Search2014 Vol. 21, No. 2
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2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
105-112.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0872-2
Abstract:
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structural data of four Fe-Mg tourmalines with different Fe contents from Xinjiang, Sichuan, and Yunnan Provinces, China, were collected at room temperature and −100℃. The intrinsic dipole moments of polyhedra and the total intrinsic dipole moment of the unit cell were calculated. By comparing the intrinsic electric dipole moments of the X, Y, Z, T, and B site polyhedra, it is found that the T site polyhedron makes the greatest contribution to the total intrinsic dipole moment. The pyroelectric coefficients of four Fe-Mg tourmalines were experimentally determined, and the influence of intrinsic dipole moments on their pyroelectric properties was investigated. The experimental results show that, compared with the case at room temperature, the intrinsic dipole moments change with the total Fe content at −100℃ in a completely different way. With the decrease of temperature, the total intrinsic dipole moments of tourmaline decrease. Over the same temperature interval, the pyroelectric coefficients increase with the increase in intrinsic dipole moment.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structural data of four Fe-Mg tourmalines with different Fe contents from Xinjiang, Sichuan, and Yunnan Provinces, China, were collected at room temperature and −100℃. The intrinsic dipole moments of polyhedra and the total intrinsic dipole moment of the unit cell were calculated. By comparing the intrinsic electric dipole moments of the X, Y, Z, T, and B site polyhedra, it is found that the T site polyhedron makes the greatest contribution to the total intrinsic dipole moment. The pyroelectric coefficients of four Fe-Mg tourmalines were experimentally determined, and the influence of intrinsic dipole moments on their pyroelectric properties was investigated. The experimental results show that, compared with the case at room temperature, the intrinsic dipole moments change with the total Fe content at −100℃ in a completely different way. With the decrease of temperature, the total intrinsic dipole moments of tourmaline decrease. Over the same temperature interval, the pyroelectric coefficients increase with the increase in intrinsic dipole moment.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
113-121.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0873-1
Abstract:
This paper dealt with the development of a two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model for column leaching and confirmed the important simulation parameters through experiment. The unsaturated state of the variably saturated flow column and the solute transport of copper ions were studied during leaching. The fluid flow problem was handled using the Richards equation on the premise of an ambient pressure column air, where the van Genuchten formulas were applied to define the nonlinear relationships of pressure head with the retention and permeability properties. The ore column permeability test gave a varied hydraulic conductivity, which was analyzed in the model. In the solute transport problem, the copper ion concentration was solved using the advection-diffusion-reaction equation whose reaction term was determined by the joint analysis of experimental copper leaching rate and the shrinking core model. Particle- and column-scale leaching tests were carried out to illustrate the difference and connection of copper extraction in both processes. This fluid flow and solute transport coupled model was determined through the finite element method using the numerical simulation software, COMSOL Multiphysics.
This paper dealt with the development of a two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model for column leaching and confirmed the important simulation parameters through experiment. The unsaturated state of the variably saturated flow column and the solute transport of copper ions were studied during leaching. The fluid flow problem was handled using the Richards equation on the premise of an ambient pressure column air, where the van Genuchten formulas were applied to define the nonlinear relationships of pressure head with the retention and permeability properties. The ore column permeability test gave a varied hydraulic conductivity, which was analyzed in the model. In the solute transport problem, the copper ion concentration was solved using the advection-diffusion-reaction equation whose reaction term was determined by the joint analysis of experimental copper leaching rate and the shrinking core model. Particle- and column-scale leaching tests were carried out to illustrate the difference and connection of copper extraction in both processes. This fluid flow and solute transport coupled model was determined through the finite element method using the numerical simulation software, COMSOL Multiphysics.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
122-130.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0874-0
Abstract:
The appropriate content and distribution of sinter moisture play an important role in the granulation of iron ores. In this study, the effects of porosity, size distribution, and particle shape on the water absorption rate (WAR) of four types of iron ores were analyzed by using the immersion method and capillary water absorption method. In addition, the mechanism underlying the water absorption process in iron ores was unraveled. It is found that the WARs of iron ores decrease quickly with the increase in water absorption time at the initial stages of water absorption. With further increase in absorption time, the WARs decrease gradually, until near 0. Iron ores with higher porosity, smaller particle size, and plate-like structure have the higher WARs. Compared with pores in the single-particle iron ore, voids among particles in the multi-particle iron oxide play an important role at the initial stages of water absorption. The water absorption mechanism of all single-particle and multi-particle iron ores analyzed in this study includes four steps, wherein the first three steps play a significant role in the sintering process.
The appropriate content and distribution of sinter moisture play an important role in the granulation of iron ores. In this study, the effects of porosity, size distribution, and particle shape on the water absorption rate (WAR) of four types of iron ores were analyzed by using the immersion method and capillary water absorption method. In addition, the mechanism underlying the water absorption process in iron ores was unraveled. It is found that the WARs of iron ores decrease quickly with the increase in water absorption time at the initial stages of water absorption. With further increase in absorption time, the WARs decrease gradually, until near 0. Iron ores with higher porosity, smaller particle size, and plate-like structure have the higher WARs. Compared with pores in the single-particle iron ore, voids among particles in the multi-particle iron oxide play an important role at the initial stages of water absorption. The water absorption mechanism of all single-particle and multi-particle iron ores analyzed in this study includes four steps, wherein the first three steps play a significant role in the sintering process.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
131-137.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0875-z
Abstract:
The isothermal reduction of the Panzhihua titanomagnetite concentrates (PTC) briquette containing coal under argon atmosphere was investigated by thermogravimetry in an electric resistance furnace within the temperature range of 1250–1350℃. The samples reduced in argon at 1350℃ for different time were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Model-fitting and model-free methods were used to evaluate the apparent activation energy of the reduction reaction. It is found that the reduction rate is very fast at the early stage, and then, at a later stage, the reduction rate becomes slow and decreases gradually to the end of the reduction. It is also observed that the reduction of PTC by coal depends greatly on the temperature. At high temperatures, the reduction degree reaches high values faster and the final value achieved is higher than at low temperatures. The final phase composition of the reduced PTC-coal briquette consists in iron and ferrous-pseudobrookite (FeTi2O5), while Fe2.75Ti0.25O4, Fe2.5Ti0.5O4, Fe2.25Ti0.75O4, ilmenite (FeTiO3) and wustite (FeO) are intermediate products. The reaction rate is controlled by the phase boundary reaction for reduction degree less than 0.2 with an apparent activation energy of about 68 kJ·mol−1 and by three-dimensional diffusion for reduction degree greater than 0.75 with an apparent activation energy of about 134 kJ·mol−1. For the reduction degree in the range of 0.2–0.75, the reaction rate is under mixed control, and the activation energy increases with the increase of the reduction degree.
The isothermal reduction of the Panzhihua titanomagnetite concentrates (PTC) briquette containing coal under argon atmosphere was investigated by thermogravimetry in an electric resistance furnace within the temperature range of 1250–1350℃. The samples reduced in argon at 1350℃ for different time were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Model-fitting and model-free methods were used to evaluate the apparent activation energy of the reduction reaction. It is found that the reduction rate is very fast at the early stage, and then, at a later stage, the reduction rate becomes slow and decreases gradually to the end of the reduction. It is also observed that the reduction of PTC by coal depends greatly on the temperature. At high temperatures, the reduction degree reaches high values faster and the final value achieved is higher than at low temperatures. The final phase composition of the reduced PTC-coal briquette consists in iron and ferrous-pseudobrookite (FeTi2O5), while Fe2.75Ti0.25O4, Fe2.5Ti0.5O4, Fe2.25Ti0.75O4, ilmenite (FeTiO3) and wustite (FeO) are intermediate products. The reaction rate is controlled by the phase boundary reaction for reduction degree less than 0.2 with an apparent activation energy of about 68 kJ·mol−1 and by three-dimensional diffusion for reduction degree greater than 0.75 with an apparent activation energy of about 134 kJ·mol−1. For the reduction degree in the range of 0.2–0.75, the reaction rate is under mixed control, and the activation energy increases with the increase of the reduction degree.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
138-143.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0876-y
Abstract:
Brass ash from the industrial brass manufacturer in Turkey was leached using the solutions of ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([bmim]HSO4) at ambient pressure in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium peroxymonosulfate (oxone) as the oxidants. Parameters affecting leaching efficiency, such as dissolution time, IL concentration, and oxidizing agent addition, were investigated. The results show that [bmim]HSO4 is an efficient IL for the brass ash leaching, providing the dissolution efficiencies of 99% for Zn and 24.82% for Cu at a concentration of 50vol% [bmim]HSO4 in the aqueous solution without any oxidant. However, more than 99% of zinc and 82% of copper are leached by the addition of 50vol% H2O2 to the [bmim]HSO4 solution. Nevertheless, the oxone does not show the promising oxidant behavior in leaching using [bmim]HSO4.
