Search2002 Vol. 9, No. 5
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2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
321-325.
Abstract:
A novel way for electrification of mineral particles by electron beam irradiation was proposed.The effect of irradiation dose on charge/mass ratio was investigated experimentally.The charge/mass ratio of electrified mineral powders after irradiation was measured by an instrument based on the principle of electrostatic induction.The experimental results showed that the charge/mass ratio is largely dependent on radiation dose and electric physical properties of minerals.The mechanism of electrification by electron beam irradiation is discussed.It is suggested that the essential of electrification by electron beam irradiation is a process of retardation and charge deposition of incideent elecytrons in materials.
A novel way for electrification of mineral particles by electron beam irradiation was proposed.The effect of irradiation dose on charge/mass ratio was investigated experimentally.The charge/mass ratio of electrified mineral powders after irradiation was measured by an instrument based on the principle of electrostatic induction.The experimental results showed that the charge/mass ratio is largely dependent on radiation dose and electric physical properties of minerals.The mechanism of electrification by electron beam irradiation is discussed.It is suggested that the essential of electrification by electron beam irradiation is a process of retardation and charge deposition of incideent elecytrons in materials.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
326-328.
Abstract:
The cavitation abrasive water jet was used in the comminution of mica. By applying a cavitation nozzle in the abrasive water jet system to enhance the effect of cavitation and friction, better comminution results were obtained. The JME-200CX transmission electron microscope was used for observing the size distribution of particles. As using cavitation abrasive water jet, the relative comminution effect is raised by more than 25% compared with using abrasive water jet only. Itcan be concluded that the effect of cavitation is much more significant than that of impacting in the comminution of mica.
The cavitation abrasive water jet was used in the comminution of mica. By applying a cavitation nozzle in the abrasive water jet system to enhance the effect of cavitation and friction, better comminution results were obtained. The JME-200CX transmission electron microscope was used for observing the size distribution of particles. As using cavitation abrasive water jet, the relative comminution effect is raised by more than 25% compared with using abrasive water jet only. Itcan be concluded that the effect of cavitation is much more significant than that of impacting in the comminution of mica.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
329-333.
Abstract:
A mathematical model was established and applied to simulatethe decarburization of RH-MFB process in Pansteel Company. Study of the effects of w[c], w[o], Ar flowrate, evacuation rate and MFB lance blowing parameters on the decarburization process was carried out. The results showed that this model could give the quantitative understanding of the process, especially the behavior of MFB lance blowing. This model has realized the optimum process of RH-MFB refining for ultra-low carbonsteels in Pansteel.
A mathematical model was established and applied to simulatethe decarburization of RH-MFB process in Pansteel Company. Study of the effects of w[c], w[o], Ar flowrate, evacuation rate and MFB lance blowing parameters on the decarburization process was carried out. The results showed that this model could give the quantitative understanding of the process, especially the behavior of MFB lance blowing. This model has realized the optimum process of RH-MFB refining for ultra-low carbonsteels in Pansteel.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
334-337.
Abstract:
A two-dimensional model was applied to simulate the liquid core reduction (LCR) technology of bloom CC using ANSYS software. The deformation characteristics of bloom under different liquid fraction and reducing amount are obtained. The results indicate that the main deformation condition of bloom shell is compressive strain, mainly undertaken by the liquid core, which increases with the enhancement of reducing amount. Solidified shell takes minor deformation. The longitudinalsection of bloom appears sunken and the narrow side bulges, which grow serious when the liquid fraction increases.
A two-dimensional model was applied to simulate the liquid core reduction (LCR) technology of bloom CC using ANSYS software. The deformation characteristics of bloom under different liquid fraction and reducing amount are obtained. The results indicate that the main deformation condition of bloom shell is compressive strain, mainly undertaken by the liquid core, which increases with the enhancement of reducing amount. Solidified shell takes minor deformation. The longitudinalsection of bloom appears sunken and the narrow side bulges, which grow serious when the liquid fraction increases.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
338-342.
Abstract:
For predicting and controlling the melted depth of bottom electrode during the process of steelmaking, the water-cooling steel-stick electrode is taken as an example, to analyze the process of heat transfer, then 3D mathematical model by control capacity method is built. At the same time, the measurement on the melted depth of bottom electrode is conducted which verified the correctness of the built mathematical model. On the base of verification, all kinds of key parameters are calculated through the application and a series of results are simulated. Finally, the optimum parameters are found and the service lifeof bottom electrode is prolonged.
