Search2004 Vol. 11, No. 3
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2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
193-196.
Abstract:
Two sample groups of bulk concentrates consisting mainly of pyrite and chalcopyrite from Daye and Chenghchao Mines in Hubei Province of China were used to investigate the effect of the action time of lime on its depressive ability for pyrite. The experimental results conducted with different samples and collectors showed that the action time between lime and pyrite markedly influences the depressive ability of lime. The depressive ability of lime increased with the action time increasing. It was also proved that the depressive results obtained at a large lime dosage after a shorter action time are similar to those obtained at a small lime dosage after a longer action time. The increase of depressive ability of lime after a longer action time is because that there are different mechanisms in different action time. The composition on the surface of pyrite acted for different time with lime was studied by using ESCA (Electron Spectroscopic Chemical Analysis). The results showed that iron hydroxide and calcium sulphate formed on the pyrite surface at the presence of lime in the pulp but the amounts of iron hydroxide and calcium sulphate were different at different action time. At the beginning action time the compound formed on the pyrite surface was mainly calcium sulphate and almost no iron hydroxide formed; but with the action time increasing, iron hydroxide formed. The longer the action time, the more iron hydroxide and the less calcium sulphate formed. It was considered that the stronger depressive ability of lime after a longer action time is because more iron hydroxide forms on the pyrite surface.
Two sample groups of bulk concentrates consisting mainly of pyrite and chalcopyrite from Daye and Chenghchao Mines in Hubei Province of China were used to investigate the effect of the action time of lime on its depressive ability for pyrite. The experimental results conducted with different samples and collectors showed that the action time between lime and pyrite markedly influences the depressive ability of lime. The depressive ability of lime increased with the action time increasing. It was also proved that the depressive results obtained at a large lime dosage after a shorter action time are similar to those obtained at a small lime dosage after a longer action time. The increase of depressive ability of lime after a longer action time is because that there are different mechanisms in different action time. The composition on the surface of pyrite acted for different time with lime was studied by using ESCA (Electron Spectroscopic Chemical Analysis). The results showed that iron hydroxide and calcium sulphate formed on the pyrite surface at the presence of lime in the pulp but the amounts of iron hydroxide and calcium sulphate were different at different action time. At the beginning action time the compound formed on the pyrite surface was mainly calcium sulphate and almost no iron hydroxide formed; but with the action time increasing, iron hydroxide formed. The longer the action time, the more iron hydroxide and the less calcium sulphate formed. It was considered that the stronger depressive ability of lime after a longer action time is because more iron hydroxide forms on the pyrite surface.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
197-201.
Abstract:
The capacity of energy absorption by fault bands after rock burst was calculated quantitatively according to shear stressshear deformation curves considering the interactions and interplaying among microstructures due to the heterogeneity of strain softening rock materials. The post-peak stiffness of rock specimens subjected to direct shear was derived strictly based on gradientdependent plasticity, which can not be obtained from the classical elastoplastic theory. Analytical solutions for the dissipated energy of rock burst were proposed whether the slope of the post-peak shear stress-shear deformation curve is positive or not. The analytical solutions show that shear stress level, confining pressure, shear strength, brittleness, strain rate and heterogeneity of rock materials have important influence on the dissipated energy. The larger value of the dissipated energy means that the capacity of energy dissipation in the form of shear bands is superior and a lower magnitude of rock burst is expected under the condition of the same work done by external shear force. The possibility of rock burst is reduced for a lower softening modulus or a larger thickness of shear bands.
The capacity of energy absorption by fault bands after rock burst was calculated quantitatively according to shear stressshear deformation curves considering the interactions and interplaying among microstructures due to the heterogeneity of strain softening rock materials. The post-peak stiffness of rock specimens subjected to direct shear was derived strictly based on gradientdependent plasticity, which can not be obtained from the classical elastoplastic theory. Analytical solutions for the dissipated energy of rock burst were proposed whether the slope of the post-peak shear stress-shear deformation curve is positive or not. The analytical solutions show that shear stress level, confining pressure, shear strength, brittleness, strain rate and heterogeneity of rock materials have important influence on the dissipated energy. The larger value of the dissipated energy means that the capacity of energy dissipation in the form of shear bands is superior and a lower magnitude of rock burst is expected under the condition of the same work done by external shear force. The possibility of rock burst is reduced for a lower softening modulus or a larger thickness of shear bands.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
202-206.
Abstract:
Temperature distribution and control have been investigated in a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fluidized bed with hollow corundum spheres (Al2O3) of 0.867-1.212 mm in diameter at moderately high temperatures (800-1100℃). Experiments were carried out for the air consumption coefficient α in the range of 0.3 to 1.0 and the fluidization number N in the range of 1.3 to 3.0. Particle properties, initial bed height, α and N all affect temperature distribution in the bed. Bed temperature can be adjusted about 200℃ by combined the adjusting of α and N.
Temperature distribution and control have been investigated in a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fluidized bed with hollow corundum spheres (Al2O3) of 0.867-1.212 mm in diameter at moderately high temperatures (800-1100℃). Experiments were carried out for the air consumption coefficient α in the range of 0.3 to 1.0 and the fluidization number N in the range of 1.3 to 3.0. Particle properties, initial bed height, α and N all affect temperature distribution in the bed. Bed temperature can be adjusted about 200℃ by combined the adjusting of α and N.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
207-211.
Abstract:
A series of simulations by mathematical and physical modeling on fluid flow, mass and heat transfer in continuous casting tundishes have been carried out. It was found by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation that in most cases tundish flow must be treated as a non-isothermal reactor due to the existence of temperature difference between the transport ladle and the tundish.The critical conditions when the non-isothermal flow in the tundish can not be neglected have been found by CFD simulation and water modeling. A direct measurement in a 40 t tundish has confirmed the simulation results.
A series of simulations by mathematical and physical modeling on fluid flow, mass and heat transfer in continuous casting tundishes have been carried out. It was found by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation that in most cases tundish flow must be treated as a non-isothermal reactor due to the existence of temperature difference between the transport ladle and the tundish.The critical conditions when the non-isothermal flow in the tundish can not be neglected have been found by CFD simulation and water modeling. A direct measurement in a 40 t tundish has confirmed the simulation results.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
212-215.
Abstract:
A Hillert-type three-dimensional grain growth rate model was derived through the grain topology-size correlation model,combined with a topology-dependent grain growth rate equation in three dimensions. It shows clearly that the Hillert-type 3D grain growth rate model may also be described with topology considerations of microstructure. The size parameter bearing in the model is further discussed both according to the derived model and in another approach with the aid of quantitative relationship between the grain size and the integral mean curvature over grain surface. Both approaches successfully demonstrate that, if the concerned grains can be well approximated by a space-filling convex polyhedra in shape, the grain size parameter bearing in the Hillert-type 3D grain growth model should be a parameter proportional to the mean grain tangent radius.
A Hillert-type three-dimensional grain growth rate model was derived through the grain topology-size correlation model,combined with a topology-dependent grain growth rate equation in three dimensions. It shows clearly that the Hillert-type 3D grain growth rate model may also be described with topology considerations of microstructure. The size parameter bearing in the model is further discussed both according to the derived model and in another approach with the aid of quantitative relationship between the grain size and the integral mean curvature over grain surface. Both approaches successfully demonstrate that, if the concerned grains can be well approximated by a space-filling convex polyhedra in shape, the grain size parameter bearing in the Hillert-type 3D grain growth model should be a parameter proportional to the mean grain tangent radius.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
216-220.
Abstract:
Adherent nano diamond films were successfully deposited on glass substrate by microwave plasma assisted CVD method in H2-CH4 and Ar-CH4 environment. Raman, AFM (Atomic Force Microscope), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), FTIR,and Nano Indentation techniques were used for characterization of the obtained nano diamond films. It was found that the average grain size was less than 100 nm with a surface roughness value as low as 2 nm. The nano diamond films were found to have excellent transparency in visible and IR spectrum range, and were as hard as natural diamond. Experimental results were presented.Mechanisms for nano diamond film deposition were discussed.
Adherent nano diamond films were successfully deposited on glass substrate by microwave plasma assisted CVD method in H2-CH4 and Ar-CH4 environment. Raman, AFM (Atomic Force Microscope), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), FTIR,and Nano Indentation techniques were used for characterization of the obtained nano diamond films. It was found that the average grain size was less than 100 nm with a surface roughness value as low as 2 nm. The nano diamond films were found to have excellent transparency in visible and IR spectrum range, and were as hard as natural diamond. Experimental results were presented.Mechanisms for nano diamond film deposition were discussed.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
221-224.
Abstract:
The packet size of bainitic steel can be refined by a special relaxation-precipitation-control phase transformation (RPC)technology. When processed by RPC process, the low carbon bainitic steel composes of two kinds of main intermediate transformation phases. One is ultra-fine lath-like bainitic ferrite and the lath is less than 1 μm in width and about 6 μm in length; the alignment of laths forms a refined packet, and the size of packets is about 5-7 μm in length and about 3-4 μm in width. The other is acicular structure. The morphology and distribution of these acicular structures are influenced by relaxation process, the thin and short acicular structures cut the prior austenite grain and refine the bainitic packet size. For the optimum relaxation time, the packet size can be refined to the finest. The mechanical properties are influenced by relaxation time and the 800 Mpa grade low carbon bainitic steel with excellent toughness can be obtained by RPC process.
The packet size of bainitic steel can be refined by a special relaxation-precipitation-control phase transformation (RPC)technology. When processed by RPC process, the low carbon bainitic steel composes of two kinds of main intermediate transformation phases. One is ultra-fine lath-like bainitic ferrite and the lath is less than 1 μm in width and about 6 μm in length; the alignment of laths forms a refined packet, and the size of packets is about 5-7 μm in length and about 3-4 μm in width. The other is acicular structure. The morphology and distribution of these acicular structures are influenced by relaxation process, the thin and short acicular structures cut the prior austenite grain and refine the bainitic packet size. For the optimum relaxation time, the packet size can be refined to the finest. The mechanical properties are influenced by relaxation time and the 800 Mpa grade low carbon bainitic steel with excellent toughness can be obtained by RPC process.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
225-229.
Abstract:
In order to study the magnetic properties and structure of very thin permalloy films, Ni81Fe19 films of 12 nm in thickness were prepared by different instruments at an ultrahigh base vacuum and a lower base vacuum. The anisotropic magnetoresistance coefficients (△R/R) of Ni81Fe19 (12 nm) films reached 1.6 % and 0.6 %, and the coercivities were 127 and 334 A/m, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the structure and surface chemical state. The experimental results show that the films prepared at the ultrahigh base vacuum have a smoother surface, a bigger grain size and a denser structure with fewer defects than those prepared at the lower base vacuum.
In order to study the magnetic properties and structure of very thin permalloy films, Ni81Fe19 films of 12 nm in thickness were prepared by different instruments at an ultrahigh base vacuum and a lower base vacuum. The anisotropic magnetoresistance coefficients (△R/R) of Ni81Fe19 (12 nm) films reached 1.6 % and 0.6 %, and the coercivities were 127 and 334 A/m, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the structure and surface chemical state. The experimental results show that the films prepared at the ultrahigh base vacuum have a smoother surface, a bigger grain size and a denser structure with fewer defects than those prepared at the lower base vacuum.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
230-234.
Abstract:
Thermal simulation test, TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) and nanobeam EDS (Energy Dispersed x-ray Spectrum) techniques were used to investigate the precipitation behavior of Nb, Ti, Mo etc. In HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) steel.The strain induced precipitation occurred during the isothermal relaxation stage after deformed in the non-recrystallization temperature region. After 30% predeformation at 850 and 900℃, there are two kinds of particles, (Ti,Nb)(C,N) and a few Nb(C,N), to precipitate during holding. The content of Nb in particles rises with the relaxation time increasing. During the final holding stage, some Nb and Ti atoms in the lattice sites of the precipitates would be replaced by Mo atoms, and the Mo content in the precipitates increases with the relaxation time. The results were compared with the refinement effect of microstructures caused by relaxationprecipitation controlling transformation (RPC) processing.
Thermal simulation test, TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) and nanobeam EDS (Energy Dispersed x-ray Spectrum) techniques were used to investigate the precipitation behavior of Nb, Ti, Mo etc. In HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) steel.The strain induced precipitation occurred during the isothermal relaxation stage after deformed in the non-recrystallization temperature region. After 30% predeformation at 850 and 900℃, there are two kinds of particles, (Ti,Nb)(C,N) and a few Nb(C,N), to precipitate during holding. The content of Nb in particles rises with the relaxation time increasing. During the final holding stage, some Nb and Ti atoms in the lattice sites of the precipitates would be replaced by Mo atoms, and the Mo content in the precipitates increases with the relaxation time. The results were compared with the refinement effect of microstructures caused by relaxationprecipitation controlling transformation (RPC) processing.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
235-239.
Abstract:
110 nm-thick Au layers were sputter-deposited on unheated glasses coated about a 10 nm-thick and a 50 nm-thick Cr layer respectively. The Au/Cr bilayer films were annealed in a vacuum of 1 mPa at 300℃ for 2, 5 and 30 min, respectively. Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the composition and structure of the Au layers. The resistivity of the bilayer films was measured by using four-point probe technique. The adhesion of the bilayer films to the substrate was tested using tape tests. The amount of Cr atoms diffusing into the Au layer increases with increasing the annealing time, resulting in a decrease in lattice constant and an increase in resistivity of the Au layer. The content of Cr inside the Au layer grown on the thinner Cr layer is less than that grown on the thicker Cr layer. For the Au/Cr bilayer films, the lower resistivity and the good adhesion to the glass substrate can be obtained at a shorter annealing time for a thinner Cr layer.
110 nm-thick Au layers were sputter-deposited on unheated glasses coated about a 10 nm-thick and a 50 nm-thick Cr layer respectively. The Au/Cr bilayer films were annealed in a vacuum of 1 mPa at 300℃ for 2, 5 and 30 min, respectively. Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the composition and structure of the Au layers. The resistivity of the bilayer films was measured by using four-point probe technique. The adhesion of the bilayer films to the substrate was tested using tape tests. The amount of Cr atoms diffusing into the Au layer increases with increasing the annealing time, resulting in a decrease in lattice constant and an increase in resistivity of the Au layer. The content of Cr inside the Au layer grown on the thinner Cr layer is less than that grown on the thicker Cr layer. For the Au/Cr bilayer films, the lower resistivity and the good adhesion to the glass substrate can be obtained at a shorter annealing time for a thinner Cr layer.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
240-244.
Abstract:
Pure copper rods containing continuous columnar crystals were fabricated using the downward CUS (Continuous Unidirectional Solidification) equipment. When the technological parameters were set as the ranges of mould temperature 1100-1300℃,cooling distance (the distance from the exit of the cast mould to the start point of cooling) 10-20 mm, casting speed 0.2-2.5 mm/s,cooling water (20-25℃) volume 1000-1320 L/h, and when these parameters matched reasonably, the CUS process was performed stably, and pure copper rods containing continuous columnar crystals with bright and smooth surface were produced. The dendritic arm spacing of the crystals in copper rods decreased with increasing the casting speed. The results of the texture by X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the rods has strong <100> fiber texture.
Pure copper rods containing continuous columnar crystals were fabricated using the downward CUS (Continuous Unidirectional Solidification) equipment. When the technological parameters were set as the ranges of mould temperature 1100-1300℃,cooling distance (the distance from the exit of the cast mould to the start point of cooling) 10-20 mm, casting speed 0.2-2.5 mm/s,cooling water (20-25℃) volume 1000-1320 L/h, and when these parameters matched reasonably, the CUS process was performed stably, and pure copper rods containing continuous columnar crystals with bright and smooth surface were produced. The dendritic arm spacing of the crystals in copper rods decreased with increasing the casting speed. The results of the texture by X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the rods has strong <100> fiber texture.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
245-250.
Abstract:
The healing mechanism of hydrogen-attacked cracks in low carbon steel and Cr-Mo steel and its influencing factors during the healing process were studied by recovering heat treatment of split specimens in vacuum. The result showed that crack pacing tums much smaller under the condition of pure heating, especially for crack tips. The healing effect is well related to the length of cracks with the shorter in priority. By the primary mechanism of thermal diffusion, iron and carbon atoms must diffuse at the high speed in steel to realize that plasticity deformation energy exceeds and overcomes surface tensile force energy. In addition, phase transformation and stress-stain relationship also have positive effects on the process.
The healing mechanism of hydrogen-attacked cracks in low carbon steel and Cr-Mo steel and its influencing factors during the healing process were studied by recovering heat treatment of split specimens in vacuum. The result showed that crack pacing tums much smaller under the condition of pure heating, especially for crack tips. The healing effect is well related to the length of cracks with the shorter in priority. By the primary mechanism of thermal diffusion, iron and carbon atoms must diffuse at the high speed in steel to realize that plasticity deformation energy exceeds and overcomes surface tensile force energy. In addition, phase transformation and stress-stain relationship also have positive effects on the process.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
251-255.
Abstract:
A study on roll gap profile (strip profile) control was accomplished in a 1700 mm single-stand temper mill. Some critical problems such as the deviation of work roll contour caused by grinding and wear, the effectiveness of work roll bending were discussed. Using a finite element model, the effects of roll contours (ground and wear) on strip profile were investigated. The roll bending effect on strip thickness was also analyzed. It is pointed out that there are some special features of flatness control in the temper mill: during temper rolling, roll deformation is slight due to small rolling load, and the loaded roll gap profile mainly depends on work roll contour, while the backup roll has a little effect on gap crown; the effect of bending force on gauge can not be ignored due to the coupling between flatness control and gauge control. A new roll contour arrangement adaptable to the mill was presented and has been put into practical production. The application of the new set of rolls showed some good results: larger crown control range of work roll bender, higher rolling stability, better strip profile and flatness quality.
A study on roll gap profile (strip profile) control was accomplished in a 1700 mm single-stand temper mill. Some critical problems such as the deviation of work roll contour caused by grinding and wear, the effectiveness of work roll bending were discussed. Using a finite element model, the effects of roll contours (ground and wear) on strip profile were investigated. The roll bending effect on strip thickness was also analyzed. It is pointed out that there are some special features of flatness control in the temper mill: during temper rolling, roll deformation is slight due to small rolling load, and the loaded roll gap profile mainly depends on work roll contour, while the backup roll has a little effect on gap crown; the effect of bending force on gauge can not be ignored due to the coupling between flatness control and gauge control. A new roll contour arrangement adaptable to the mill was presented and has been put into practical production. The application of the new set of rolls showed some good results: larger crown control range of work roll bender, higher rolling stability, better strip profile and flatness quality.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
256-259.
Abstract:
Using the rigid visco-plastic Finite Element Method (FEM), the process of forging for long cone-shaped posts made of aluminum alloys was modeled and the corresponding distributions of the field variables were obtained based on considering aberrance of grids, dynamic boundary conditions, non-stable process, coupled thermo-mechanical behavior and other special problems.The difficulties in equipment selection and die analysis caused by the long cone shape of post, as well as by pressure calculation were solved.
Using the rigid visco-plastic Finite Element Method (FEM), the process of forging for long cone-shaped posts made of aluminum alloys was modeled and the corresponding distributions of the field variables were obtained based on considering aberrance of grids, dynamic boundary conditions, non-stable process, coupled thermo-mechanical behavior and other special problems.The difficulties in equipment selection and die analysis caused by the long cone shape of post, as well as by pressure calculation were solved.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
260-262.
Abstract:
In order to investigate the effect of lanthanum ion imprantation on the oxidation behavior of zircaloy at 500℃, Zircaloy specimens were implanted by lanthanum ions with a dose range from 5×1016 to 2×1017 ions/cm2 at room temperature, and then oxidized at 500℃ for 100 min. The valence of the oxides in the scale was analyzed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The phase structures of the oxides in the scale were examined by Glancing Angle X-ray Diffraction (GAXRD). With the increase of implanted lanthanum ions dose, the phase structures in the oxide scale are transformed from monoclinic zirconia to hexagonal one and then to monoclinic one again. The measurement of weight gain showed that a similar change from the decreased gain to increased one again is achieved in the oxidation behavior of lanthanum ion implanted zircaloy compared with that of as-received zircaloy.
In order to investigate the effect of lanthanum ion imprantation on the oxidation behavior of zircaloy at 500℃, Zircaloy specimens were implanted by lanthanum ions with a dose range from 5×1016 to 2×1017 ions/cm2 at room temperature, and then oxidized at 500℃ for 100 min. The valence of the oxides in the scale was analyzed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The phase structures of the oxides in the scale were examined by Glancing Angle X-ray Diffraction (GAXRD). With the increase of implanted lanthanum ions dose, the phase structures in the oxide scale are transformed from monoclinic zirconia to hexagonal one and then to monoclinic one again. The measurement of weight gain showed that a similar change from the decreased gain to increased one again is achieved in the oxidation behavior of lanthanum ion implanted zircaloy compared with that of as-received zircaloy.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
263-267.
Abstract:
The hydrogen absorption and desorption behavior of TiMn1.25Cr0.25 alloys with Vfe substitution for partial Mn was investigated at 273, 293 and 313 K. It is found that Vfe substitution increases their hydrogen storage capacity, decreases the plateau pressure and the hysteresis factor of their pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) curves. After annealing treatment at 1223 K for 6 h,TiMn0.95Cr0.25(Vfe)0.3 alloy exhibits a lower hydrogen desorption plateau pressure (0.27 Mpa at 313 K) and a smaller hysteresis factor (0.13 at 313 K); the maximum and effective hydrogen storage capacities (mass fraction) are 2.03% and 1.12% respectively, which can satisfy the demand of hydrogen storage tanks for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC).
The hydrogen absorption and desorption behavior of TiMn1.25Cr0.25 alloys with Vfe substitution for partial Mn was investigated at 273, 293 and 313 K. It is found that Vfe substitution increases their hydrogen storage capacity, decreases the plateau pressure and the hysteresis factor of their pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) curves. After annealing treatment at 1223 K for 6 h,TiMn0.95Cr0.25(Vfe)0.3 alloy exhibits a lower hydrogen desorption plateau pressure (0.27 Mpa at 313 K) and a smaller hysteresis factor (0.13 at 313 K); the maximum and effective hydrogen storage capacities (mass fraction) are 2.03% and 1.12% respectively, which can satisfy the demand of hydrogen storage tanks for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC).
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
268-272.
Abstract:
The low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of two high strength steels, with nominal chemical compositions (mass fraction, %)of 0.40C-1.5Cr-3Ni-0.4Mo-0.2V (PCrNi3MoV) and 0.25C-3Cr-3Mo-0.8Ni-0.1Nb (25Cr3Mo3NiNb), was investigated by using the smooth bar specimens subjected to strained-controlled push-pull loading. It is found that both steels show cyclic softening, but 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel has a lower tendency to cyclic softening. 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel has higher fatigue ductility, and its transition fatigue life is almost three times that of PCrNi3MoV. 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel also shows higher LCF life either at a given total strain amplitude above 0.5% or at any given plastic strain amplitude, despite its lower monotonic tensile strength than that of PCrNi3MoV.It also means that 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel can endure higher total strain amplitude and plastic strain amplitude at a given number of reversals to failure within 104. 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel is expected to be a good gun steel with high LCF properties because only several thousand firings are required for gun barrel in most cases.
The low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of two high strength steels, with nominal chemical compositions (mass fraction, %)of 0.40C-1.5Cr-3Ni-0.4Mo-0.2V (PCrNi3MoV) and 0.25C-3Cr-3Mo-0.8Ni-0.1Nb (25Cr3Mo3NiNb), was investigated by using the smooth bar specimens subjected to strained-controlled push-pull loading. It is found that both steels show cyclic softening, but 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel has a lower tendency to cyclic softening. 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel has higher fatigue ductility, and its transition fatigue life is almost three times that of PCrNi3MoV. 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel also shows higher LCF life either at a given total strain amplitude above 0.5% or at any given plastic strain amplitude, despite its lower monotonic tensile strength than that of PCrNi3MoV.It also means that 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel can endure higher total strain amplitude and plastic strain amplitude at a given number of reversals to failure within 104. 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel is expected to be a good gun steel with high LCF properties because only several thousand firings are required for gun barrel in most cases.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
273-277.
