Mechanical properties and microstructure of 3D-printed high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel fabricated by laser melting deposition

Hui-ping Duan; Xiao Liu; Xian-zhe Ran; Jia Li; Dong Liu

doi:10.1007/s12613-017-1492-4

Volume 24 Issue 9

Sep. 2017

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Research Article

Mechanical properties and microstructure of 3D-printed high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel fabricated by laser melting deposition

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Corresponding author:
Hui-ping Duan E-mail: hpduan@buaa.edu.cn
Received: 5 December 2016; Revised: 27 March 2017; Accepted: 30 March 2017

Abstract

The mechanical properties and microstructure of the 3D-printed high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel fabricated by the laser melting deposition technique was investigated using a material testing machine and electron microscopy. A microstructure investigation revealed that the samples consist of martensite laths, fine dispersed precipitates, and reverted austenite films at the martensite lath boundaries. The precipitates are enriched with Co and Mo. Because the sample tempered at 486℃ has smaller precipitates and a higher number of precipitates per unit area, it exhibits better mechanical properties than the sample tempered at 498℃. Although the 3D-printed samples have the same phase constituents as AerMet 100 steel, the mechanical properties are slightly worse than those of the commercial wrought AerMet 100 steel because of the presence of voids.
- laser deposition;
- high strength steel;
- mechanical properties;
- microstructure

References

[1]	P.M. Machmeier, C.D. Little, M.H. Horowitz, and R.P. Oates, Development of a strong (1650MNm-2 tensile strength) martensitic steel having good fracture toughness, Met. Technol., 6(1979), No. 1, p. 291.
[2]	R. Ayer and P.M. Machmeier, Microstructural basis for the effect of chromium on the strength and toughness of AF1410-based high performance steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 27(1996), No. 9, p. 2510.
[3]	J. Schmidt and F. Haessner, Recovery and recrystallization of high purity lead determined with a low temperature calorimeter, Scripta Metall. Mater., 25(1991), No. 4, p. 969.
[4]	R.M. Hemphill and D.E. Wert, High Strength, High Fracture Toughness Structural Alloy, US Patent, No. 07/475773, 1992.
[5]	G.B. Olson, Genomic materials design:The ferrous frontier, Acta Mater., 61(2013), p. 771.
[6]	R. Ayer and P.M. Machmeier, Transmission electron microscopy examination of hardening and toughening phenomena in Aermet 100, Metall. Trans. A, 24(1993), No. 9, p. 1943.
[7]	R. Ayer and P. Machmeier, On the characteristics of M₂C carbides in the peak hardening regime of AerMet 100 steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 29(1998), No. 3, p. 903.
[8]	Y.J. Zhao, X.P. Ren, W.C. Yang, and Y. Zang, Design of a low-alloy high-strength and high-toughness martensitic steel, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 20(2013), No. 8, p. 733.
[9]	W.E. Frazier, Metal additive manufacturing:a review, J. Mater. Eng. Perform, 23(2014), No. 6, p. 1917.
[10]	Y.Z. Zhang, C. Huang, and R. Vilar, Microstructure and properties of laser direct deposited CuNi17Al3Fe1.5Cr alloy, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 18(2011), No. 3, p. 325.
[11]	M. Yan, S.Q. Zhang, and H.M. Wang, Solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant ultrahigh strength steel AerMet 100 fabricated by laser melting deposition, Acta Metall. Sinica, 43(2007), No. 5, p. 472.
[12]	X.Z. Ran, D. Liu, A. Li, H.M. Wang, H.B. Tang, and X. Cheng, Microstructure characterization and mechanical behavior of laser additive manufactured ultrahigh-strength AerMet100 steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 663(2016), p. 69.
[13]	T. Wang, Y.Y. Zhu, S.Q. Zhang, H.B. Tang, and H.M. Wang, Grain morphology evolution behavior of titanium alloy components during laser melting deposition additive manufacturing, J. Alloys Compd., 632(2015), p. 505.
[14]	C.C. Wang, C. Zhang, and Z.G. Yang, Austenite layer and precipitation in high Co-Ni maraging steel, Micron, 67(2014), p. 112.
[15]	E. Clementi, D.L. Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, Atomic screening constants from SCF Functions. Ⅱ. Atoms with 37 to 86 electrons, J. Chem. Phys., 47(1967), No. 4, p. 1300.
[16]	C.C. Wang, C. Zhang, Z.G. Yang, J. Su, and Y.Q. Weng, Analysis of fracture toughness in high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel using FEM, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 646(2015), p. 1.
[17]	X.H. Shi, W.D. Zeng, Q.Y. Zhao, W.W. Peng, and C. Kang, Study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Aermet 100 steel at the tempering temperature around 482℃, J. Alloy. Compd., 679(2016), p. 184.