Brass ash from the industrial brass manufacturer in Turkey was leached using the solutions of ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([bmim]HSO4) at ambient pressure in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium peroxymonosulfate (oxone) as the oxidants. Parameters affecting leaching efficiency, such as dissolution time, IL concentration, and oxidizing agent addition, were investigated. The results show that [bmim]HSO4 is an efficient IL for the brass ash leaching, providing the dissolution efficiencies of 99% for Zn and 24.82% for Cu at a concentration of 50vol% [bmim]HSO4 in the aqueous solution without any oxidant. However, more than 99% of zinc and 82% of copper are leached by the addition of 50vol% H2O2 to the [bmim]HSO4 solution. Nevertheless, the oxone does not show the promising oxidant behavior in leaching using [bmim]HSO4.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
144-149.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0877-x
Abstract:
A novel method was developed for extracting alumina (Al2O3) from fly ash using an ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH4HSO4) roasting process, and the thermodynamics and kinetics of this method were investigated. The thermodynamic results were verified experimentally. Thermodynamic calculations show that mullite present in the fly ash can react with NH4HSO4 in the 298–723 K range. Process optimization reveals that the extraction rate can reach up to 90.95% when the fly ash reacts with NH4HSO4 at a 1:8 mole ratio of Al2O3/NH4HSO4 at 673 K for 60 min. Kinetic analysis indicates that the NH4HSO4 roasting process follows the shrinking unreacted core model, and inner diffusion through the product layer is the rate-controlling step. The activation energy is calculated to be 16.627 kJ/mol; and the kinetic equation can be expressed as 1 − (2/3)α − (1 − α)2/3 = 0.0374t exp[−16627/(RT)], where α is the extraction rate and t is the roasting temperature.
A novel method was developed for extracting alumina (Al2O3) from fly ash using an ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH4HSO4) roasting process, and the thermodynamics and kinetics of this method were investigated. The thermodynamic results were verified experimentally. Thermodynamic calculations show that mullite present in the fly ash can react with NH4HSO4 in the 298–723 K range. Process optimization reveals that the extraction rate can reach up to 90.95% when the fly ash reacts with NH4HSO4 at a 1:8 mole ratio of Al2O3/NH4HSO4 at 673 K for 60 min. Kinetic analysis indicates that the NH4HSO4 roasting process follows the shrinking unreacted core model, and inner diffusion through the product layer is the rate-controlling step. The activation energy is calculated to be 16.627 kJ/mol; and the kinetic equation can be expressed as 1 − (2/3)α − (1 − α)2/3 = 0.0374t exp[−16627/(RT)], where α is the extraction rate and t is the roasting temperature.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
150-154.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0878-9
Abstract:
We have experimentally determined the as-cast structures of semi-continuous casting 7075 aluminum alloy obtained in the presence of dual-frequency electromagnetic field. Results suggest that the use of dual-frequency electromagnetic field during the semi-continuous casting process of 7075 aluminum alloy ingots reduces the thickness of the surface segregation layer, increases the height of the melt meniscus, enhances the surface quality of the ingot, and changes the surface morphology of the melt pool. Moreover, low-frequency electromagnetic field was found to show the most obvious influence on improving the as-cast structure because of its high permeability in conductors.
We have experimentally determined the as-cast structures of semi-continuous casting 7075 aluminum alloy obtained in the presence of dual-frequency electromagnetic field. Results suggest that the use of dual-frequency electromagnetic field during the semi-continuous casting process of 7075 aluminum alloy ingots reduces the thickness of the surface segregation layer, increases the height of the melt meniscus, enhances the surface quality of the ingot, and changes the surface morphology of the melt pool. Moreover, low-frequency electromagnetic field was found to show the most obvious influence on improving the as-cast structure because of its high permeability in conductors.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
155-161.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0879-8
Abstract:
The mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Mn casting alloy mainly depend on the morphology, distribution, size, and number of θ′(Al2Cu) precipitates. In this study, we have analyzed the effect of rare earth samarium (Sm) addition on the kinetics of precipitation in the Al-Cu-Mn casting alloy by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Thermal effect peaks that are attributed to the formation and the dissolution of Guinier-Preston (GP) zone and θ′ phase were identified from the DSC curves. The activation energy of θ′ formation was calculated by using both the Kissinger method and the analytical model, and the corresponding results were compared. Results suggest that the activation energy of θ′ formation in Al-Cu-Mn alloy is dramatically higher than that in Al-Cu-Mn-Sm alloy. Accordingly, it is concluded that the addition of rare earth Sm decreases the activation energy of θ′ formation and promotes the formation of θ′ precipitates.
The mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Mn casting alloy mainly depend on the morphology, distribution, size, and number of θ′(Al2Cu) precipitates. In this study, we have analyzed the effect of rare earth samarium (Sm) addition on the kinetics of precipitation in the Al-Cu-Mn casting alloy by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Thermal effect peaks that are attributed to the formation and the dissolution of Guinier-Preston (GP) zone and θ′ phase were identified from the DSC curves. The activation energy of θ′ formation was calculated by using both the Kissinger method and the analytical model, and the corresponding results were compared. Results suggest that the activation energy of θ′ formation in Al-Cu-Mn alloy is dramatically higher than that in Al-Cu-Mn-Sm alloy. Accordingly, it is concluded that the addition of rare earth Sm decreases the activation energy of θ′ formation and promotes the formation of θ′ precipitates.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
162-168.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0880-2
Abstract:
The effects of intermediate annealing (IA) on the microstructure and texture of Ni-9.3at%W substrates have been investigated by using electron backscattering diffraction and X-ray diffraction. Results suggest that IA can optimize the homogeneity of deformation microstructure. Higher IA temperatures (without undergoing recrystallization during IA) will increase the copper-type components of deformation texture and improve the content of cube texture after recrystallization. Sharp cube texture (97.2%) can be obtained at the optimum IA temperature of 650℃. The mechanism underlying the transition of deformation texture can be interpreted as that IA increases the dislocation slipping ability and suppresses the twinning deformation of Copper orientation in the subsequent rolling process. The observed strengthening of cube texture as a result of IA treatment is presumably attributed to the reduction of noncube nucleation and the optimization of preferential growth surrounding the cube nuclei.
The effects of intermediate annealing (IA) on the microstructure and texture of Ni-9.3at%W substrates have been investigated by using electron backscattering diffraction and X-ray diffraction. Results suggest that IA can optimize the homogeneity of deformation microstructure. Higher IA temperatures (without undergoing recrystallization during IA) will increase the copper-type components of deformation texture and improve the content of cube texture after recrystallization. Sharp cube texture (97.2%) can be obtained at the optimum IA temperature of 650℃. The mechanism underlying the transition of deformation texture can be interpreted as that IA increases the dislocation slipping ability and suppresses the twinning deformation of Copper orientation in the subsequent rolling process. The observed strengthening of cube texture as a result of IA treatment is presumably attributed to the reduction of noncube nucleation and the optimization of preferential growth surrounding the cube nuclei.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
169-174.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0881-1
Abstract:
To use the potential heat of molten blast furnace slag completely, a CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system glass (MSG) was prepared from the molten industrial slag. The corresponding method proposed in this study utilized both slag and its potential heat, improving the production rate and avoiding the environmental pollution. Using appropriate techniques, an MSG with uniform color and superior performances was produced. Based on the experimental results and phase diagram, the chemical composition of MSG by mass is obtained as follows: CaO 27%–33%, SiO2 42%–51%, Al2O3 11%–14%, MgO 6%–8%, and Na2O+K2O 1%–4%. Thermodynamic processes of MSG preparation were analyzed, and the phases and microstructures of MSG were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that alkali metal oxides serve as the fluxes, calcium oxide serves as the stabilizer, and alumina reinforces the Si-O network. XRD and SEM analyses show that, the prepared MSG displays the glass-feature patterns, the melting process is more complete, and the melt viscosity is lowered with an increase in calcium oxide content; however, a continuous increase in slag content induces the crystallization of glass, leading to the formation of glass subphase. The optimum content of molten slag in MSG is 67.37wt%. With respect to bending strength and acid/alkali resistance, the performance of MSG is better than that of ordinary marble.
