetic semiconductors in magnetoresistive sensors.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
166-171.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0709-4
Abstract:
Cobalt (Co)-doped Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 multiferroics were synthesized by a sol-gel method based on the autocombustion technique. As-synthesized powder was examined using various characterization techniques to explore the effect of Co substitution on the properties of Bi0.9La0.1FeO3. X-ray diffraction reveals that Co-doped Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 preserves the perovskite-type rhombohedral structure of BiFeO3, and the composition without Co preserves the original structure of the phase; however, a second-phase Bi2Fe4O9 has been identified in all other compositions. Surface morphological studies were performed by scanning electron microscopy. Temperature-dependent resistivity of the samples reveals the characteristic insulating behavior of the multiferroic material. The resistivity is found to decrease with the increase both in temperature and Co content. Room temperature frequency-dependent dielectric measurements were also reported. Magnetic measurements show the enhancement in magnetization with the increase in Co content.
Cobalt (Co)-doped Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 multiferroics were synthesized by a sol-gel method based on the autocombustion technique. As-synthesized powder was examined using various characterization techniques to explore the effect of Co substitution on the properties of Bi0.9La0.1FeO3. X-ray diffraction reveals that Co-doped Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 preserves the perovskite-type rhombohedral structure of BiFeO3, and the composition without Co preserves the original structure of the phase; however, a second-phase Bi2Fe4O9 has been identified in all other compositions. Surface morphological studies were performed by scanning electron microscopy. Temperature-dependent resistivity of the samples reveals the characteristic insulating behavior of the multiferroic material. The resistivity is found to decrease with the increase both in temperature and Co content. Room temperature frequency-dependent dielectric measurements were also reported. Magnetic measurements show the enhancement in magnetization with the increase in Co content.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
172-179.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0710-y
Abstract:
Granular activated carbons were produced from palm nut shells by physical activation with steam. The proximate analysis of palm nut shells was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons, produced as a result of shell pyrolysis at 600℃ followed by steam activation at 900℃ in varying activation times, was evaluated using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Applicability of the activated carbons for gold dicyanide adsorption was also investigated. Increasing the activation hold time with the attendant increase in the degree of carbon burn-off results in a progressive increase in the surface area of the activated carbons, reaching a value of 903.1 m2/g after activation for 6 h. The volumes of total pores, micropores, and mesopores in the activated carbons also increase progressively with the increasing degree of carbon burn-off, resulting from increasing the activation hold time. The gold di-cyanide adsorption of the activated carbons increases with the rise of pore volume of the activated carbons. The gold di-cyanide adsorption of palm nut shell activated carbon obtained after 6-h activation at 900℃ is superior to that of a commercial activated carbon used for gold di-cyanide adsorption.
Granular activated carbons were produced from palm nut shells by physical activation with steam. The proximate analysis of palm nut shells was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons, produced as a result of shell pyrolysis at 600℃ followed by steam activation at 900℃ in varying activation times, was evaluated using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Applicability of the activated carbons for gold dicyanide adsorption was also investigated. Increasing the activation hold time with the attendant increase in the degree of carbon burn-off results in a progressive increase in the surface area of the activated carbons, reaching a value of 903.1 m2/g after activation for 6 h. The volumes of total pores, micropores, and mesopores in the activated carbons also increase progressively with the increasing degree of carbon burn-off, resulting from increasing the activation hold time. The gold di-cyanide adsorption of the activated carbons increases with the rise of pore volume of the activated carbons. The gold di-cyanide adsorption of palm nut shell activated carbon obtained after 6-h activation at 900℃ is superior to that of a commercial activated carbon used for gold di-cyanide adsorption.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
180-186.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0711-x
Abstract:
Pure Cu composites reinforced with diamond particles were fabricated by a high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) infiltration technique. Their microstructural evolution and thermal conductivity were presented as a function of sintering parameters (temperature, pressure, and time). The improvement in interfacial bonding strength and the maximum thermal conductivity of 750 W/(m·K) were achieved at the optimal sintering parameters of 1200℃, 6 GPa and 10 min. It is found that the thermal conductivity of the composites depends strongly on sintering pressure. When the sintering pressure is above 6 GPa, the diamond skeleton is detected, which greatly contributes to the excellent thermal conductivity.
Pure Cu composites reinforced with diamond particles were fabricated by a high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) infiltration technique. Their microstructural evolution and thermal conductivity were presented as a function of sintering parameters (temperature, pressure, and time). The improvement in interfacial bonding strength and the maximum thermal conductivity of 750 W/(m·K) were achieved at the optimal sintering parameters of 1200℃, 6 GPa and 10 min. It is found that the thermal conductivity of the composites depends strongly on sintering pressure. When the sintering pressure is above 6 GPa, the diamond skeleton is detected, which greatly contributes to the excellent thermal conductivity.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
187-195.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0712-9
Abstract:
A versatile hydrothermal strategy for the growth of a centimeter-sized CaO/amorphous carbon rope was introduced in this article. It is demonstrated that the centimeter-sized rope is composed of abundant amorphous carbon “belt” and “stick” with small polygonal CaO particles in the size of 3.0–5.0 nm embedded in the “belt” and “stick” framework. With the increase in NaOH amount, polygonal Ca(OH)2 particles in the size of 0.5–3.0 μm are found, instead of the CaO/amorphous carbon rope. This morphology evolution results from the competition of structure-directing and hydrothermal-carbonizing of organic agents during hydrothermal reaction. These results may give good suggestions for the controllable growth of newly unique morphological micro/nano architectures in solution phase reactions.