Abstract:
An investigation of computer simulation is presented to analyze the effects of strain localization and damage evolution in large plastic deformation. The simulation is carried out by using an elastic-plastic-damage coupling finite element program that is developed based on the concept of mixed interpolation of displacement/pressure. This program has been incorporated into a damage mechanics model as well as the corresponding damage criterion. To illustrate the performance of the proposed approach, a typical strain localization problem has been simulated. The results show that the proposed approach is of good capability to capture strain localization and predict the damage evolution.
An investigation of computer simulation is presented to analyze the effects of strain localization and damage evolution in large plastic deformation. The simulation is carried out by using an elastic-plastic-damage coupling finite element program that is developed based on the concept of mixed interpolation of displacement/pressure. This program has been incorporated into a damage mechanics model as well as the corresponding damage criterion. To illustrate the performance of the proposed approach, a typical strain localization problem has been simulated. The results show that the proposed approach is of good capability to capture strain localization and predict the damage evolution.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
278-282.
Abstract:
The effects of quenching temperature, cooling pattern, temper temperature and temper times on the structure and properties of high speed steel (HSS) rolls have been investigated. The results show that, when the quenching temperature is lower than 1050℃ the hardness of HSS increases with the quenching temperature increasing in oil cooling, but when the quenching temperature exceeds 1100℃ the hardness decreases. In the conditions of salt bath cooling and air cooling, the effect of quenching temperature on the hardness is similar to the above law, but the quenching temperature obtaining the highest hardness is higher than that in oil cooling. When the temper temperature below 350℃ the hardness of HSS has a little change, when above 475℃ the hardness will increase with the temper temperature increasing, and the highest hardness is obtained at 525℃. When the temper temperature continues to increase, the hardness decreases. Twice temper has little effect on the hardness, but three times temper decreases the hardness.HSS in air cooling has lower hardenability, oil cooling can easily produce crackle, and HSS quenching in salt bath has high hardenability and excellent wear resistance.
The effects of quenching temperature, cooling pattern, temper temperature and temper times on the structure and properties of high speed steel (HSS) rolls have been investigated. The results show that, when the quenching temperature is lower than 1050℃ the hardness of HSS increases with the quenching temperature increasing in oil cooling, but when the quenching temperature exceeds 1100℃ the hardness decreases. In the conditions of salt bath cooling and air cooling, the effect of quenching temperature on the hardness is similar to the above law, but the quenching temperature obtaining the highest hardness is higher than that in oil cooling. When the temper temperature below 350℃ the hardness of HSS has a little change, when above 475℃ the hardness will increase with the temper temperature increasing, and the highest hardness is obtained at 525℃. When the temper temperature continues to increase, the hardness decreases. Twice temper has little effect on the hardness, but three times temper decreases the hardness.HSS in air cooling has lower hardenability, oil cooling can easily produce crackle, and HSS quenching in salt bath has high hardenability and excellent wear resistance.
2004, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
283-288.
Abstract:
An algorithm, Clustering Algorithm Based On Sparse Feature Vector (CABOSFV), was proposed for the high dimensional clustering of binary sparse data. This algorithm compresses the data effectively by using a tool ‘Sparse Feature Vector’, thus reduces the data scale enormously, and can get the clustering result with only one data scan. Both theoretical analysis and empirical tests showed that CABOSFV is of low computational complexity. The algorithm finds clusters in high dimensional large datasets efficiently and handles noise effectively.
An algorithm, Clustering Algorithm Based On Sparse Feature Vector (CABOSFV), was proposed for the high dimensional clustering of binary sparse data. This algorithm compresses the data effectively by using a tool ‘Sparse Feature Vector’, thus reduces the data scale enormously, and can get the clustering result with only one data scan. Both theoretical analysis and empirical tests showed that CABOSFV is of low computational complexity. The algorithm finds clusters in high dimensional large datasets efficiently and handles noise effectively.
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