To use the potential heat of molten blast furnace slag completely, a CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system glass (MSG) was prepared from the molten industrial slag. The corresponding method proposed in this study utilized both slag and its potential heat, improving the production rate and avoiding the environmental pollution. Using appropriate techniques, an MSG with uniform color and superior performances was produced. Based on the experimental results and phase diagram, the chemical composition of MSG by mass is obtained as follows: CaO 27%–33%, SiO2 42%–51%, Al2O3 11%–14%, MgO 6%–8%, and Na2O+K2O 1%–4%. Thermodynamic processes of MSG preparation were analyzed, and the phases and microstructures of MSG were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that alkali metal oxides serve as the fluxes, calcium oxide serves as the stabilizer, and alumina reinforces the Si-O network. XRD and SEM analyses show that, the prepared MSG displays the glass-feature patterns, the melting process is more complete, and the melt viscosity is lowered with an increase in calcium oxide content; however, a continuous increase in slag content induces the crystallization of glass, leading to the formation of glass subphase. The optimum content of molten slag in MSG is 67.37wt%. With respect to bending strength and acid/alkali resistance, the performance of MSG is better than that of ordinary marble.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
175-180.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0882-0
Abstract:
This study described the structural, dielectric, and piezoelectric behavior of Pb1−xSrx [(Zr0.52Ti0.48)0.95(Mn1/3Nb2/3)0.05]O3 ceramics (PSZT-PMN, x = 0, 0.025, 0.050, and 0.075), prepared by a semi-wet route. X-ray diffraction, dielectric, and piezoelectric investigations were carried out to analyze the crystal structure. The relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss were both calculated as the functions of temperature. The room-temperature dielectric constant reaches a maximum for a Sr2+-modified PZT-PMN ceramic with an x value of 0.050, which corresponds to the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Raman spectroscopy studies also confirm the existence of this MPB for x = 0.050. The piezoelectric strain coefficients (d33) value shows a maximum response for this composition. In addition, the phase transition temperature decreases significantly when the Sr2+ concentration increases in the PZT-PMN ceramics.
This study described the structural, dielectric, and piezoelectric behavior of Pb1−xSrx [(Zr0.52Ti0.48)0.95(Mn1/3Nb2/3)0.05]O3 ceramics (PSZT-PMN, x = 0, 0.025, 0.050, and 0.075), prepared by a semi-wet route. X-ray diffraction, dielectric, and piezoelectric investigations were carried out to analyze the crystal structure. The relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss were both calculated as the functions of temperature. The room-temperature dielectric constant reaches a maximum for a Sr2+-modified PZT-PMN ceramic with an x value of 0.050, which corresponds to the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Raman spectroscopy studies also confirm the existence of this MPB for x = 0.050. The piezoelectric strain coefficients (d33) value shows a maximum response for this composition. In addition, the phase transition temperature decreases significantly when the Sr2+ concentration increases in the PZT-PMN ceramics.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
181-189.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0883-z
Abstract:
Aluminium-based metal matrix composites were synthesized from Al-TiO2-Gr powder mixtures using the powder metallurgy technique and their forming characteristics were studied during cold upsetting. Green cylindrical compacts of pure Al, Al-5wt%TiO2, Al-5wt%TiO2-2wt%Gr, and Al-5wt%TiO2-4wt%Gr were made using a 400-kN hydraulic press equipped with suitable punch and die and by sintering at (590 ± 10)℃ for 3 h. Cold upset forging tests were carried out, the true axial stress (σz), the true hoop stress (σθ), and the true hydrostatic stress (σm) were evaluated and, their behavior against the true axial strain (ɛz) was also analyzed. It is observed that the addition of 5wt% TiO2 into the Al matrix increases σz, σθ, and σm. The addition of both TiO2 and Gr reinforcements reduces the densification and deformation characteristics of the sintered preforms during cold upsetting. Microstructure analyses of the as-sintered and cold upset forged specimens also were carried out to substantiate the experimental results.
