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Volume 30 Issue 3
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Article Contents
Abstract
1.   Introduction
2.   Experimental
3.   Results and discussion
4.   Conclusion
Acknowledgements
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Lianggui Ren, Yiqun Wang, Xin Zhang, Qinchuan He, and Guanglei Wu, Efficient microwave absorption achieved through in situ construction of core–shell CoFe2O4@mesoporous carbon hollow spheres, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 30(2023), No. 3, pp.504-514. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2509-1
Cite this article as: Lianggui Ren, Yiqun Wang, Xin Zhang, Qinchuan He, and Guanglei Wu, Efficient microwave absorption achieved through in situ construction of core–shell CoFe2O4@mesoporous carbon hollow spheres, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 30(2023), No. 3, pp.504-514. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2509-1
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Research Article

Efficient microwave absorption achieved through in situ construction of core–shell CoFe2O4@mesoporous carbon hollow spheres

Author Affilications
  • 1)

    College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

  • 2)

    Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China

  • Corresponding author:

    Yiqun Wang E-mail: wangyiqun17@cdut.edu.cn

    Guanglei Wu E-mail: wuguanglei@qdu.edu.cn, wuguanglei@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

  • Received: 23 January 2022; Revised: 22 April 2022; Accepted: 24 April 2022; Available Online: 28 April 2022
    Graphical Abstract
    • Abstract
  • Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), with good chemical stability and magnetic loss, can be used to prepare composites with a unique structure and high absorption. In this study, CoFe2O4@mesoporous carbon hollow spheres (MCHS) with a core–shell structure were prepared by introducing CoFe2O4 magnetic particles into hollow mesoporous carbon through a simple in situ method. Then, the microwave absorption performance of the CoFe2O4@MCHS composites was investigated. Magnetic and dielectric losses can be effectively coordinated by constructing the porous structure and adjusting the ratio of MCHS and CoFe2O4. Results show that the impedance matching and absorption properties of the CoFe2O4@MCHS composites can be altered by tweaking the mass ratio of MCHS and CoFe2O4. The minimum reflection loss of the CoFe2O4@MCHS composites reaches −29.7 dB at 5.8 GHz. In addition, the effective absorption bandwidth is 3.7 GHz, with the thickness being 2.5 mm. The boosted microwave absorption can be ascribed to the porous core–shell structure and introduction of magnetic particles. The coordination between the microporous morphology and the core–shell structure is conducive to improving the attenuation coefficient and achieving good impedance matching. The porous core–shell structure provides large solid–void and CoFe2O4–C interfaces to induce interfacial polarization and extend the electromagnetic waves’ multiple scattering and reflection. Furthermore, natural resonance, exchange resonance, and eddy current loss work together for the magnetic loss. This method provides a practical solution to prepare core–shell structure microwave absorbents.
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  • The current popularity of wireless communication and digital equipment in microwave frequency brings convenience to people’s daily life. Electromagnetic radiation damages people’s health and affects the normal operation of complex electronic equipment [1–4]. The research of electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption materials is receiving increasing attention. Ideal EMW absorption materials hold the advantages of light weight, thin thickness, broadband and strong absorption characteristics, good thermal stability, and oxidation resistance [5–7]. Satisfying the above conditions, the pursuit of magnetic–dielectric synergistic composites has been a proven strategy for obtaining excellent electromagnetic performance [8].

    Given its high conductivity, high dielectric loss capacity, and low density, carbon has become a representative of light electromagnetic absorption materials. Relative materials (1D carbon fibers [9], 2D graphene [10–11], 3D carbon foam [12], porous carbon [13], and carbon microspheres [2,14]) were developed and widely used in EMW absorption field [15]. At present, dielectric and magnetic losses synergistically comprise the electromagnetic loss mechanism of electromagnetic absorption materials [16]. With high dielectric loss, single-component carbon materials have poor impedance matching and attenuation properties [17]. Porous carbon is receiving increasing attention for its excellent electrical conductivity, high adsorption, large specific surface area, low density, and resistance to water vapor. In specific, porous materials with macropores, mesopores, and micropores are deemed effective because they have several gas–solid interfaces and thus can be considered as mixtures of solid and air. In general, the presence of mesopores and micropores can reduce the dielectric constant and improve impedance matching, making room for incident EMW and EMW energy loss in the absorber. Therefore, EMW porous composites combining multiple mechanisms have drawn considerable attention from researchers. In particular, an approach for synthesizing porous composites with two mechanisms is valuable.

    A general strategy to improve the magnetic permeability and EMW absorption performance of carbon-based EMW absorbers is the introduction of magnetic particles into the carbon material. Magnetic nanoparticles, such as magnetic metals, oxides, sulfides, perovskites, and spinel ferrites (such as Ni [18], Co3O4 [19], FeS2 [20], BaTiO3 [21], and ZnFe2O4 [6]), have been compounded with carbon materials. The obtained carbon/magnetic composites can reduce material density and improve thermal stability [22–25]. The impedance mismatch caused by a single dielectric loss can be improved by introducing magnetic loss. In addition, the interfacial polarization caused by heterogeneous interfaces between different components accelerates EMW loss [26]. Du et al. [27] employed a painless method to synthesize the Fe3O4-decorated graphene hydrothermally. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of the composites reached −34.4 and −37.5 dB, with the absorber thickness being 1.6 and 6.5 mm and the matching effective absorption band (EAB) being 3.8 and 1.9 GHz, respectively. With high complex permeability (μr) and small complex permittivity (εr) values at low frequency (f) (f < 1 GHz), ferrite shows a great prospect for practical applications as a matching material. Accordingly, many researchers have studied carbon/magnetic composites. In addition, Fu et al. [28] synthesized CoFe2O4 hollow sphere/graphene composites, providing a novel thread by combining meteorological diffusion and calcination at 550°C. The composites attained an RLmin of −18.5 dB (with the coating thickness being 2 mm and the microwave frequency being 12.9 GHz), and the corresponding EAB was 3.7 GHz. The composite’s permeability and permittivity of porous carbon materials and ferrite can be tuned to optimize the design of new composite materials with high EMW absorption capability.

    The high EMW absorption performance of absorbers is largely determined by electromagnetic parameters, impedance matching, and attenuation characteristics, which are closely related to the microstructure of the materials [23,29–31]. Different methods can be used to construct lamellar, core–shell, porous, flower-like, or foam microstructure, which can form multilevel heterogeneous interfaces to improve multiple polarization relaxation. Meanwhile, bountiful reflection interfaces and profuse internal transmission channels for the incident EMW are generated [32]. The core–shell structure attracts great attention because of its capacity to reduce absorber density, improve chemical stability, and increase specific surface area. Importantly, the core–shell structure not only provides a new microwave loss approach but also easily produces a magnetic–dielectric synergistic effect to achieve a strong EMW absorption capacity [33]. Zhang et al. [34] employed a simple hydrothermal method to prepare core–shell carbon spheres (CS)/MoS2 composites, which obtained a wide EAB of 6.2 GHz (11.8–18 GHz) and a thickness of 1.6 mm. The excellent absorption performance is attributed to the core–shell structure formed by the combination of CS and MoS2 and the multiple reflection and refraction between the interfaces attenuating EMWs. The Ni/Al2O3/CNC composites reached RLmax of −14.7 dB when the microwave frequency was 13.5 GHz, and the matching EAB was 3.6 GHz, with the coating thickness being 1.5 mm [35]. Dai et al. [33] used alkaline hydrothermal etching to prepare CIP@void@NC microspheres with a yolk–shell structure. Multiple heterogeneous interfaces between CIP, NC, and the air introduce multiple interfacial polarization, which is conducive to enhancing polarization loss. With the RLmax being −25.7 dB and the coating thickness being only 1.7 mm, the EAB of CIP@void@NC can reach 6.9 GHz, which is obviously better than that of CIP@NC. Therefore, the core–shell structure provides a new strategy to solve many defects of absorbing materials and obtain high absorption performance. To the best of our knowledge, the microwave absorption properties of CoFe2O4-modified core–shell microspheres are rarely reported.

    Herein, mesoporous hollow carbon microspheres were synthesized through self-assembly, and CoFe2O4 particles were produced within the CS through in situ preparation to obtain core–shell CoFe2O4@MCHS composites. The dielectric characteristics and impedance matching can be modulated by varying Co/MCHS content. The unique core–shell structure, 3D connected network, and synergistic magnetic–dielectric loss are all conducive to electromagnetic energy attenuation. The results of this study provide a feasible synthetic method for the fabrication of core–shell EMW absorption materials.

    2.1   Materials

    Resorcinol, formaldehyde (37wt%), tetrapropyl orthosilicate (TPOS), absolute ethanol (EtOH), hydrofluoric acid (HF, 25wt%), concentrated aqueous ammonia solution (NH3·H2O, 25wt%), ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2·6H2O), ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4), and ethylene glycol (CH2(OH)2) were purchased. Deionized water was used for all experiments. All reagents were of analytical grade and used without further purification.

    2.2   Characterization

    The as-prepared products were analyzed through powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) under XRD-7000X Cu-Kα radiation. The chemical states of the nanostructure were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA PHI 5400). The bonding states of carbon atoms in the nanostructures were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy (Nicolet Almega spectrometer). The magnetostatic characteristics of the samples were characterized using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, Lake Shore 7,304). Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, Hitachi S4800, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Fei Tecnai G2 F20) were used to observe the morphology of the samples. CoFe2O4@MCHS nanocomposites and paraffin were mixed uniformly at a certain mass ratio of 6:4 and compressed into a ring with an outer diameter of 7.00 mm, an inner diameter of 3.04 mm, and a height of approximately 2.40 mm. An Agilent N5234A vector network analyzer system was used to characterize the electromagnetic parameters in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz.

    2.3   Preparation of mesoporous carbon hollow spheres (MCHS)

    For the synthesis of MCHS, TPOS (3.46 mL, 12 mmol) was added to a solution containing ethanol (70 mL), H2O (10 mL), and NH3·H2O (3 mL, 25wt%) and then stirred at room temperature. After 15 min, the solution was mixed with resorcinol (0.4 g) and formaldehyde (0.56 mL, 37wt%) (RF) with stirring for 24 h. The precipitates were separated via centrifugation, washed with water and ethanol, and then dried at 50°C overnight (Step I). The substance obtained was placed in N2 for 5 h at 700°C and then subjected to carbonization. The silica was removed with 5wt% HF (Step II) to obtain the mesoporous porous hollow CS.

    2.4   Synthesis of CoFe2O4@MCHS composites

    In brief, 4 mmol of FeCl3·6H2O, 2 mmol of CoCl2·6H2O, and 30 mmol of CH3COONH4 were dissolved in 60 mL of ethylene glycol and then stirred for 1 h at room temperature. Then, the solution was added with 50 mg of MCHS. The solution was transferred into a Teflon-lined autoclave and then maintained at 180°C for 24 h. Finally, the Co2Fe2O4@MCHS products were separated via centrifugation, washed with water and ethanol, and then vacuum dried at 60°C for 12 h (Step III). The composites obtained are named “CFO@C-1,” “CFO@C-2,” and “CFO@C-3” according to the MCHS amounts of 50, 100, and 150 mg, respectively. The detailed experimental process is shown in Fig. 1.

    Fig. 1.  Synthesis of CoFe2O4@MCHS.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    3.1   Characterization of CoFe2O4@MCHS composites

