| Cite this article as: |
Zulfiadi Zulhanand Windu Shalat, Evolution of ferronickel particles during the reduction of low-grade saprolitic laterite nickel ore by coal in the temperature range of 900–1250°C with the addition of CaO–CaF2–H3BO3, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 4, pp. 612-620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2025-0
|
Zulfiadi Zulhan E-mail: zulfiadi.zulhan@gmail.com
The method of producing ferronickel at low temperature (1250–1400°C) has been applied since the 1950s at Nippon Yakin Kogyo, Oheyama Works, Japan. Limestone was used as an additive to adjust the slag composition for lowering the slag melting point. The ferronickel product was recovered by means of a magnetic separator from semi-molten slag and metal after water quenching. To increase the efficiency of magnetic separation, a large particle size of ferronickel is desired. Therefore, in this study, the influences of CaO, CaF2, and H3BO3 additives on the evolution of ferronickel particle at ≤1250°C were investigated. The experiments were conducted at 900–1250°C with the addition of CaO, CaF2, and H3BO3. The reduction processes were carried out in a horizontal tube furnace for 2 h under argon atmosphere. At 1250°C, with the CaO addition of 10wt% of the ore weight, ferronickel particles with size of 20 μm were obtained. The ferronickel particle size increased to 165 μm by adding 10wt% CaO and 10wt% CaF2. The addition of boric acid further increased the ferronickel particle size to 376 μm, as shown by the experiments with the addition of 10wt% CaO, 10wt% CaF2, and 10wt% H3BO3.
| [1] |
Team Kalkine, How Is the Nickel Landscape Shaping Up, Kalkine Media, Sydney [2019-11-13]. https://kalkinemedia.com/au/blog/how-is-the-nickel-landscape-shaping-up.
|
| [2] |
U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2019, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington [2019-02-28]. https://doi.org/10.3133/70202434.
|
| [3] |
C.T. Harris, J.G. Peacey, and C.A. Pickles, Thermal upgrading of nickeliferous laterites—A review, [in] J. Liu, J. Peacey, M. Barati, S. Kashani-Nejad, and B. Davis, eds., Pyrometallurgy of Nickel and Cobalt 2009, Proceedings of the 48th Conference on Metallurgists, Ontario, 2009, p. 51.
|
| [4] |
J.C. Dong, Y.G. Wei, S.W. Zhou, B. Li, Y.D. Yang, and A. McLean, The effect of additives on Ni, Fe and Co from nickel laterite ores, JOM, 70(2018), No. 10, p. 2365. doi: 10.1007/s11837-018-3032-8
|
| [5] |
G.H. Li, T.M. Shi, M.J. Rao, T. Jiang, and Y.B. Zhang, Beneficiation of nickeliferous laterite by reduction roasting in the presence of sodium sulfate, Miner. Eng., 32(2012), p. 19. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.03.012
|
| [6] |
D.Q. Zhu, Y. Cui, K. Vining, S. Hapugoda, J. Douglas, J. Pan, and G.L. Zheng, Upgrading low nickel content laterite ores using selective reduction followed by magnetic separation, Int. J. Miner. Process., 106-109(2012), p. 1. doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2012.01.003
|
| [7] |
D.Q. Zhu, L.T. Pan, Z.Q. Guo, J. Pan, and F. Zhang, Utilization of limonitic nickel laterite to produce ferronickel concentrate by the selective reduction–magnetic separation process, Adv. Powder Technol., 30(2019), No. 2, p. 451. doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.11.024
|
| [8] |
R. Elliott, C.A. Pickles, and J. Peacey, Ferronickel particle formation during the carbothermic reduction of a limonitic laterite ore, Miner. Eng., 100(2017), p. 166. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2016.10.020
|
| [9] |
M. Jiang, T.C. Sun, Z.G. Liu, J. Kou, N. Liu, and S.Y. Zhang, Mechanism of sodium sulfate in promoting selective reduction of nickel laterite ore during reduction roasting process, Int. J. Miner. Process., 123(2013), p. 32. doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2013.04.005
|
| [10] |
J. Lu, S.J. Liu, J. Shangguan, W. Du, F. Pan and S. Yang, The effect of sodium sulphate on the hydrogen reduction process of nickel laterite ore, Miner. Eng., 49(2013), p. 154. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.05.023
|
| [11] |