For predicting and controlling the melted depth of bottom electrode during the process of steelmaking, the water-cooling steel-stick electrode is taken as an example, to analyze the process of heat transfer, then 3D mathematical model by control capacity method is built. At the same time, the measurement on the melted depth of bottom electrode is conducted which verified the correctness of the built mathematical model. On the base of verification, all kinds of key parameters are calculated through the application and a series of results are simulated. Finally, the optimum parameters are found and the service lifeof bottom electrode is prolonged.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
343-346.
Abstract:
The microstructures in the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges after high-strain-rate plastic deformation were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the orientation distribution of the grains in the recovered slug was examined by the electron backscattering Kikuchi pattern (EBSP) technique. EBSP analysis illustrated that unlike the as-formed electroformed copper linersof shaped charges the grain orientations in the recovered slug are distributed along randomly all the directions after undergoing heavily strain deformation at high-strain rate. Optical microscopy shows a typical recrystallization structure, and TEM examination reveals dislocation cells existed in the thin foil specimen. These results indicate that dynamic recovery and recrystallization occur during this plastic deformation process, and the associated deformation temperature is considered to be higher than 0.6 times the melting point of copper.
The microstructures in the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges after high-strain-rate plastic deformation were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the orientation distribution of the grains in the recovered slug was examined by the electron backscattering Kikuchi pattern (EBSP) technique. EBSP analysis illustrated that unlike the as-formed electroformed copper linersof shaped charges the grain orientations in the recovered slug are distributed along randomly all the directions after undergoing heavily strain deformation at high-strain rate. Optical microscopy shows a typical recrystallization structure, and TEM examination reveals dislocation cells existed in the thin foil specimen. These results indicate that dynamic recovery and recrystallization occur during this plastic deformation process, and the associated deformation temperature is considered to be higher than 0.6 times the melting point of copper.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
347-351.
Abstract:
The moving boundary non-equilibrium segregation during recrystallization and the influence of pre-deformation in Fe-30%Ni Alloy at1000℃ was investigated by the PTA (particle tracking autoradiography) technique, optical and electron microscopy. The results indicated that intensity of boron segregation on moving boundary after different deformation is concerned with the pre-deformation degree and the movingspeed of the boundary. The TEM (transmission electron microscopy) result showed that the dislocation density nearby the moving boundary increase obviously. The phenomena are discussed by the widening grain boundary mechanism.
The moving boundary non-equilibrium segregation during recrystallization and the influence of pre-deformation in Fe-30%Ni Alloy at1000℃ was investigated by the PTA (particle tracking autoradiography) technique, optical and electron microscopy. The results indicated that intensity of boron segregation on moving boundary after different deformation is concerned with the pre-deformation degree and the movingspeed of the boundary. The TEM (transmission electron microscopy) result showed that the dislocation density nearby the moving boundary increase obviously. The phenomena are discussed by the widening grain boundary mechanism.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
352-355.
Abstract:
AZ91 alloys were prepared by hot extrusion and its microstructure and tensile behavior at room temperature were investigated. Compared to as-cast ingot, the grain size of hot-extruded material is morerefined, the intermetallic phase Mg17Al12 is broken and dispersed discontinuously. Both strength and elongation of AZ91 are improved by hotextrusion. Tensile behavior and fracture surface of the experimental material were studied. Due to the change in microstructure, the fracture mechanism of extruded material is different from that of as-cast ingot, the latter is mainly a brittle fracture. Ductile fracture plays arole in hot-extruded AZ91 failure at room temperature.
AZ91 alloys were prepared by hot extrusion and its microstructure and tensile behavior at room temperature were investigated. Compared to as-cast ingot, the grain size of hot-extruded material is morerefined, the intermetallic phase Mg17Al12 is broken and dispersed discontinuously. Both strength and elongation of AZ91 are improved by hotextrusion. Tensile behavior and fracture surface of the experimental material were studied. Due to the change in microstructure, the fracture mechanism of extruded material is different from that of as-cast ingot, the latter is mainly a brittle fracture. Ductile fracture plays arole in hot-extruded AZ91 failure at room temperature.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
356-359.
Abstract:
The microstructure and precipitation mechanism of ultra-thinhot strip produced by CSP technology were analyzed by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), H-800 transmission electron microscope (TEM) and thermodynamics theory. The EBSD results show that the finishing hot rolling microstructures are mixture of recrystallized and deformed austenite. After phase transformation, ferrite grains embody substructures and dislocations that led ultra-thin hot strip high strength and relatively low elongation rate. TEM observations show that there are a lot of fine and dispersive precipitates in microstructures. Most of aluminium nitrides are in grains, while coexisted precipitates of MnS along grain boundaries. Coexisted precipitates compose cation-vacancy type oxides such as Al2O3 in the core, while MnS at the fringe of surface. At the same time, reasons for microstructure refinement and strengthening effect were investigated.
The microstructure and precipitation mechanism of ultra-thinhot strip produced by CSP technology were analyzed by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), H-800 transmission electron microscope (TEM) and thermodynamics theory. The EBSD results show that the finishing hot rolling microstructures are mixture of recrystallized and deformed austenite. After phase transformation, ferrite grains embody substructures and dislocations that led ultra-thin hot strip high strength and relatively low elongation rate. TEM observations show that there are a lot of fine and dispersive precipitates in microstructures. Most of aluminium nitrides are in grains, while coexisted precipitates of MnS along grain boundaries. Coexisted precipitates compose cation-vacancy type oxides such as Al2O3 in the core, while MnS at the fringe of surface. At the same time, reasons for microstructure refinement and strengthening effect were investigated.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
360-362.
Abstract:
On the basis of the criterion of no-wrinkle, the principle and method of prediction and determination of both friction coefficientand forming force on sheet metal deep-drawing are put forward, and proved it's expedience and practicability. They are suitable for assessment of lubricant properties. Friction coefficient and forming force are a function of material parameter, design parameter and process parameter, especially relative prevent wrinkle blank-holder force. Product of both friction coefficient and prevent wrinkle blank-holder force isonly function of process parameter η after determining material parameter and design parameter.
On the basis of the criterion of no-wrinkle, the principle and method of prediction and determination of both friction coefficientand forming force on sheet metal deep-drawing are put forward, and proved it's expedience and practicability. They are suitable for assessment of lubricant properties. Friction coefficient and forming force are a function of material parameter, design parameter and process parameter, especially relative prevent wrinkle blank-holder force. Product of both friction coefficient and prevent wrinkle blank-holder force isonly function of process parameter η after determining material parameter and design parameter.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
363-366.
Abstract:
The effects of rare earth elements on the microstructure and properties of magnesium alloy AZ91D alloy were studied. The different proportion of rare earth elements was added to the AZ91D and the tensile tests were carried out at different temperatures. The experimental results show that at room temperature or at 120℃ the AZ91D's strength decrease with the increasing amount of the rare earth elements. However, the ductility is improved. The influence of 0.14%Sb (mass fraction) on the AZ91D's strength is like that of rare earth elements (0.2%-0.4%) (mass fraction). Microstructure graphs demonstrate that appropriate amount of rare earth elements (0.1%-0.2%) can fine AZ91D's grain and improve its ductility.
The effects of rare earth elements on the microstructure and properties of magnesium alloy AZ91D alloy were studied. The different proportion of rare earth elements was added to the AZ91D and the tensile tests were carried out at different temperatures. The experimental results show that at room temperature or at 120℃ the AZ91D's strength decrease with the increasing amount of the rare earth elements. However, the ductility is improved. The influence of 0.14%Sb (mass fraction) on the AZ91D's strength is like that of rare earth elements (0.2%-0.4%) (mass fraction). Microstructure graphs demonstrate that appropriate amount of rare earth elements (0.1%-0.2%) can fine AZ91D's grain and improve its ductility.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
367-371.
Abstract:
The growth of {100} oriented CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition) diamond film under Joe-Badgwell-Hauge(J-B-H) model is simulated at atomic scale by using revised KMC(Kinetic Monte Carlo)method.The results show that:(1) under Joe's model,the growth mechanism from single carbon species is suitable for the growth of {100} oriented CVD diamond film in low temperature;(2) the deposition rate and surface roughness(Rq) under Joe's model are influenced intensively by temperature(Ts) and not evident bymass fraction wc1 of atom chlorine;(3) the surface roughness increases with the deposition rate.i.e.the film quality becomes worse with elevated temperature,in agreement with Grujicic's prediction;(4) the simulation results cannot make sure the role of single carbon insertion.
The growth of {100} oriented CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition) diamond film under Joe-Badgwell-Hauge(J-B-H) model is simulated at atomic scale by using revised KMC(Kinetic Monte Carlo)method.The results show that:(1) under Joe's model,the growth mechanism from single carbon species is suitable for the growth of {100} oriented CVD diamond film in low temperature;(2) the deposition rate and surface roughness(Rq) under Joe's model are influenced intensively by temperature(Ts) and not evident bymass fraction wc1 of atom chlorine;(3) the surface roughness increases with the deposition rate.i.e.the film quality becomes worse with elevated temperature,in agreement with Grujicic's prediction;(4) the simulation results cannot make sure the role of single carbon insertion.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
372-377.
Abstract:
In situ tensile tests in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) show that dislocations emitted from a mode II crack tip will form a inverse piled-up group after equilibrium or a double piled-up group when they meet a obstruction, e.g., grain boundary or second phase. A microcrack can initiates in front of the piled-up group of dislocations. Micromechanics analysis shows that dislocations emitted from a mode II blunt crack tip can form a inverse piled-up or double piled-up group, depending upon the applied stress intensity factor KIIa, latticefriction stress and the distance of the obstruction from the crack tip L. The maximum normal stress in front of the double piled-up group which is located at the direction of α=-64° Increases with the increase in the stress intensity KIIa and the obstruction site L, and the decrease in the friction stress. When it increases to equate the cohesive strength, a microcrack will initiate in front of the piled-up group.
In situ tensile tests in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) show that dislocations emitted from a mode II crack tip will form a inverse piled-up group after equilibrium or a double piled-up group when they meet a obstruction, e.g., grain boundary or second phase. A microcrack can initiates in front of the piled-up group of dislocations. Micromechanics analysis shows that dislocations emitted from a mode II blunt crack tip can form a inverse piled-up or double piled-up group, depending upon the applied stress intensity factor KIIa, latticefriction stress and the distance of the obstruction from the crack tip L. The maximum normal stress in front of the double piled-up group which is located at the direction of α=-64° Increases with the increase in the stress intensity KIIa and the obstruction site L, and the decrease in the friction stress. When it increases to equate the cohesive strength, a microcrack will initiate in front of the piled-up group.
Numerical simulation of a sheet metal extrusion process by using thermal-mechanical coupling EAS FEM
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
378-382.
Abstract:
The thermal-mechanical coupling finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate a non-isothermal sheet metal extrusion process. On the basis of the finite plasticity consistent with multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, the enhanced assumed strain (EAS) FEM was applied to carry out the numerical simulation. In order to make the computation reliable and avoid hourglass mode in the EAS element under large compressive strains, an alterative form of the original enhanced deformation gradient was employed. In addition, reduced factors were used in the computation of the element local internal parameters and the enhanced part of elemental stiffness. Numerical resultsshow that the hourglass can be avoided in compression region. In the thermal phase, the boundary energy dissipation due to heat convection was taken into account. As an example, a circular steel plate protruded by cylindrical punch was simulated. The step-wise decoupled strategyis adopted to handle coupling between mechanical deformation and the temperature variation. By comparing with the experimental results, thenumerical simulation was verified.
The thermal-mechanical coupling finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate a non-isothermal sheet metal extrusion process. On the basis of the finite plasticity consistent with multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, the enhanced assumed strain (EAS) FEM was applied to carry out the numerical simulation. In order to make the computation reliable and avoid hourglass mode in the EAS element under large compressive strains, an alterative form of the original enhanced deformation gradient was employed. In addition, reduced factors were used in the computation of the element local internal parameters and the enhanced part of elemental stiffness. Numerical resultsshow that the hourglass can be avoided in compression region. In the thermal phase, the boundary energy dissipation due to heat convection was taken into account. As an example, a circular steel plate protruded by cylindrical punch was simulated. The step-wise decoupled strategyis adopted to handle coupling between mechanical deformation and the temperature variation. By comparing with the experimental results, thenumerical simulation was verified.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
383-385.
Abstract:
The giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect in as-quenched Fe89-xZr7B4Cux (x=1.0-2.5) ribbons is reported. The as-quenched Fe89-xZr7B4Cux (x=1.0-2.5) ribbons were prepared by the vacuum melt-spun processes withthe quenching speed of 37m/s. The magnetoimpedance measurement were performed at room temperature, where the current flows through the length of the ribbons in the direction parallel to the dc fields. Results show that values Z (impedance), R (resistance) and X (reactance) forboth H=0 A/m and H=5 127 A/m increases with increasing ac frequency. This can be explained by the skin effect mechanism. The GMI effect almostcan not be found in the Cu content (mass fraction) range x ≤ 1.5%. With increasing Cu content x > 1.5%, the GMI effect become evident for as-quenched Fe89-xZr7B4Cux (x=1.0-2.5) ribbons. GMI ratio (Z(0)Z(H)/Z(0)) in as quenched Fe86.5Zr7B4Cu2.5 with melt-spun quenching speed of canreaches 33.69% at H=5 127 A/m. This indicated that good GMI properties can be also obtained in as-quenched FeZrBCu ribbons without annealing.
The giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect in as-quenched Fe89-xZr7B4Cux (x=1.0-2.5) ribbons is reported. The as-quenched Fe89-xZr7B4Cux (x=1.0-2.5) ribbons were prepared by the vacuum melt-spun processes withthe quenching speed of 37m/s. The magnetoimpedance measurement were performed at room temperature, where the current flows through the length of the ribbons in the direction parallel to the dc fields. Results show that values Z (impedance), R (resistance) and X (reactance) forboth H=0 A/m and H=5 127 A/m increases with increasing ac frequency. This can be explained by the skin effect mechanism. The GMI effect almostcan not be found in the Cu content (mass fraction) range x ≤ 1.5%. With increasing Cu content x > 1.5%, the GMI effect become evident for as-quenched Fe89-xZr7B4Cux (x=1.0-2.5) ribbons. GMI ratio (Z(0)Z(H)/Z(0)) in as quenched Fe86.5Zr7B4Cu2.5 with melt-spun quenching speed of canreaches 33.69% at H=5 127 A/m. This indicated that good GMI properties can be also obtained in as-quenched FeZrBCu ribbons without annealing.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
386-388.
Abstract:
In order to find more suitable materials as barriers and to improve the thermoelectric properties, p-type (Bil-xSbx)2 Te3 (x=0.85, 0.9) two segments compositionally graded thermoelectric materials (CGTM) with different barriers were fabricated by conventional hot pressure method. Metals Fe, Co, Cu and Al were used as barriers between two segments. The effects of different barriers on thermoelectric properties of CGTM were investigated. The results show that metal Fe is more stable and suitable as the barrier.
In order to find more suitable materials as barriers and to improve the thermoelectric properties, p-type (Bil-xSbx)2 Te3 (x=0.85, 0.9) two segments compositionally graded thermoelectric materials (CGTM) with different barriers were fabricated by conventional hot pressure method. Metals Fe, Co, Cu and Al were used as barriers between two segments. The effects of different barriers on thermoelectric properties of CGTM were investigated. The results show that metal Fe is more stable and suitable as the barrier.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
389-395.
Abstract:
A new category of system model, multiserver multiqueue network (MSMQN), is proposed for distributed systems such as the geographically distributed Web-server clusters. A MSMQN comprises multiple multiserver multiqueue (MSMQ) nodes distributed over the network, and everynode consists of a number of servers that each contains multiple priority queues for waiting customers. An incoming request can be distributed to a waiting queue of any server in any node, according to the routing policy integrated by the node-selection policy at network-level, request-dispatching policy at node-level, and request-scheduling policy at server-level. The model is investigated using stochastic high-level Petri net (SHLPN) modeling and performance analysis techniques. Theperformance metrics concerned includes the delay time of requests in the MSMQ node and the response time perceived by the users. The numerical example shows the efficiency of the performance analysis technique.
A new category of system model, multiserver multiqueue network (MSMQN), is proposed for distributed systems such as the geographically distributed Web-server clusters. A MSMQN comprises multiple multiserver multiqueue (MSMQ) nodes distributed over the network, and everynode consists of a number of servers that each contains multiple priority queues for waiting customers. An incoming request can be distributed to a waiting queue of any server in any node, according to the routing policy integrated by the node-selection policy at network-level, request-dispatching policy at node-level, and request-scheduling policy at server-level. The model is investigated using stochastic high-level Petri net (SHLPN) modeling and performance analysis techniques. Theperformance metrics concerned includes the delay time of requests in the MSMQ node and the response time perceived by the users. The numerical example shows the efficiency of the performance analysis technique.
2002, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
396-399.
Abstract:
A new algorithm for pass adaptation in plate rolling is developed to improve thickness accuracy of plate products. The feature of the algorithm is that it uses the measured data rather than the schedule calculated data in adaptation, which leads to notable improvementin prediction accuracy of the rolling parameters and thickness accuracy of products can be improved accordingly. Results show that this adaptive algorithm is effective in practice.
A new algorithm for pass adaptation in plate rolling is developed to improve thickness accuracy of plate products. The feature of the algorithm is that it uses the measured data rather than the schedule calculated data in adaptation, which leads to notable improvementin prediction accuracy of the rolling parameters and thickness accuracy of products can be improved accordingly. Results show that this adaptive algorithm is effective in practice.
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