    The crystalline structures of the synthesized CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4@MCHS were analyzed using XRD. As shown in Fig. 2(a), a few sharp diffraction peaks emerged at 30.1°, 35.4°, 43.1°, 57.0°, and 62.6°, which corresponded to the (220), (311), (400), (511), and (440) crystal planes of CoFe2O4 (JCPDS: 22-1086). This result verified the existence of CoFe2O4. XPS was conducted to analyze the chemical states of CoFe2O4@MCHS. As shown in Fig. 2(b), the signal peaks of Co, Fe, C, and O were detected using full-scan XPS. The peaks at 285, 533, and 781 eV indicate the presence of C, O, and Co, respectively. The peaks at 725 and 711 eV indicated the presence of Fe. The high-resolution Co 2p spectra of CoFe2O4@MCHS display two peaks at 796.00 and 780.93 eV, consistent with the two core energy levels of Co 2p1/2 and Co 2p3/2, respectively. In addition, this result agrees with the previous reports of CoFe2O4 that Co exists in the state of Co2+ in CoFe2O4 (Fig. 2(c)) [36]. Two strong peaks with binding energies of 725.02 and 711.42 eV were caused by Fe 2p1/2 and Fe 2p3/2, respectively [37]. The decomposition peaks at 712.30 and 710.60 eV corresponded to Fe3+ and Fe2+, respectively (Fig. 2(d)). The existence of Fe3+ may be linked with the slight oxidation on the surface of CoFe2O4. The three fitting peaks of O 1s were 530.43, 532.42, and 533.89 eV, representing C=O, C–O, and O–C=O, respectively [38]. Lattice oxygen further proved the successful synthesis of CoFe2O4, and the oxygen-containing functional groups were possibly derived from the solvent of H2O and ethanol in the hydrothermal reaction. C 1s exhibited three peaks at 289.23, 286.62, and 285.10 eV, which corresponded to –COOR, C=O, and C–O groups, respectively (Fig. 2(e) and (f)). XPS further proved that CoFe2O4 and carbon shell were successfully synthesized, which are consistent with the XRD spectra.

    Fig. 2.  (a) XRD patterns and (b–f) XPS survey curves of CoFe2O4@MCHS.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Raman spectroscopy was adopted to investigate the bonding states and defects of carbon atoms in CoFe2O4@MCHS. As shown in Fig. 3(a), two signal peaks emerged at ~1340 cm−1 (D-band) and ~1580 cm−1 (G-band) [39–40]. The strength ratio of ID/IG is closely linked to and thus demonstrates the defect density properly [41]. The ID/IG values of CFO@C-1, CFO@C-2, and CFO@C-3 were 1.00, 0.96, and 0.96, respectively, indicating that the CoFe2O4@MCHS composites had many defects. The magnetic loss characteristics influence EMW absorption performance. VSM was employed to measure the static magnetic properties of CFO@C-1, CFO@C-2, and CFO@C-3 at 25°C. A high initial permeability (μi) generally indicates a good magnetic loss capacity, and its relationship with saturation magnetization (MS) and coercivity (HC) can be expressed by [42]

    Fig. 3.  (a) Raman spectra of CoFe2O4@MCHS and (b) magnetic hysteresis loops of CoFe2O4@MCHS.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
    μi=M2SakHCMS+bλζ (1)

    where k and λ are the magnetostrictive constant and wavelength of incident wave, ζ is an elastic strain parameter of the crystal, a and b are the constants connected with the contents of the material, respectively. High MS and relatively low HC are beneficial to improve the initial permeability and thus boost EMW absorption performance [43–44]. As shown in Fig. 3(b), the obvious hysteresis loops of CFO@C-1, CFO@C-2, and CFO@C-3 confirmed the ferromagnetism of the materials. MS of CFO@C-1, CFO@C-2, and CFO@C-3 were 34.35, 3.11, and 94.33 emu·g−1, respectively, and their HC values were 464.6, 290.0, and 373.8 Oe, respectively. Moreover, the HC values are inseparable from defects and grain size. The CoFe2O4@MCHS samples showed certain hysteresis loops, thus providing the magnetic hysteresis loss to weaken the EMW. The magnetic saturation intensity shown by CFO@C-2 was 3.11 emu·g−1, indicating weak ferromagnetic properties. This finding may be attributed to the fact that the introduction of CoFe2O4 destroys the pore structure of MCHS, resulting in the surface tilt spin and the fracture of exchange bonds on the nanoparticle surface, making magnetization saturation difficult to achieve.

