Cite this article as: |
Junping Shen, Chang Liu, Muhammad Dilawer Hayat, Jianan Chen, Hanqing Tian, Fusheng Xin, Gang Chen, Fei Yang, Mingli Qin, and Xuanhui Qu, Oxygen variation in titanium powder and metal injection molding, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 31(2024), No. 12, pp. 2706-2713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2970-0 |
Gang Chen E-mail: gche098@ustb.edu.cn
[1] |
W.S. Lee and C.F. Lin, Plastic deformation and fracture behaviour of Ti–6Al–4V alloy loaded with high strain rate under various temperatures, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 241(1998), No. 1-2, p. 48. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00471-1
|
[2] |
X.W. Ji, P.T. Liu, J.C. Tang, et al., Different antibacterial mechanisms of titania nanotube arrays at various growth phases of E. coli, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 31(2021), No. 12, p. 3821. doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65767-9
|
[3] |
J.P. Zheng, L.J. Chen, D.Y. Chen, C.S. Shao, M.F. Yi, and B. Zhang, Effects of pore size and porosity of surface-modified porous titanium implants on bone tissue ingrowth, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 29(2019), No. 12, p. 2534. doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(19)65161-7
|
[4] |
G.Z. Qiu and Y.F. Guo, Current situation and development trend of titanium metal industry in China, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 4, p. 599. doi: 10.1007/s12613-022-2455-y
|
[5] |
G.C. Obasi, O.M. Ferri, T. Ebel, and R. Bormann, Influence of processing parameters on mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy fabricated by MIM, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527(2010), No. 16-17, p. 3929. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.02.070
|
[6] |
S. Sun, M. Brandt, and M.S. Dargusch, Characteristics of cutting forces and chip formation in machining of titanium alloys, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., 49(2009), No. 7-8, p. 561. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2009.02.008
|
[7] |
Y. Gao, C. Zhang, J.Z. Zhang, and X. Lu, Microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanism of high-performance powder metallurgy TA15 titanium alloy by hot rolling, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 31(2024), No. 6, p. 1426. doi: 10.1007/s12613-023-2809-0
|
[8] |
L. Lan, R.Y. Xin, X.Y. Jin, S. Gao and B. He, Influence of multiple laser shock peening treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy fabricated by electron beam melting, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 29(2022), No. 9, p. 1780. doi: 10.1007/s12613-021-2322-2
|
[9] |
F.H.S. Froes, Advances in titanium metal injection molding, Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 46(2007), No. 5, p. 303.
|
[10] |
R.M. German, Progress in titanium metal powder injection molding, Materials, 6(2013), No. 8, p. 3641. doi: 10.3390/ma6083641
|
[11] |
A. Dehghan-Manshadi, M. Bermingham, M.S. Dargusch, D.H. StJohn, and M. Qian, Metal injection moulding of titanium and titanium alloys: Challenges and recent development, Powder Technol., 319(2017), p. 289. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.06.053
|
[12] |
E. Ergül, H. Özkan Gülsoy, and V. Günay, Effect of sintering parameters on mechanical properties of injection moulded Ti–6Al–4V alloys, Powder Metall., 52(2009), No. 1, p. 65. doi: 10.1179/174329008X271691
|
[13] |
L. Liu, X.D. Wang, X. Li, X.T. Qi, and X.H. Qu, Effects of size reduction on deformation, microstructure, and surface roughness of micro components for micro metal injection molding, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 24(2017), No. 9, p. 1021. doi: 10.1007/s12613-017-1491-5
|
[14] |
S. Virdhian, T. Osada, H.G. Kang, F. Tsumori, and H. Miura, Evaluation and analysis of distortion of complex shaped Ti–6Al–4V compacts by metal injection molding process, Key Eng. Mater., 520(2012), p. 187. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.520.187
|
[15] |
Y.J. Liu, Y. Pan, J.Z. Sun, et al., Metal injection molding of high-performance Ti composite using hydride-dehydride (HDH) powder, J. Manuf. Process., 89(2023), p. 328. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.01.064
|
[16] |
X.M. Gan, S.F. Li, S.Y. Xiao, and Y.F. Yang, Integrated high-performance and accurate shaping technology of low-cost powder metallurgy titanium alloys: A comprehensive review, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 31(2024), No. 3, p. 413. doi: 10.1007/s12613-023-2774-7
|
[17] |
H. Conrad, Effect of interstitial solutes on the strength and ductility of titanium, Prog. Mater. Sci., 26(1981), No. 2-4, p. 123. doi: 10.1016/0079-6425(81)90001-3
|
[18] |
T. Ebel, O. Milagres Ferri, W. Limberg, M. Oehring, F. Pyczak, and F.P. Schimansky, Metal injection moulding of titanium and titanium-aluminides, Key Eng. Mater., 520(2012), p. 153. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.520.153
|
[19] |
H. Wang, Q. Chao, X.Y. Cui, et al., Introducing C phase in additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V: A new oxygen-stabilized face-centred cubic solid solution with improved mechanical properties, Mater. Today, 61(2022), p. 11. doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2022.10.026
|
[20] |
M. Yan, M.S. Dargusch, T. Ebel, and M. Qian, A transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional atom probe study of the oxygen-induced fine microstructural features in as-sintered Ti–6Al–4V and their impacts on ductility, Acta Mater., 68(2014), p. 196. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.01.015
|
[21] |
A. Amherd Hidalgo, T. Ebel, R. Frykholm, E. Carreño-Morelli, and F. Pyczak, High-oxygen MIM Ti–6Al–7Nb: Microstructure, tensile and fatigue properties, Mater. Today Commun., 34(2023), art. No. 104982. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104982
|
[22] |
S. Banerjee and C.J. Joens, Sintering powder metal injection molded (MIM) titanium alloys: In vacuum or argon?, Key Eng. Mater., 704(2016), p. 113. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.704.113
|
[23] |
F.S. Xin, W.W. Ding, Q.Y. Tao, et al., Effect and evolution of oxide film in the HDH-Ti powder surface on densification behavior during sintering, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 53(2022), No. 4, p. 1164. doi: 10.1007/s11661-022-06598-1
|
[24] |
Q.Y. Tao, Z.W. Wang, G. Chen, et al., Selective laser melting of CP-Ti to overcome the low cost and high performance trade-off, Addit. Manuf., 34(2020), art. No. 101198.
|
[25] |
Q.Y. Tao, W.W. Ding, G. Chen, X.H. Qu, and M.L. Qin, Towards an atomic-scale understanding of oxide film in the Ti powder surface, Scripta Mater., 210(2022), art. No. 114471. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114471
|
[26] |
W.W. Ding, Z.W. Wang, G. Chen, et al., Oxidation behavior of low-cost CP-Ti powders for additive manufacturing via fluidization, Corros. Sci., 178(2021), art. No. 109080. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109080
|
[27] |
E. Hryha, R. Shvab, M. Bram, M. Bitzer, and L. Nyborg, Surface chemical state of Ti powders and its alloys: Effect of storage conditions and alloy composition, Appl. Surf. Sci., 388(2016), p. 294. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.046
|
[28] |
S. Mendis, W. Xu, H.P. Tang, et al., Characteristics of oxide films on Ti–(10–75)Ta alloys and their corrosion performance in an aerated Hank’s balanced salt solution, Appl. Surf. Sci., 506(2020), art. No. 145013. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.145013
|
[29] |
M.C. Biesinger, L.W.M. Lau, A.R. Gerson, and R.S.C. Smart, Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Sc, Ti, V, Cu and Zn, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257(2010), No. 3, p. 887. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.07.086
|
[30] |
R. Williams, M. Bilton, N. Harrison, and P. Fox, The impact of oxidised powder particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V processed by laser powder bed fusion, Addit. Manuf., 46(2021), art. No. 102181.
|
[31] |
M.V. Diamanti, B. Del Curto, and M. Pedeferri, Interference colors of thin oxide layers on titanium, Color Res. Appl., 33(2008), No. 3, p. 221. doi: 10.1002/col.20403
|
[32] |
M.H. Freeman, Optics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990.
|
[33] |
E.M. Assim, Optical constants of titanium monoxide TiO thin films, J. Alloys Compd., 465(2008), No. 1-2, p. 1. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.10.059
|
[34] |
M.M. Abdel-Aziz, I.S. Yahia, L.A. Wahab, M. Fadel, and M.A. Afifi, Determination and analysis of dispersive optical constant of TiO2 and Ti2O3 thin films, Appl. Surf. Sci., 252(2006), No. 23, p. 8163. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.10.040
|
[35] |
J.R. DeVore, Refractive indices of rutile and sphalerite, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 41(1951), No. 6, p. 416. doi: 10.1364/JOSA.41.000416
|
[36] |
P.A. Lee, K.F. Stork, B.L. Maschhoff, K.W. Nebesny, and N.R. Armstrog, Oxide formation on Fe and Ti thin films and on Fe thin films modified with ultrathin layers of Ti, Surf. Interface Anal., 17(1991), No. 1, p. 48. doi: 10.1002/sia.740170112
|
[37] |
I. Vaquila, M.C.G. Passeggi, and J. Ferrón, Temperature effects in the early stages of titanium oxidation, Appl. Surf. Sci., 93(1996), No. 3, p. 247. doi: 10.1016/0169-4332(95)00334-7
|
[38] |
C. Jiménez, F. Garcia-Moreno, B. Pfretzschner, et al., Decomposition of TiH2 studied in situ by synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction, Acta Mater., 59(2011), No. 16, p. 6318. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.06.042
|
[39] |
E.W. Lui, S. Palanisamy, M.S. Dargusch, and K. Xia, Oxide dissolution and oxygen diffusion in solid-state recycled Ti–6Al–4V: Numerical modeling, verification by nanoindentation, and effects on grain growth and recrystallization, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 48(2017), No. 12, p. 5978. doi: 10.1007/s11661-017-4358-5
|
[40] |
S. Arrhenius, Über die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bei der inversion von rohrzucker durch säuren, Z. Phys. Chem., 4U(1889), No. 1, p. 226. doi: 10.1515/zpch-1889-0416
|
[41] |
Z. Liu and G. Welsch, Literature survey on diffusivities of oxygen, aluminum, and vanadium in alpha titanium, beta titanium, and in rutile, Metall. Trans. A, 19(1988), No. 4, p. 1121. doi: 10.1007/BF02628396
|