C.T. Harris, J.G. Peacey, and C.A. Pickles, Selective sulphidation and flotation of nickel from a nickeliferous laterite ore, Miner. Eng., 54(2013), p. 21. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.02.016
|
| [12] |
M.J. Rao, G.H. Li, X. Zhang, J. Luo, Z.W. Peng, and T. Jiang, Reductive roasting of nickel laterite ore with sodium sulphate form Fe–Ni production. Part Ⅱ: Phase transformation and grain growth, Sep. Sci. Technol., 51(2016), No. 10, p. 1727. doi: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1166134
|
| [13] |
X.P. Wang, T.C. Sun, C. Chen, and J. Kou, Effects of Na2SO4 on iron and nickel reduction in a high-iron and low-nickel laterite ore, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 25(2018), No. 4, p. 383. doi: 10.1007/s12613-018-1582-y
|
| [14] |
G.J. Chen, J.S. Shiau, S.H. Liu, and W.S. Hwang, Optimal combination of calcination and reduction conditions as well as Na2SO4 additive for carbothermic reduction of limonite ore, Mater. Trans., 57(2016), No. 9, p. 1560. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2016072
|
| [15] |
S.W. Zhou, Y.G. Wei, B. Li, H. Wang, B.Z. Ma, and C.Y. Wang, Chloridization and reduction roasting of high-magnesium low-nickel oxide ore followed by magnetic separation to enrich ferronickel concentrate, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 47(2016), No. 1, p. 145. doi: 10.1007/s11663-015-0478-8
|
| [16] |
Z.Z. Wang, M.S. Chu, Z.G. Liu, H.T. Wang, W. Zhao, and L.H. Gao, Preparing ferro-nickel alloy from low grade laterite nickel ore based on metallized reduction–magnetic separation, Metals, 7(2017), No. 8, p. 313. doi: 10.3390/met7080313
|
| [17] |
T. Watanabe, S. Ono, H. Arai, and T. Matsumori, Direct reduction of garnierite ore for production of ferro-nickel with a rotary kiln at Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Oheyama Works, Int. J. Miner. Process., 19(1987), No. 1-4, p. 173. doi: 10.1016/0301-7516(87)90039-1
|
| [18] |
Y. Kobayashi, H. Todoroki, and H. Tsuji, Melting behavior of siliceous nickel ore in a rotary kiln to produce ferronickel alloys, ISIJ Int., 51(2011), No. 1, p. 35. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.35
|
| [19] |
H. Tsuji, Behavior of reduction and growth of metal in smelting of saprolite Ni-ore in a rotary kiln for production of ferro-nickel alloy, ISIJ Int., 52(2012), No. 6, p. 1000. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.52.1000
|
| [20] |
A.E.M. Warner, C.M. Díaz, A.D. Dalvi, P.J. Mackey, and A.V. Tarasov, JOM world nonferrous smelter survey, Part Ⅲ: Nickel: Laterite, JOM, 58(2006), No. 4, p. 11. doi: 10.1007/s11837-006-0209-3
|
| [21] |
B. Li, H. Wang, and Y.G. Wei, The reduction of nickel from low-grade nickel laterite ore using a solid-state deoxidisation method, Miner. Eng., 24(2011), No. 14, p. 1556. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2011.08.006
|
| [22] |
X.M. Lv, L.W. Wang, Z.X. You, J. Dang, X.W. Lv, G.B. Qiu, and C.G. Bai, Preparation of Ferronickel from Nickel Laterite Ore via Semi-Molten Reduction Followed by Magnetic Separation, [in] Extraction 2018, Cham, 2018, p. 913
|
| [23] |
X.D, Ma, Z.X. Cui, and B.J. Zhao, Efficient utilization of nickel laterite to produce master alloy, JOM, 68(2016), No. 12, p. 3006. doi: 10.1007/s11837-016-2028-5
|
| [24] |
M.H. Morcali, L.T. Khajavi, and D.B. Dreisinger, Extraction of nickel and cobalt from nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore using borax containing slags, Int. J. Miner. Process., 167(2017), p. 27. doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2017.07.012
|
| [25] |
X. Zhang, F.Q. Gu, Z.W. Peng, L.C. Wang, H.M. Tang, M.J. Rao, Y.B. Zhang, G.H. Li, T. Jiang, and Y. Wang, Recovering magnesium from ferronickel slag by vacuum reduction: Thermodynamic analysis and experimental verification, ACS Omega, 4(2019), No. 14, p. 16062. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02262
|
Figures(14) / Tables(6)
Copyright © 2019 Editorial Office of International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 京ICP备13030111号
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
Email:
info@rhhz.net
Search
DownLoad:
