A review of profiling the dynamic interfaces in lithium-ion batteries via multiscale methods

Owing to their high energy and power densities, lithium-ion batteries are widely recognized as fundamental components of modern electrochemical energy storage systems for electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. However, long-term stability and intrinsic safety remain critical challenges that limit commercial deployment. Increasing evidence indicates that battery degradation and severe failure events are closely associated with the evolution of internal dynamic interfaces. This review establishes a full lifecycle, multiscale framework for dynamic interface evolution in lithium-ion batteries, explicitly linking nanoscale interfacial chemistry, mesoscale structural and transport heterogeneity, macroscale performance degradation, and safety failures. By correlating cross-scale interface dynamics with battery aging and thermal runaway behavior, this study provides an integrated mechanistic foundation for advanced diagnostics, modeling, and early warning strategies.