    The morphologies of MCHS and CoFe2O4@MCHS were observed via SEM. As shown in Fig. 4, the morphology of CoFe2O4@MCHS remained unchanged after introducing a magnetic core into MCHS. Moreover, both exhibited monodisperse spherical structure and uniform particle size distribution. This finding proves that the introduction of the magnetic core is not related to the nanostructure of the carbon shell. The formation of the rough surface can be ascribed to the destruction of the pore structure caused by the introduction of CoFe2O4. In addition, the dispersion, particle size, and pore size of CoFe2O4@MCHS were closely related to the ethyl alcohol/water volume ratio (Fig. S1). TEM images further prove the microstructure of CoFe2O4@MCHS. Fig. 4 presents the material’s core–shell porous structure distinctly. The uniform mesoporous shells, uniform radial pores, and crystal nuclei can be observed (the average microsphere diameter was 433 nm, and the shell thickness was 74 nm). The element maps show that C, Fe, and Co were evenly distributed in the shell (Fig. 4(g–j)). Energy dispersive spectroscopy was conducted to verify the existence of O, C, Co, and Fe, with atomic ratios of 4.13%, 95.78%, 0.02%, and 0.06%, respectively (Fig. 4(f)).

    Fig. 4.  SEM images of (a, b) MCHS and (c) CoFe2O4@MCHS. (d, e) TEM images of CoFe2O4@MCHS. (f) EDS maps of the selected area, EDX element maps of (g) C, (h) O, (i) Fe, and (j) Co of CoFe2O4@MCHS.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    3.2   EMW absorption properties

    Considering Maxwell’s equation, the electromagnetic parameters of microwave absorbers contribute to the absorption performance of EMW [45–46]. The electromagnetic parameters of CoFe2O4@MCHS at 2–18 GHz are depicted in Fig. 5. The real part of permittivity (ε′) and the imaginary part of permittivity (ε″) curves of CoFe2O4@MCHS similarly decreased from 2 to 18 GHz and fluctuated apparently at high frequencies (Fig. 5(a) and (b)). The delayed dipole polarization in the high-frequency alternating electric field contributed to the decreasing trend, exemplifying typical dielectric response properties [47]. The different ratios of MCHS and CoFe2O4 resulted in different dielectric properties. CFO@C-3 had the highest values of ε′ (8.30–5.50) and ε″ (3.06–1.68), indicating that this sample had the largest electrical energy storage capacity and electrical energy loss capacity. As shown in Fig. 5(c) and (d), the real part of permeability (μ′) and imaginary part of permeability (μ″) of CoFe2O4@MCHS were all small throughout the 2–18 GHz range, indicated weak magnetic energy storage and loss. The value of tanδε was higher than that of tanδμ (Fig. 5(e) and (f)), verifying the decisive role of dielectric loss on the EMW absorption characteristics of CoFe2O4@MCHS. The dielectric properties of CoFe2O4@MCHS varied with the ratio of CoFe2O4 and MCHS. Therefore, the dielectric loss of CoFe2O4@MCHS can be changed to improve the absorption performance.

    Fig. 5.  Electromagnetic parameters of CoFe2O4@MCHS composites: (a) ε′; (b) ε″; (c) μ′ ; (d) μ″; (e) tanδε; (f) tanδμ .
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    The dielectric loss mechanism of CoFe2O4@MCHS was further explained by the Debye relaxation model. In accordance with the Debye relaxation theory, the Cole–Cole equation is given by [48]

    (ε′−εs+ε∞2)2+(ε″ (2)

    where εs and ε∞ represent permittivity at rest and permittivity at “infinite” high frequency, respectively. This equation reveals the relation between ε′ and ε″. Fig. 6 illustrates the Cole–Cole curves made according to this equation. Each semicircle represents the Debye relaxation of the corresponding situation. The long straight smooth tail represents an excellent conductive loss [49–50]. In the two polarization losses above, the Debye relaxation polarization was contributed by a large number of polarization centers consisting of interfaces, functional groups, and defects between the CoFe2O4 core and the carbon shell. In addition, the conductive loss was mainly caused by the conductive network formed by the carbon shell.