Aluminium-based metal matrix composites were synthesized from Al-TiO2-Gr powder mixtures using the powder metallurgy technique and their forming characteristics were studied during cold upsetting. Green cylindrical compacts of pure Al, Al-5wt%TiO2, Al-5wt%TiO2-2wt%Gr, and Al-5wt%TiO2-4wt%Gr were made using a 400-kN hydraulic press equipped with suitable punch and die and by sintering at (590 ± 10)℃ for 3 h. Cold upset forging tests were carried out, the true axial stress (σz), the true hoop stress (σθ), and the true hydrostatic stress (σm) were evaluated and, their behavior against the true axial strain (ɛz) was also analyzed. It is observed that the addition of 5wt% TiO2 into the Al matrix increases σz, σθ, and σm. The addition of both TiO2 and Gr reinforcements reduces the densification and deformation characteristics of the sintered preforms during cold upsetting. Microstructure analyses of the as-sintered and cold upset forged specimens also were carried out to substantiate the experimental results.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
190-195.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0884-y
Abstract:
Atomic oxygen (AO) is considered the most erosive particle to spacecraft materials in low earth orbit (LEO). Carbon fiber, carbon/carbon (C/C), and some modified C/C composites were exposed to a simulated AO environment to investigate their behaviors in LEO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), AO erosion rate calculation, and mechanical property testing were used to characterize the material properties. Results show that the carbon fiber and C/C specimens undergo significant degradation under the AO bombing. According to the effects of AO on C/C-SiC and CVD-SiC-coated C/C, a condensed CVD-SiC coat is a feasible approach to protect C/C composites from AO degradation.
Atomic oxygen (AO) is considered the most erosive particle to spacecraft materials in low earth orbit (LEO). Carbon fiber, carbon/carbon (C/C), and some modified C/C composites were exposed to a simulated AO environment to investigate their behaviors in LEO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), AO erosion rate calculation, and mechanical property testing were used to characterize the material properties. Results show that the carbon fiber and C/C specimens undergo significant degradation under the AO bombing. According to the effects of AO on C/C-SiC and CVD-SiC-coated C/C, a condensed CVD-SiC coat is a feasible approach to protect C/C composites from AO degradation.
2014, vol. 21, no. 2, pp.
196-203.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0885-x
Abstract:
This paper showed simple and effective synthesis of copper nanoparticles within controlled diameter using direct electroless deposition on glass substrates, following the sensitization and activation steps. Electroless-deposited metals, such as Cu, Co, Ni, and Ag, and their alloys had many advantages in micro- and nanotechnologies. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper deposits were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The structural data was further analyzed using the Rietveld refinement program. Structural studies reveal that the deposited copper prefers a (111) orientation. AFM studies suggest the deposited materials form compact, uniform, and nanocrystalline phases with a high tendency to self-organize. The data show that the particle size can be controlled by controlling the activator concentration. The absorption spectra of the as-deposited copper nanoparticles reveal that the plasmonic peak broadens and exhibits a blue shift with decreasing particle size.
This paper showed simple and effective synthesis of copper nanoparticles within controlled diameter using direct electroless deposition on glass substrates, following the sensitization and activation steps. Electroless-deposited metals, such as Cu, Co, Ni, and Ag, and their alloys had many advantages in micro- and nanotechnologies. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper deposits were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The structural data was further analyzed using the Rietveld refinement program. Structural studies reveal that the deposited copper prefers a (111) orientation. AFM studies suggest the deposited materials form compact, uniform, and nanocrystalline phases with a high tendency to self-organize. The data show that the particle size can be controlled by controlling the activator concentration. The absorption spectra of the as-deposited copper nanoparticles reveal that the plasmonic peak broadens and exhibits a blue shift with decreasing particle size.
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