A versatile hydrothermal strategy for the growth of a centimeter-sized CaO/amorphous carbon rope was introduced in this article. It is demonstrated that the centimeter-sized rope is composed of abundant amorphous carbon “belt” and “stick” with small polygonal CaO particles in the size of 3.0–5.0 nm embedded in the “belt” and “stick” framework. With the increase in NaOH amount, polygonal Ca(OH)2 particles in the size of 0.5–3.0 μm are found, instead of the CaO/amorphous carbon rope. This morphology evolution results from the competition of structure-directing and hydrothermal-carbonizing of organic agents during hydrothermal reaction. These results may give good suggestions for the controllable growth of newly unique morphological micro/nano architectures in solution phase reactions.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
196-204.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0713-8
Abstract:
The deformation and damage behaviors of strain hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) under the uniaxial stress state were investigated in this paper. Two ductile failure-based constitutive models were introduced to describe the uniaxial tension and compression properties of SHCC only using a few parameters. The computation method of model parameters was developed to ease the simulation procedures. Damage evolution of the SHCC was simulated by the formulation of continuum damage mechanics subsequently. The results show that the proposed models fit the stress-strain curves reasonably well, and the damage variables show different growth rules under uniaxial tension and compression. It is concluded that the proposed method can not only simply simulate the constitutive behavior of SHCC with the reasonable accuracy but also capture the characteristic of material degradation.
The deformation and damage behaviors of strain hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) under the uniaxial stress state were investigated in this paper. Two ductile failure-based constitutive models were introduced to describe the uniaxial tension and compression properties of SHCC only using a few parameters. The computation method of model parameters was developed to ease the simulation procedures. Damage evolution of the SHCC was simulated by the formulation of continuum damage mechanics subsequently. The results show that the proposed models fit the stress-strain curves reasonably well, and the damage variables show different growth rules under uniaxial tension and compression. It is concluded that the proposed method can not only simply simulate the constitutive behavior of SHCC with the reasonable accuracy but also capture the characteristic of material degradation.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
205-213.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0714-7
Abstract:
The effect of silica fume on the fresh and hardened properties of fly ash-based self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) was investigated in this paper. The work focused on the concrete mixes with a fixed water-to-geopolymer solid (W/Gs) ratio of 0.33 by mass and a constant total binder content of 400 kg/m3. The mass fractions of silica fume that replaced fly ash in this research were 0wt%, 5wt%, 10wt%, and 15wt%. The workability-related fresh properties of SCGC were assessed through slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box test methods. Hardened concrete tests were limited to compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths, all of which were measured at the age of 1, 7, and 28 d after 48-h oven curing. The results indicate that the addition of silica fume as a partial replacement of fly ash results in the loss of workability; nevertheless, the mechanical properties of hardened SCGC are significantly improved by incorporating silica fume, especially up to 10wt%. Applying this percentage of silica fume results in 4.3% reduction in the slump flow; however, it increases the compressive strength by 6.9%, tensile strength by 12.8% and flexural strength by 11.5%.
The effect of silica fume on the fresh and hardened properties of fly ash-based self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) was investigated in this paper. The work focused on the concrete mixes with a fixed water-to-geopolymer solid (W/Gs) ratio of 0.33 by mass and a constant total binder content of 400 kg/m3. The mass fractions of silica fume that replaced fly ash in this research were 0wt%, 5wt%, 10wt%, and 15wt%. The workability-related fresh properties of SCGC were assessed through slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box test methods. Hardened concrete tests were limited to compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths, all of which were measured at the age of 1, 7, and 28 d after 48-h oven curing. The results indicate that the addition of silica fume as a partial replacement of fly ash results in the loss of workability; nevertheless, the mechanical properties of hardened SCGC are significantly improved by incorporating silica fume, especially up to 10wt%. Applying this percentage of silica fume results in 4.3% reduction in the slump flow; however, it increases the compressive strength by 6.9%, tensile strength by 12.8% and flexural strength by 11.5%.
2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
214-220.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0715-6
Abstract:
The effect of Portland cement (OPC) addition on the properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer pastes was investigated in the paper. OPC partially replaced fly ash (FA) at the dosages of 0, 5%, 10%, and 15% by mass of binder. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions were used as the liquid portion in the mixture: NaOH 10 mol/L, Na2SiO3/NaOH with a mass ratio of 2.0, and alkaline liquid/binder (L/B) with a mass ratio of 0.6. The curing at 60℃ for 24 h was used to accelerate the geopolymerization. The setting time of all fresh pastes, porosity, and compressive strength of the pastes at the stages of 1, 7, 28, and 90 d were tested. The elastic modulus and strain capacity of the pastes at the stage of 7 d were determined. It is revealed that the use of OPC as an additive to replace part of FA results in the decreases in the setting time, porosity, and strain capacity of the paste specimens, while the compressive strength and elastic modulus seem to increase.
The effect of Portland cement (OPC) addition on the properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer pastes was investigated in the paper. OPC partially replaced fly ash (FA) at the dosages of 0, 5%, 10%, and 15% by mass of binder. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions were used as the liquid portion in the mixture: NaOH 10 mol/L, Na2SiO3/NaOH with a mass ratio of 2.0, and alkaline liquid/binder (L/B) with a mass ratio of 0.6. The curing at 60℃ for 24 h was used to accelerate the geopolymerization. The setting time of all fresh pastes, porosity, and compressive strength of the pastes at the stages of 1, 7, 28, and 90 d were tested. The elastic modulus and strain capacity of the pastes at the stage of 7 d were determined. It is revealed that the use of OPC as an additive to replace part of FA results in the decreases in the setting time, porosity, and strain capacity of the paste specimens, while the compressive strength and elastic modulus seem to increase.
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