    Fig. 6.  Cole–Cole semicircles of (a) CFO@C-1, (b) CFO@C-2, and (c) CFO@C-3; (d) C0–f curves of three types of CoFe2O4@MCHS.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Another factor that largely contributed to the outstanding microwave absorption performance was the magnetic loss. Magnetic loss is mainly derived from natural ferromagnetic resonances, exchange resonances, and eddy current loss [51]. The eddy current loss of which is depicted as follows: C0 = μ″(μ′)−2f−1. As shown in Fig. 6(d), C0 was relatively static throughout the ranges of 13–18 and 4.0–7.0 GHz and fluctuated in the other ranges. Thus, eddy current loss occurred at 13–18 and 4.0–7.0 GHz, natural resonance at 2.0–4.0 GHz, and exchange resonance at 7.0–13 GHz. It reinforced that the material’s magnetic and dielectric losses contributed greatly to the microwave absorption performance.

    For the convenience of interpreting the EMW dissipation properties, the RL was assessed at different thicknesses in accordance with the transmission line theory, manifested by the following equation [52–53]:

    {Z}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}={Z}_{0}\sqrt{\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}}{{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{r}}}}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{h}\left[\mathrm{j}\Bigg(\frac{2\text{π} fd}{c}\Bigg)\sqrt{{\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{r}}}\right] (3)
    \mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}=-20\mathrm{lg}\left|\frac{{Z}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}-{Z}_{0}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}+{Z}_{0}}\right| (4)

    where Z0 is the intrinsic impedance of free space, Zin the input impedance of the absorber, c the velocity of light, d the thickness of the samples, f the frequency, εr the relative complex dielectric constant, j the imaginary unit, and μr the relative permeability [54].

    Fig. 7 presents the 2D and 3D visual images of RL values according to the equation. The RLmin values of CFO@C-1 and CFO@C-2 reached −18.8 and −17.2 dB at the thickness of 4.9 mm. Fig. 7(e) and (f) reveals that the RLmin value of CFO@C-3 at 5.8 GHz was −29.7 dB, with a corresponding EAB of 2.4 GHz at 5.0 mm. At the thickness of 2.5 mm, the matching maximum EAB was 3.7 GHz (11.2–14.9 GHz), indicating that CFO@C-3 obtained the strongest EMW absorption performance among the CoFe2O4@MCHS samples. These results indicated that the EMW absorption capacity of CoFe2O4@MCHS was successfully adjusted by the ratio of CS and cobalt ferrite. A quarter-wavelength model (λ/4) shows that the microwave can dissipate at the interface of the absorber because of the electromagnetic canceling effect. Therefore, this model is used to analyze the effect of absorber thickness on the matching frequency position of its strongest absorption peak. With the increase in absorber thickness, the position of the strongest absorption peak was inversely proportional to the frequency (Fig. 8(a) and (b)). The relationship between d and matched frequency (ƒm) of the CoFe2O4@MCHS conformed to the λ/4 model.

    Fig. 7.  2D and 3D RL values within 2–18 GHz of (a, b) CFO@C-1, (c, d) CFO@C-2, and (e, f) CFO@C-3.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
    Fig. 8.  (a) RL value of CFO@C-3 with different thicknesses and (b) simulation matching thickness versus peak frequency under the λ /4 model (d), (c) attenuation constants (α), and (d) impedance matching (Z) at the optimum thickness of 5 mm.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Several factors, such as attenuation coefficient (α) and impedance matching (Z), affect EMW absorbing composites. α and Z can be calculated using the following formulas [55–59]:

    \begin{aligned}[b] & \alpha =\frac{\sqrt{2}\text{π} f}{c}\times \\ & \quad \sqrt{\left({\mu }{''}{\varepsilon }{''}-{\mu }{'}{\varepsilon }{'}\right)+\sqrt{{\left({\mu }{''}{\varepsilon }{''}-{\mu }{'}{\varepsilon }{'}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\mu }{'}{\varepsilon }{''}+{\mu }{''}{\varepsilon }{'}\right)}^{2}}} \end{aligned} (5)

