A Review of Profiling the Dynamic Interfaces in Lithium-ion Batteries via Multiscale Methods

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely recognized as the fundamental of modern electrochemical energy storage systems for electric vehicles and energy storage owing to their high energy and power densities. However, long-term stability and intrinsic safety remain critical challenges restricting their commercial application. Increasing evidence indicates that battery degradation and severe failure events are closely associated with the evolution of internal dynamic interfaces. This review establishes a full-lifecycle, multiscale framework for dynamic interface evolution in lithium-ion batteries, explicitly linking nanoscale interfacial chemistry, mesoscale structural and transport heterogeneity, and macroscale performance degradation and safety failure. By correlating cross-scale interface dynamics with battery aging and thermal runaway behavior, this work provides an integrated mechanistic foundation for advanced diagnostics, modeling, and early-warning strategies.