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Mechanical properties and microstructure of 3D-printed high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel fabricated by laser melting deposition

Corresponding author:

Hui-ping Duan E-mail: hpduan@buaa.edu.cn

1) School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

2) National Engineering Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing for Large Metallic Components, Beijing 100191, China

3) Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Laser Direct Manufacturing for Large Metallic Component, Beijing 100191, China

Received: 5 December 2016
Revised: 27 March 2017
Accepted: 30 March 2017

Abstract: The mechanical properties and microstructure of the 3D-printed high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel fabricated by the laser melting deposition technique was investigated using a material testing machine and electron microscopy. A microstructure investigation revealed that the samples consist of martensite laths, fine dispersed precipitates, and reverted austenite films at the martensite lath boundaries. The precipitates are enriched with Co and Mo. Because the sample tempered at 486℃ has smaller precipitates and a higher number of precipitates per unit area, it exhibits better mechanical properties than the sample tempered at 498℃. Although the 3D-printed samples have the same phase constituents as AerMet 100 steel, the mechanical properties are slightly worse than those of the commercial wrought AerMet 100 steel because of the presence of voids.

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Reference (17)

[1]	P.M. Machmeier, C.D. Little, M.H. Horowitz, and R.P. Oates, Development of a strong (1650MNm-2 tensile strength) martensitic steel having good fracture toughness, Met. Technol., 6(1979), No. 1, p. 291.
[2]	R. Ayer and P.M. Machmeier, Microstructural basis for the effect of chromium on the strength and toughness of AF1410-based high performance steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 27(1996), No. 9, p. 2510.
[3]	J. Schmidt and F. Haessner, Recovery and recrystallization of high purity lead determined with a low temperature calorimeter, Scripta Metall. Mater., 25(1991), No. 4, p. 969.
[4]	R.M. Hemphill and D.E. Wert, High Strength, High Fracture Toughness Structural Alloy, US Patent, No. 07/475773, 1992.
[5]	G.B. Olson, Genomic materials design:The ferrous frontier, Acta Mater., 61(2013), p. 771.
[6]	R. Ayer and P.M. Machmeier, Transmission electron microscopy examination of hardening and toughening phenomena in Aermet 100, Metall. Trans. A, 24(1993), No. 9, p. 1943.
[7]	R. Ayer and P. Machmeier, On the characteristics of M₂C carbides in the peak hardening regime of AerMet 100 steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 29(1998), No. 3, p. 903.
[8]	Y.J. Zhao, X.P. Ren, W.C. Yang, and Y. Zang, Design of a low-alloy high-strength and high-toughness martensitic steel, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 20(2013), No. 8, p. 733.
[9]	W.E. Frazier, Metal additive manufacturing:a review, J. Mater. Eng. Perform, 23(2014), No. 6, p. 1917.
[10]	Y.Z. Zhang, C. Huang, and R. Vilar, Microstructure and properties of laser direct deposited CuNi17Al3Fe1.5Cr alloy, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 18(2011), No. 3, p. 325.
[11]	M. Yan, S.Q. Zhang, and H.M. Wang, Solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant ultrahigh strength steel AerMet 100 fabricated by laser melting deposition, Acta Metall. Sinica, 43(2007), No. 5, p. 472.
[12]	X.Z. Ran, D. Liu, A. Li, H.M. Wang, H.B. Tang, and X. Cheng, Microstructure characterization and mechanical behavior of laser additive manufactured ultrahigh-strength AerMet100 steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 663(2016), p. 69.
[13]	T. Wang, Y.Y. Zhu, S.Q. Zhang, H.B. Tang, and H.M. Wang, Grain morphology evolution behavior of titanium alloy components during laser melting deposition additive manufacturing, J. Alloys Compd., 632(2015), p. 505.
[14]	C.C. Wang, C. Zhang, and Z.G. Yang, Austenite layer and precipitation in high Co-Ni maraging steel, Micron, 67(2014), p. 112.
[15]	E. Clementi, D.L. Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, Atomic screening constants from SCF Functions. Ⅱ. Atoms with 37 to 86 electrons, J. Chem. Phys., 47(1967), No. 4, p. 1300.
[16]	C.C. Wang, C. Zhang, Z.G. Yang, J. Su, and Y.Q. Weng, Analysis of fracture toughness in high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel using FEM, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 646(2015), p. 1.
[17]	X.H. Shi, W.D. Zeng, Q.Y. Zhao, W.W. Peng, and C. Kang, Study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Aermet 100 steel at the tempering temperature around 482℃, J. Alloy. Compd., 679(2016), p. 184.

Mechanical properties and microstructure of 3D-printed high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel fabricated by laser melting deposition

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