    The α of CoFe2O4@MCHS embodies a surging trend with a relatively high cardinality in the range of 2–18 GHz. The highest α of CFO@C-3 exhibited its best EMW attenuation capability (Fig. 8(c)), indicating that the sample can attenuate more EMW. The impedance matching (Z = |Zin − Z0|) is the other factor affecting EMW absorption properties [60–64]. The closer Z is to 1, the less EMW reflects from the absorption material’s interfaces. Compared with CFO@C-1 and CFO@C-2, CFO@C-3 had the Z value closest to 1, especially when the frequency was at 4.0–6.3 GHz (Fig. 8(d)). In this case, a higher percentage of EMW can enter CFO@C-3 and be lost. The superb attenuation constant of CFO@C-3 and its optimal impedance matching facilitated the excellent EMW absorption performance.

    CoFe2O4@MCHS has a core–shell structure. The CoFe2O4@MCHS samples have a large number of solid–air interfaces existing between the mesopores and carbon shell, as well as between the CoFe2O4 core and carbon shell. Therefore, these samples can be considered solid-porous composites. The Maxwell–Garnett theory is often used to explain the relationship between EMW dissipation and porosity. It can be expressed by the following formula [65–70]:

    {\varepsilon }_{\text{eff}}^{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{G}}={\varepsilon }_{1}\frac{\left({\varepsilon }_{2}+2{\varepsilon }_{1}\right)+2v\left({\varepsilon }_{2}-{\varepsilon }_{1}\right)}{\left({\varepsilon }_{2}+2{\varepsilon }_{1}\right)-v\left({\varepsilon }_{2}-{\varepsilon }_{1}\right)} (6)

    where {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}^{\mathrm{{\rm M}}\mathrm{G}} symbolizes the effective dielectric constant, ε1 and ε2 are dielectric constants of solids and voids, respectively. In light of the effective medium theory, the core–shell structure can be taken as an effective medium. Therefore, CoFe2O4@MCHS can be regarded as an effective medium. The porous core–shell structure will be beneficial to EMW absorption performance.

    Fig. 9 shows the possible EMW absorption process for elucidating the microwave absorption mechanism. First, the porous core–shell CoFe2O4@MCHS features a vast surface area, adjustable cavity size, low density, and light weight. Given its strong dielectric and magnetic losses, CoFe2O4@MCHS shows an excellent electromagnetic response. The coordination between the microporous morphology and the core–shell structure is conducive to improving the attenuation coefficient and achieving good impedance matching, giving rise to the efficient absorption of EMW. Second, the porous core–shell structure provides large solid–void and CoFe2O4–C interfaces to induce interfacial polarization and extend the multiple scattering and reflection of EMW. Then, several interfaces, functional groups, and defects in CoFe2O4@MCHS with porous core–shell structure as polarization centers achieve good polarization loss. The electron migration and shift under alternating electric fields contribute to the conduction loss. Moreover, conduction and polarization losses work together to achieve a good dielectric loss. Furthermore, natural resonance, exchange resonance, and eddy current loss work together for the magnetic loss.

    Fig. 9.  Schematic of EMW dissipation mechanism of CoFe2O4@MCHS.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Porous hollow CoFe2O4@MCHS composites with a core–shell structure were successfully fabricated by introducing CoFe2O4 magnetic particles into the hollow mesoporous carbon material through a simple in situ preparation method. The CoFe2O4@MCHS composites showed excellent homogeneity, rich interfaces, and special mesoporous structure. The strongest EMW absorption performance of CoFe2O4@MCHS showed an RLmin of −29.7 GHz at 5.8 GHz, with a corresponding EAB of 2.4 GHz and thickness of 5 mm. The CoFe2O4@MCHS composites obtained good impedance matching and electromagnetic energy dissipation capacity after the ratio of MCHS and CoFe2O4 was tuned. In conclusion, this work provides new inspiration and perspectives for a new type of EMW absorbing material.

    This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51407134), the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (No. 2021108), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2019YQ24), the Taishan Scholars and Young Experts Program of Shandong Province (No. tsqn202103057), and the Qingchuang Talents Induction Program of Shandong Higher Education Institution.

    The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.

    The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2509-1.

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